Sahar Ghasemipour; Sayyed Mohammad Marandi; Kamran Ghaedi; Fatemeh Kazeminasab; Samaneh Shirkhani; Milad Abdollahi
Abstract
Bachground and Aim: Many studies have pointed to role of exercise in controlling and improving diabetes complications; Green coffee, with its antioxidant properties, can be effective in reducing inflammation and insulin resistance too. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ...
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Bachground and Aim: Many studies have pointed to role of exercise in controlling and improving diabetes complications; Green coffee, with its antioxidant properties, can be effective in reducing inflammation and insulin resistance too. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and green coffee on oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide in skeletal muscle tissue of male C57BL / 6 mices. Material and Methods:35 C57BL / 6 mices were randomly placed in 2 groups of high-fat diets to induce prediabetes and normal diet. Pre-diabetes induction was performed after 12 weeks of high-fat diet and then, the samples of this group were divided into control groups, green coffee, endurance training, endurance training + green coffee (7 mices in each group). The training protocol was performed incrementally (speed 15 to 23 m / min) for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session for 45 minutes on the turntable. Green coffee at a dose of 220 mg / kg body weight was fed to the mice 3 times a week by gavage. 24 hours after the last intervention, quadriceps skeletal muscle were performed and after weight l, oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide were measured by ELISA. One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett 's post hoc test at the level of p <0.05 were used to analyze the data. Results: Endurance training reduces glutathione (p <0.01) and consumption of green coffee and endurance training + green coffee (p <0.004 and p <0.01, respectively) increased this protein. In addition, exercise (p <0.03) reduced total antioxidant capacity; But coffee consumption (p <0.004) and combination of exercise and green coffee (p <0.01) increased this. Conclusion: Endurance training and green coffee supplementation can be an effective treatment strategy to improve antioxidant capacity and prevent or reduce the complications of diabetes.
Mona Mohajer; Ruhollah Haghshenas
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, a new protein called asprosin has been discovered, which plays a role in regulating blood sugar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on gene expression of asprosin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissue of male diabetes rats. ...
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Background and Aim: Today, a new protein called asprosin has been discovered, which plays a role in regulating blood sugar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on gene expression of asprosin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissue of male diabetes rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (every group eight rat): control; Exercise; Diabetes; And aerobic exercise and diabetes. After making the rats diabetic by injecting Strepotozocin, the aerobic training protocol was performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week, and 48 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue and blood samples were taken from the rats. ELISA method was used to measure protein expression and MDA, and RT-PCR method was used to measure gene expression. Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Heart tissue asprosin gene expression (p<0.001) and serum MDA levels (p<0.001) increased significantly after diabetes, but aerobic training had no significant effect on them (p>0.05).Conclusion: Since the expression of asprosin gene has recently been detected in the heart tissue, it seems that more studies are needed to know its function in the heart tissue.
Hosein Kavosi; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; Najmeh Rezaeian; Ali Yaghoubi
Abstract
Introduction and purpose: obesity and overweight are a metabolic disorder that affects the levels of adipose tissue in this disorder. The aim of the present study was to the effect of eight weeks of intense Continuous endurance, resistance, and High intensity interval training on SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene ...
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Introduction and purpose: obesity and overweight are a metabolic disorder that affects the levels of adipose tissue in this disorder. The aim of the present study was to the effect of eight weeks of intense Continuous endurance, resistance, and High intensity interval training on SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene expression in non-obese rats.methodology; In the current study, 36 obese Wistar rats, eight weeks old and weighing 325 ± 40 grams, were randomly divided into four groups; Continuous Endurance (10 heads), resistance (8 heads), High intensity interval training (10 heads) and control (8 heads) were divided. For eight weeks, the rats of the experimental groups performed five sessions of endurance training with an intensity of 70-80% of the maximum speed, resistance with an intensity of 50-120% of the body weight and intense intervals with an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum speed, and each 5% per week was added to the intensity of the exercises. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene expression.Findings; The results of the present study showed that all three models of Continuous endurance, resistance and High intensity interval training caused a significant increase in the expression of SLIT-2 (P=/001) and UCP-1 (P=/001) compared to the control group, but there was no difference between the experimental groups. Not observed (P= 0.999).discussion; Based on the results of this research, it is suggested to use Continuous endurance, resistance and High intensity interval training with increasing SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene expression, which are factors influencing lipolysis and are effective in increasing lipolysis, in order to lose weight.
Hamid Reza Salimi; Amir Hosein Haghighi; Shima Ababzadeh; Hamid Marefati
Abstract
Background and aim: Methamphetamine abuse causes myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiomyopathy, which is directly related to vascular dysfunction, which sometimes causes the death of users. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training (CT) on the expression of Bax and VEGF indices ...
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Background and aim: Methamphetamine abuse causes myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiomyopathy, which is directly related to vascular dysfunction, which sometimes causes the death of users. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training (CT) on the expression of Bax and VEGF indices in the cardiac of male rats following chronic methamphetamine use. Materials and Methods: 30 rats weighing 200-210 g were randomly divided into three groups: control, sham (addict), and addict+combined training (ACT). To create dependence, methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally in increasing doses to the sham and ACT. CT consisted of 6 weeks of running on the treadmill (3 days) and resistance training (3 days) with moderate intensity. After this period, the rats were dissected according to the ethical standards of laboratory animals, and their hearts were removed. 4 hearts from each group were assigned to immunohistochemistry and 6 hearts to gene expression. The immunohistochemical technique was used to investigate Bax and the RT-PCR method was used to investigate VEGF. The research data were analyzed by ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, and SPSS version 26 software. the significance level was considered P< 0.01. Results: In the sham, compared to the control group, the expression of Bax increased significantly and the expression of VEGF decreased significantly. In the ACT, the expression of Bax was significantly decreased compared to the sham, and the expression of VEGF was significantly increased compared to the sham and control groups. Conclusion: The increase in Bax expression and the decrease in VEGF expression indicates an increase in apoptosis, and methamphetamine abuse increased this process, but CT inhibited the apoptosis through the down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of VEGF.
Ali Mostafaloo; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhak; Amir Hossein Haghighi
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Resistance exercises with new methods such as blood flow restriction (BFR) that are performed with lower intensities compared to traditional resistance exercises, it can have more favorable effects on muscle strength and size. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate ...
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Background and Purpose: Resistance exercises with new methods such as blood flow restriction (BFR) that are performed with lower intensities compared to traditional resistance exercises, it can have more favorable effects on muscle strength and size. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the study adaptability of testosterone and growth hormones in response to eight weeks of eccentric resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. Method: In this study, 40 soccer players participated in a semi-experimental research design. Subjects in the present study were randomly divided into four groups: eccentric resistance training with BFR (n=10), eccentric resistance training without BFR (n=10), traditional resistance training (n=10) and control (n=10). To assess the strength of the upper body muscles and leg muscle strength were used from bench press and leg press tests, also, before and after an eight-week training period, blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of testosterone and growth hormones. A one-way repeated-measures and Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare the groups (P≥0.05).Results: The results of the study showed that none of the training programs had a meaningful effect on serum testosterone level (P= 0.27), and growth hormones (P= 0.88).Conclusion: In general, it can be said that there was no significant difference among the three training methods in improving the effects of resistance training. Therefore, despite the fact that eight weeks of eccentric training didn't affect the compatibility of testosterone and growth hormones, it probably caused favorable changes in the strength of male football players.
Vahid Talebi; Karim Azali Alamdari
Abstract
Background and Objective: Oligodendroglia in the brain strongly responds to exercise. However, innate immunity is vital to maintain normal brain function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of simple and complex voluntary exercises on NG2 changes and depression in rats ...
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Background and Objective: Oligodendroglia in the brain strongly responds to exercise. However, innate immunity is vital to maintain normal brain function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of simple and complex voluntary exercises on NG2 changes and depression in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Material and Method: For this purpose, 60 male Wistar rats (4-6 weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups (Control-Healthy, Control-Alzheimer, Simple Training-Healthy, Complex Training-Healthy, Simple Training-Alzheimer, Complex Training-Alzheimer). After induction of Alzheimer's disease by Streptozotocin injection into the ventricles of the brain, the animals experienced simple and complex voluntary activity using a wheel running for twelve weeks. At the end, depression was checked by food deprivation test, and after slaughter, NG2 levels of hippocampus and motor cortex were checked by ELISA method. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.Results: Compared to simple spinning wheel training, complex wheel running training increased hippocampus NG2, motor cortex NG2 levels and reduced depression (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that performing exercises that are associated with mental challenge have a higher effectiveness in relation to depression and NG2 levels.
mohammadreza bandali; Amir Hossein Haghighi; Roya Asgari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mitochondrial dynamics is affected by division and fusion, and exercise training may have an effect on it. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training on the gene expression of indicators involved in the division and ...
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Background and Aim: Mitochondrial dynamics is affected by division and fusion, and exercise training may have an effect on it. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training on the gene expression of indicators involved in the division and integration of mitochondria in the Soleus muscle of rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 12 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups (Six rats in each group) of control and moderate intensity interval training (MIT). First, the residual test and the average maximum speed of the rats were calculated to design the training program. The exercise program included running on the treadmill with an intensity of 60-65% of the maximum speed (six intervals of four minutes) and active rest with an intensity of 30% of the maximum speed (six intervals of two minutes), In compliance with the principle of overload which was carried out for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). In order to evaluate the gene expression changes of PGC-1α, Opa1, Fis1, Drp1, Mfn1/2 indices, the plantar muscle tissue of rats was extracted. The expression level of research genes was measured using pcr method. The data were analyzed using independent t-statistics at the significance level (p≤0.05). Results: The results showed that exercise in the mit group significantly decreased the expression of Drp1 and Fis1 genes and increased the expression of PGC-1α, Mfn1 and Mfn2 genes. But MIT exercises did not significantly change the expression of Opa1 gene. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that the adaptation of intermittent exercise has a protective effect on the dynamics of mitochondrial quality, but in fact, it has not completely prevented the occurrence of mitochondrial division.
Saeed Ilbeigi; Marziyeh Saghebjoo; Behnam Salari; yeganeh feyzi
Abstract
Background and Aim: In today's world, physical activity along with balanced nutrition is definitely necessary to improve the quality of life and provide health. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of garlic consumption on serum glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase ...
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Background and Aim: In today's world, physical activity along with balanced nutrition is definitely necessary to improve the quality of life and provide health. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of garlic consumption on serum glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in inactive people after a residual activity session. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy inactive students with an average age of 25.6±2.6 years and a body mass index of 23.5±1.7 kg/m2 randomly participated in this research. Subjects performed Bruce's training protocol twice with an interval of one week. Then the subjects consumed the supplement or placebo (1000mg capsule containing garlic powder or flour as a placebo) and then performed the residual activity. Independent and dependent t test was used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Statistical results showed that the level of glutathione decreased significantly in both groups after exercise (P=0.001) and in the garlic supplement consuming group compared to the placebo group (P=0.001). The level of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase increased in both the supplement (P=0.001) and placebo (P=0.001) groups after the residual activity, and there was no significant difference in the supplement user group compared to the placebo group (08 /0=P). Conclusion: The present research showed that acute consumption of garlic, probably by activating the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, increases the absorption of this antioxidant in response to the residual activity. Also, Bruce's residual-building exercise causes cell damage, and taking garlic supplements has no effect on the occurrence of cell damage.
Badrkhan Rashwan Ismael; Elaheh Piralaiy; Saeid D. Nikoukheslat; Alireza Rashidpour; Gholamreza Hamidian
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous research has shown the damaging effects of p53 and miR-34a in type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of exercise training on p53 and miR-34a changes in heart tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes are unclear. Therefore, This study intended to study the effects of aerobic training ...
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Background and Aim: Previous research has shown the damaging effects of p53 and miR-34a in type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of exercise training on p53 and miR-34a changes in heart tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes are unclear. Therefore, This study intended to study the effects of aerobic training on the expression genes of p53 and miR-34a in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods:For this purpose, 20 male Wistar rats (mean 28±239 g, age 6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups including diabetic control, healthy control, diabetic training, and healthy training. Animal food was provided in the form of free access pellets and water in a 500 ml bottle. To induce type 2 diabetes, a high-fat diet (60%) was performed for two weeks followed by streptozotocin injection in a fasting state. The training protocol comprised eight weeks of running on a treadmill for 30-60 minutes at a speed of 5-10 m/min, five days a week, with the principle of overload. The p53 and miR-34a gene expression in the heart tissue samples was measured by Real-Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at the P < 0.05. Results: Eight weeks of T2DM infection resulted in a significant increase in p53 and miR-34a compared to healthy control and healthy training groups (p=0.0001). However, eight weeks of aerobic training showed a significant decrease in miR-34a gene expression (p=0.02) and a non-significant change in p53 gene expression (p=0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: It seems that part of the destructive morphological and cellular effects of type 2 diabetes on heart tissue can be affected through the effects of eight weeks of aerobic training on miR-34a gene expression. However, different training conditions may be needed to see a reduction in p53.
Elham Ghasemi; Javad Nakhzari Khodakheir
Abstract
Background and Aim: Taking some anti-inflammatory supplements can be effective in reducing inflammation caused by intensity activities. The aim of the present study was to compare the response of netrin-1, TNF-𝛼 and IL-17 to acute continuous and intensity interval exercises after short-term quercetin ...
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Background and Aim: Taking some anti-inflammatory supplements can be effective in reducing inflammation caused by intensity activities. The aim of the present study was to compare the response of netrin-1, TNF-𝛼 and IL-17 to acute continuous and intensity interval exercises after short-term quercetin supplementation in active girls. Materials and Methods: Fourty active girl students (average age: 21.3±61.03; body mass index: 21.3±79.12 kg/m2) were selected purposefully and randomly divided into four groups: continuous + supplement, interval + supplement, continuous + placebo and interval + placebo. Participants took quercetin supplement (1000 mg daily) or placebo for two weeks, and at the beginning and end of the two weeks, there was an acute continuous exercise and intensity interval exercise were implemented. Blood sampling in four stages; In the beginning and after two weeks of supplementation (before and after exercise) were done. The results were extracted using analysis of variance with repeated measures, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc LSD at a significant level (P≤0.05). Results: Continuous and interval exercises caused a significant decrease in the netrin-1 (p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively) and increase in the TNF-𝛼 (p=0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). While, two weeks of quercetin supplementation was associated with a non-significant decrease in the netrin-1 (p=0.19 and p=0.32, respectively) and increase in the TNF -𝛼 (p=0.54 and p=0.16 respectively) in response to continuous and interval exercises. Also, there was no significant difference in netrin-1 (p=0.18) and TNF-𝛼 (p=0.42) values between continuous and interval groups. Finally, IL-17 response to interval and continuous acute exercises, before and after supplementation, did not show any significant difference (p=0.14). Conclusion: Short-term use of quercetin supplement by improving the inflammatory condition prevents inflammation caused by interval and continuous acute exercises in active girls.
Saeed Abedinzadeh; Ensieh Zahedi; Hamid Abbasi; Reza Sharifatpour
Abstract
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rebound exercises on balance, strength and muscular endurance of children with Down syndrome. Materials and Method: 30 children with Down syndrome were selected through available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental ...
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Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rebound exercises on balance, strength and muscular endurance of children with Down syndrome. Materials and Method: 30 children with Down syndrome were selected through available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups of 15 people (age: 9.0±1.30 years, height: 1.30±0.05 m, weight: 32.51±3.39 kg) and control (age: 9.8±1.52 years, height: 1.31±0.03 m, weight: 32.46±2.56 kg) were divided. In order to evaluate the static and dynamic balance, the Bruininks-Ozertsky test was used, in order to evaluate the strength of knee flexion and extension, manual evaluation of muscle function was used, and in order to evaluate muscle endurance, the squat test was used before and after the exercises. The experimental group performed rebound exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. In order to analyze the data, two-way repeated measure variance analysis tests were used at a significant level (p ≤ 0.05). Results: After 8 weeks of rebound exercises, a significant improvement was observed in static and dynamic balance tests, lower limb muscle strength and endurance (p ≤ 0.05). No significant difference was observed in any of the variables of the control group (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, performing rebound exercises can improve balance, strength and muscle endurance and ultimately reduce the risk of falling in children with Down syndrome. Therefore, these exercises are recommended to therapists.
Nabi Shamsaei; Hadi Abdi; Zahra Abadi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of endurance exercise training with atorvastatin on the sperm characteristics and the level of sex hormones in male rats with myocardial infarction. Methods: 28 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (control, ...
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Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of endurance exercise training with atorvastatin on the sperm characteristics and the level of sex hormones in male rats with myocardial infarction. Methods: 28 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (control, atorvastatin, exercise training, atorvastatin + exercise training). In order to induce myocardial infarction, subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline at the rate of 150 mg/kg of body weight was used for two consecutive days. After infarct induction, the training program and drug intervention started. The exercise program consisted of running on a treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 days a week. The atorvastatin group animals received 10 mg of atorvastatin daily by gavage. 24 hours after the last training session, blood sampling and dissection were done. ELISA method was used to measure the level of serum factors. Also, to evaluate the characteristics of sperms, the epididymis was separated from the testicular tissue and analyzed. Results: The results showed that endurance training, atorvastatin consumption and their combination decreased the sperm count, percentage of live sperm, sperm motility, decreased testosterone, LH, FSH, increased HDL levels and decreased LDL, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum of rats with myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Endurance training, atorvastatin consumption and their combination, although it improved the lipid profile, but it has destructive effects on the levels of sex hormones and sperm parameters and, as a result, the reproductive performance of male rats with myocardial infarction.
Mohammad Reza Yousefi; Fatemeh Esmaiili
Abstract
Background and Aim: Childhood obesity is a global public health challenge. In the past few decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased worldwide, which is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adulthood. The aim of this study was to compare ...
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Background and Aim: Childhood obesity is a global public health challenge. In the past few decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased worldwide, which is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adulthood. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training and aerobic training on serum neuregulin-4 levels and the metabolic profile of obese elementary school students. Materials and Methods: The statistical population included elementary school girls aged 7 to 12 years who were obese and had a body mass index (within the 95th percentile or higher) with 3 groups of intense interval training (I), aerobic training (II) and a control group (III) was applied (10 people in each group). The intense interval training program with an intensity of 60 to 70% in the first week and 90 to 100% of the maximum heart rate in the last week and aerobic exercises with an intensity of 60 to 75% of the maximum heart rate were implemented for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Insulin, glucose and TG variables were measured by autoanalyzer by photometric method and neuregulin-4 by ELISA method.. Result: Eight weeks of intense interval training and aerobic training increased the serum levels of neuregulin-4 (p=0.01) and significantly decreased insulin (p=0.04), triglycerides (p=0.01) and insulin resistance ( p=0.006) became students; But the serum glucose level of the students did not change significantly (p=0.85). Conclusion: Intermittent intense and aerobic exercises can reduce the risk of diseases related to obesity in students by improving the metabolic status.
Fatemeh Derakhshani; Azam Zarneshan; Karim Azali Alamdari
Abstract
Background and Aim: The complement system plays an essential role in the pathology and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). C3 and C4 are essential components of complement system and potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. ...
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Background and Aim: The complement system plays an essential role in the pathology and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). C3 and C4 are essential components of complement system and potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise training on serum levels of complement system proteins C3, C4, the C3/C4 and motor performance in women with MS. Materials and Methods: The statistical population was MS female and members of MS Association of East Azarbaijan Province, 30 subjects with extensive disability status scale (EDSS>5) after screening and randomly divided into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Combined exercises according to the ACSM guidelines for multiple sclerosis patients, for twelve weeks, three days per week/one hour per session, a combination of endurance exercises (walking and aerobics, 40-60%MHR), resistance (yellow band, 1-3 set of 8- 15 repetitions), balance, breathing and stretching. Serum levels of C3 and C4 were measured using the turbidimetric method and movement functions of fall risk and balance were measured using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), respectively. The ANCOVA test was used for the comparison between the groups at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of complement C3 in the experimental group compared to the control group (P=0.014). No significant difference was observed in C4 (p=0/524) and C3/C4 ratio (p=0/225) between the two study groups. Motor performance of falling risk (p=0/016) and balance (p=0/001) in the experimental group had a significant improvement compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of combined exercise in women with MS may be useful to reduce complement C3 protein and improve motor performance.
Horieh Karimi; Mahtab Moazami; Ali Yaghoubi; Sadegh Abbasian
Abstract
Background and Aim: Alzheimer's disease is defined as the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of diets with and without caloric restriction along with continuous training on the expression of selected genes effective in ...
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Background and Aim: Alzheimer's disease is defined as the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of diets with and without caloric restriction along with continuous training on the expression of selected genes effective in Alzheimer's disease of old male rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 36 old male rats (26 months old, with an average weight of 437.8 ± 41.3 grams) were randomly divided into four groups as control group, continuous training group, continuous training with caloric restriction group, and caloric restriction group. The rats of the training groups performed continuous exercises for eight weeks and 5 sessions per week, by following the overload principle on the treadmill. Also, caloric restriction was initially applied with a 30% reduction and then a 20% reduction in the rats’ food consumed. Continuous exercises were performed for eight weeks and 5 sessions per week (10 minutes to 20 minutes) following the overload principle on a treadmill. Brain tissue was taken 24 hours after the last training session and gene expression was done by real-time PCR method. Furthermore, ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the results. Results: The findings demonstrated a significant difference between groups in Tau gene expression (p=0.02). Moreover, there was no significant difference in amyloid beta gene expression and insulin levels in old male rats (p = 0.486). Conclusion: In general, continuous training with and without caloric restriction could not lead to a significant change in APP gene expression. But the results of the research showed significant changes in Tau gene expression in the brain tissue of elderly male rats, preferably with the aim of preventing Alzheimer's.
Mina Tafazoli; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi
Abstract
Semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 are relatively new adipokines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense resistance and intermittent training on the expression of : semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 and Lee index in obese elderly rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental ...
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Semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 are relatively new adipokines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense resistance and intermittent training on the expression of : semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 and Lee index in obese elderly rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 30 elderly Wistar male rats with an average age of 22-20 months and an average initial weight of 250 ± 20 grams were divided into three groups: control, intense intermittent exercise and resistance exercise (each group ten rats). The resistance training protocol consisted of eight weeks and five weekly sessions of climbing a one-meter ladder with 26 steps and the intense interval training protocol included three warm-up parts, the main body consisting of periodic repetitions and cooling down. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the expression of semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 genes. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that both resistance and intense interval training models caused a significant decrease in Semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 gene expression and Lee's index compared to the control group. but no difference was observed between the experimental groups. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that intense intermittent and resistance exercises with a positive effect on the expression of semaphorin 3C gene, lipocalin 2 and the Lee index can be considered as an effective solution in the field of increasing lipolysis and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity. be taken It is also suggested to use this type of exercise in sports programs for the elderly as an effective exercise method to improve performance and body composition.
Minoo Bassami; Anahita Etesam; Bakhtyar Tartibian; Amirhossein Mohkami
Abstract
This study examines the effect of incremental exercise and EMS on cardio-respiratory factors of overweight men. Materials and Methods: In this research, 20 overweight men (age 29.1 ± 6.08 years, body mass 28.49 ± 1.98 weight per square meter) visited the laboratory in three sessions. In ...
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This study examines the effect of incremental exercise and EMS on cardio-respiratory factors of overweight men. Materials and Methods: In this research, 20 overweight men (age 29.1 ± 6.08 years, body mass 28.49 ± 1.98 weight per square meter) visited the laboratory in three sessions. In first session, they performed an incremental test until the exchange ratio equal to one, and to determine the aerobic power (VO2max), they performed the test until exhaustion. In the second session, they repeated the same test as the first session, with the difference that during the EMS exercise test, it was with a frequency of 35-75 Hz. In the third session there is only EMS. Cardio-respiratory factors were examined before, during and during 20 minutes of recovery. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using repeated measure of ANOVA analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05. Result: significant difference was found in comparing the incremental exercise session with the EMS session and the incremental exercise + EMS session for energy expenditure, pulmonary ventilation, VE/VCO2 ratio, oxygen consumption, and heart rate (p < 0.05).However, there was no significant difference between the session of the incremental exercise + EMS and the incremental exercise for all the research variables in the times before, during exercise and 10-20 minutes of recovery time in overweight men. Also, there was no significant difference observed in blood pressure during the recovery period among the three sessions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Incremental exercise has an effect on cardiorespiratory factors, and the combined effect of incremental exercise + EMS during activity has a greater impact and faster recovery time.
Hamide Nakhayi; Mehdi Mogharnasi; Mohammad Esmaeil Afzalpour; Mohammadali Sardar
Abstract
Background and Aim: NAFLD disease is strongly associated with insulin resistance in the liver and surrounding tissues, such as skeletal muscles and fat tissue, and regular physical exercise can be effective on human health and disease prevention and even treatment. The aim of the present study was to ...
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Background and Aim: NAFLD disease is strongly associated with insulin resistance in the liver and surrounding tissues, such as skeletal muscles and fat tissue, and regular physical exercise can be effective on human health and disease prevention and even treatment. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of intense intermittent exercise and continuous aerobic exercise on the serum levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and fetoin A and insulin sensitivity in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver caused by a high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: The research method was experimental. 40 male desert rats aged 6-8 weeks with a weight between 150 and 180 grams were prepared and randomly divided into four groups (10 rats in each group) including intense intermittent exercise (80-95% of consumption). Moderate endurance exercise (50-60% of dietary intake), control (fatty liver disease) and healthy control (standard diet). were divided Sports training for 8 weeks and 5 sessions a week, for any income. For the results, statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey were used at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: Intense intermittent training (P=0.008) and moderate continuous training (P=0.033) decreased the serum level of Fetoin-A, and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Intense intermittent training (P=0.008) and moderate continuous training (P=0.003) increased serum glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Intense intermittent training (P=0.007) and moderate continuous training (P=0.013) increased insulin sensitivity and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intense intermittent and continuous aerobic exercises improved fetoin A levels, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor serum levels, and insulin sensitivity; In addition, both types of exercise have the same effect.
Behnaz Shokri; Hamid Mohebbi; Javad Mehrabani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fructose intake contributes to fat buildup and systemic inflammation in the liver, which can impair its function and result in fibrosis. In contrast, physical activity and vitamin D3 supplementation have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to assess the effects ...
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Background and Aim: Fructose intake contributes to fat buildup and systemic inflammation in the liver, which can impair its function and result in fibrosis. In contrast, physical activity and vitamin D3 supplementation have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), vitamin D3 supplementation, and their combined influence on inflammation and liver function markers in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a high-fructose diet. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were allocated into five groups (n = 8 each): Control with Standard Diet (CS), Control with High Fructose Diet (10% (w/v) fructose solution in tap water) (CF), High Fructose Diet with HIIT (high intensity interval training, corresponding to 85%–90% of the maximal speed) (FT), High Fructose Diet with Vitamin D3 supplementation (FD), and High Fructose Diet with both HIIT and Vitamin D3 (FTD). The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks. Various assays (ELISA, GOD-POD, auto analyzer, coagulation analyzer) and staining methods (Masson's trichrome, immunofluorescence) were utilized to assess levels of insulin, interlukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interlukin-10 (IL-10), fasting blood glucose, albumin, leukocytes, prothrombin time (PT), liver fibrosis, and macrophage polarization (M1 and M2). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Both HIIT and vitamin D3 supplementation led to significant reductions in IL-1ß, IL-10, M1 and M2 macrophage polarization, leukocytes, PT, while significantly increasing serum albumin levels. HIIT proved to be more effective than vitamin D3 in reducing cytokine levels and PT. The combined approach of HIIT and vitamin D3 exhibited a greater impact on all measured factors. Conclusion: HIIT is more effective than vitamin D3 supplementation in reducing hepatic inflammation and improving liver function. The combination of HIIT and vitamin D3 supplementation offers additional protective benefits against the negative effects of a high-fructose diet.
Maryam Shabanian; Mohammad Rami; Mehrzad Shabani; Aliakbar Alizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system that affects sensory and motor functions. Since physical activity may have anti-inflammatory benefits for these patients, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect ...
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Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system that affects sensory and motor functions. Since physical activity may have anti-inflammatory benefits for these patients, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of swimming physical activity on the content of AMPK and Sirt1 proteins and motor performance of MS model rats.Materials and methods: In this research, 20 rats with an average age of 12 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups: healthy control group, healthy exercise group, MScontrol group and MSexercise group. In order to induce MS disease, rats in the patient groups were fed food containing cuprizone with a weight ratio of 0.5% for 6 weeks. The swimming training protocol was carried out for 6 weeks. After performing rotarod and open box behavioral tests, hippocampal tissue was extracted and protein levels were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and then Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The results of the open field and the Rotarod tests showed that the performance of motor activity and balance in the MScontrol group was impaired compared to the healthy control group and was significantly improved following swimming activity(P <0.05). Also, the results of the AMPK and Sirt1 proteins in the MS control group were significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group(P <0.05), Also, the amounts of these proteins in the MSexercise group increased significantly compared to the MScontrol group(P <0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be said that swimming activity, by regulating the content of AMPK and Sirt1 proteins, can improve the metabolism of neurons and regulate the metabolic processes of the central nervous system and as a non -pharmacological strategy to improve the symptoms of patients with MS is promising.
Hadi Golpasandi; Mohammad Rahman Rahimi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects mitochondrial integrity and function through chronic hyperglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D3 injection on mitophagy-related proteins in heart tissue of T2DM ...
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Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects mitochondrial integrity and function through chronic hyperglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D3 injection on mitophagy-related proteins in heart tissue of T2DM rats. Materials and Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (NC), diabetes control (DC), diabetes + HIIT (D+HIIT), diabetes + vitamin D3 (D+VD3), diabetes + HIIT + vitamin D3 (D+HIIT+VD3) were included. T2DM was induced by feeding mice with a high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. The HIIT protocol consisted of running on a treadmill in short bursts of high-intensity activity, 90-85% of maximum running speed and 49 minutes and vitamin D3 was injected subcutaneously weekly (10,000 IU/kg). 48 hours after the intervention, heart tissue samples were collected and PARKIN and PINK-1 proteins were measured using western blot method. In addition, serum glucose level, insulin resistance and time to exhaustion were measured. The research hypotheses were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results: The results showed that T2DM significantly decreased PARKIN and PINK-1 levels in heart tissue (P=0.018, p=0.036). However, both HIIT training and vitamin D3 interventions, individually and in combination, significantly increased PARKIN and PINK-1 protein content (P=0.001). In addition, the combined intervention of HIIT and vitamin D3 also led to a significant improvement in serum glucose level, insulin resistance and aerobic capacity compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: It seems that the combination of HIIT and vitamin D3 appears to enhance mitophagy, offering a protective effect against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunctions caused by T2DM. This synergy not only helps mitigate the adverse effects of T2DM but also improves overall metabolic health and physical performance in the animal model.
Elham Ghasemi; Shila Nayebi far; Fateme Nora
Abstract
Background and Aim: Angiopoietin-like proteins type 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) are emerging regulators of fat metabolism that play a role in obesity-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training ...
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Background and Aim: Angiopoietin-like proteins type 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) are emerging regulators of fat metabolism that play a role in obesity-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina supplementation on serum levels of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and lipid profile in obese elderly women. Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test design. A number of 60 obese elderly women (mean age: 60.72±6.24 years; body mass index: 31.20±3.53 kg/m2) were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into four equal groups supplement + training, placebo + training, supplement and control. The training groups performed intensity interval training (three sessions per week) for eight weeks, while the supplement groups consumed two 500 mg spirulina capsules daily. Research variables were measured at the beginning and end of the study. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey's post hoc and using SPSS version 22 software at a significance level of p≤ 0.05. Results: After eight weeks of HIIT with spirulina consumption, the serum levels of ANGPTL3 (p<0.01), ANGPTL4 (p<0.001), triglyceride (p<0.001), weight (p<0.001) ) and body fat percentage (p<0.001) decreased in supplement + training, placebo + training and supplement groups. While the levels of total cholesterol (p<0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (p<0.001) showed a significant decrease and high-density lipoprotein (p<0.001) showed a significant increase only in supplement + training and placebo + training groups. Conclusion: It seems that HIIT and spirulina supplement regulate lipid metabolism and improve lipid profile and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in obese elderly.
Mehdi Mogharnasi; Mozhgan Hatami Farsi; Fatemeh Hajizadeh; Mojtaba Amirabadizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of intense interval training and spirulina supplementation on serum levels of hydrogen peroxide and total antioxidant capacity of overweight girls.Methods: 30 overweight and obese girls living in Khorameh ...
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Background and Aim: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of intense interval training and spirulina supplementation on serum levels of hydrogen peroxide and total antioxidant capacity of overweight girls.Methods: 30 overweight and obese girls living in Khorameh city were randomly divided into three groups (control, exercise+supplement and exercise+placebo). Before the start and 24 hours after the end of the training period, the subjects' anthropometric characteristics were measured. Then the subjects performed intense interval training for 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The supplement groups received 2 tablets of 500 mg of spirulina daily during this period. 24 hours before and 48 hours after the training period, the subjects' blood samples were taken in fasting state. Results:The results showed that in the exercise+supplement and exercise+placebo groups, hydrogen peroxide levels (p=0.000 and p=0.001) and total antioxidant capacity (p=0.000 and p=0.002) significantly decreased and increased, respectively. showed In the exercise+supplement and exercise+placebo groups, weight (p=0.001 and p=0.016), body mass index (p=0.001 and p=0.022) and fat percentage (p=0.000 and p=0.001) were significantly higher than was reduced to the control group. Regarding waist to hip ratio index (p=0.016), the results showed that this index decreased significantly only in the exercise+supplement group, and the maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.039 and p=0.002) also in the exercise+ group. Supplement and exercise + placebo had a significant increase.Conclusion: It seems that intense intermittent exercise along with spirulina supplement can be effective in weight loss program and also by increasing the amount of TAC by improving the antioxidant defense system, it prevents the accumulation of free radicals and prevents damage. be cellular
nasim abbasifard; Abdollhamid Habibi; Saeid Shakerian; Aliakbar Alizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Glucocorticoids use has been associated with a variety of adverse cardiovascular effects including fluid retention, hypertension, premature atherosclerotic disease, and arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance and Continuous training ...
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Background and Aim: Glucocorticoids use has been associated with a variety of adverse cardiovascular effects including fluid retention, hypertension, premature atherosclerotic disease, and arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance and Continuous training on the content of collagen 1 and extracellular matrix proteins in the myocardial tissue of dexamethasone-induced female model rats. Materials and Methods: A total of twelve female rats, aged four weeks were randomly divided into four group: healthy control, DEXA-induced control, resistance training + DEXA, and continuous training + DEXA (n = 3). The resistance training program consisted of three sessions each week for six weeks, during which time the participants would carry a weight and climb a one-meter ladder 14-20times. The continuous exercise program consisted of 16 to 40 minutes of treadmill running at 60-70 ℅ of a rat’s maximum speed, 3days a week for six weeks. Content of type 1 collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in left ventricle of myocardial tissue after exercise by western blot method and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) were measured by ELISA method. The one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data at the p≤0.05 level. Results: Dex injection in three groups led to a significant decrease in MMP2 and a significant increase in collagen 1, TIMP1 and TGF-β1 compared to the healthy control group. But, both types of trainings significantly increased MMP2 and significantly decreased collagen type 1, TIMP1 and TGF-β1. Conclusions: It seems that that continuous aerobic and resistance training can simultaneously increase MMP2 activity and decrease COL-I, TGF-β1 and TIMP1 protein content in the left ventricle, a protective effect on the structure and function of the heart ventricle.
Marzieh Papisad; Abdollhamid Habibi; Saeid Shakerian; Mohammad Rami
Abstract
Background & Aim: A disturbance in muscle tissue renewal as the largest tissue in the body has been observed in sarcopenia. So, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance training and continuous training on the gastrocnemius protein content of PAX7, NF-KB, FOXO3, ...
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Background & Aim: A disturbance in muscle tissue renewal as the largest tissue in the body has been observed in sarcopenia. So, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance training and continuous training on the gastrocnemius protein content of PAX7, NF-KB, FOXO3, and nAChRs in the female sarcopenia model rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 adult male rats were divided into four groups: healthy sedentary (HS, n=5), sarcopenia sedentary (SS, n=5), sarcopenia RT (RT, n=5), and sarcopenia CT (CT, n=5). Rats injected with dexamethasone for 10 days as a model of aging and sarcopenia. Six weeks of moderate intensity resistance training and moderate intensity continuous training were performed for the intervention groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc test with a significant level of p≤0.05 was used to analyze data. Results: The protein content of PAX7 and nAChR significantly increased (p=0.001), as well as the protein content of NF-KB and FOXO3 significantly decreased (p=0.001) by resistance training and continuous training compared to the SS group. In addition, there was a significant increase and decrease in the protein content of PAX7 and NF-KB, respectively in the continuous training group compared to the resistance training group, and a significant decrease in FOXO3 protein content in the RT group compared to the continuous training group p≤0.05. Conclusion: Given that the levels of PAX7, NF-KB, FOXO3, and nAChR proteins improved after implementing both types of exercise protocols, it is likely that using both types of exercise protocols as part of a medical control program for sarcopenia patients could be a promising non-pharmacological solution.
Pouya Damavandi; Farhad Rahmani-nia; Bahman Mirzaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: Combined resistance training is a method that integrates high-intensity resistance training with plyometric exercises. This method is sometimes implemented in two forms: contrast and complex training. The current study aimed to examine the effects of combined resistance training (contrast ...
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Background and Aim: Combined resistance training is a method that integrates high-intensity resistance training with plyometric exercises. This method is sometimes implemented in two forms: contrast and complex training. The current study aimed to examine the effects of combined resistance training (contrast and complex) on testosterone, cortisol, lactate levels, and the jumping profile of male basketball players. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male basketball players, aged 18 to 23 years, participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three resistance training groups: contrast, complex, and control. They engaged in resistance training combined with plyometric exercises using either the contrast or complex methods for six weeks, with two sessions per week. Before and after the intervention, the following measurements were taken: vertical jump test (jump profile), 60-second repeated vertical jump test (lactate), resting serum testosterone and cortisol levels. The data were analyzed using a covariance and Bonferroni test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The complex and contrast training groups had significant improvements in peak power (p=0.013 and p=0.007), peak jump velocity (p=0.001 and p=0.032), jump height (p=0.001 and p=0.012), serum testosterone (p=0.001), and serum cortisol (p=0.014 and p=0.011) compared to the control group. Lactate levels also showed a significant decrease following the repeated vertical jumps test in the complex (p=0.003) and contrast (p=0.005) groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: Both contrast and complex resistance training effectively enhance athletic performance and optimize jump profile variables, along with testosterone and cortisol hormone levels in basketball players. Moreover, neither training method was found to be superior to the other.
