Sahar Ghasemipour; Sayyed Mohammad Marandi; Kamran Ghaedi; Fatemeh Kazeminasab; Samaneh Shirkhani; Milad Abdollahi
Abstract
Bachground and Aim: Many studies have pointed to role of exercise in controlling and improving diabetes complications; Green coffee, with its antioxidant properties, can be effective in reducing inflammation and insulin resistance too. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ...
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Bachground and Aim: Many studies have pointed to role of exercise in controlling and improving diabetes complications; Green coffee, with its antioxidant properties, can be effective in reducing inflammation and insulin resistance too. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and green coffee on oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide in skeletal muscle tissue of male C57BL / 6 mices. Material and Methods:35 C57BL / 6 mices were randomly placed in 2 groups of high-fat diets to induce prediabetes and normal diet. Pre-diabetes induction was performed after 12 weeks of high-fat diet and then, the samples of this group were divided into control groups, green coffee, endurance training, endurance training + green coffee (7 mices in each group). The training protocol was performed incrementally (speed 15 to 23 m / min) for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session for 45 minutes on the turntable. Green coffee at a dose of 220 mg / kg body weight was fed to the mice 3 times a week by gavage. 24 hours after the last intervention, quadriceps skeletal muscle were performed and after weight l, oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide were measured by ELISA. One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett 's post hoc test at the level of p <0.05 were used to analyze the data. Results: Endurance training reduces glutathione (p <0.01) and consumption of green coffee and endurance training + green coffee (p <0.004 and p <0.01, respectively) increased this protein. In addition, exercise (p <0.03) reduced total antioxidant capacity; But coffee consumption (p <0.004) and combination of exercise and green coffee (p <0.01) increased this. Conclusion: Endurance training and green coffee supplementation can be an effective treatment strategy to improve antioxidant capacity and prevent or reduce the complications of diabetes.
Mona Mohajer; Ruhollah Haghshenas
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, a new protein called asprosin has been discovered, which plays a role in regulating blood sugar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on gene expression of asprosin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissue of male diabetes rats. ...
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Background and Aim: Today, a new protein called asprosin has been discovered, which plays a role in regulating blood sugar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on gene expression of asprosin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissue of male diabetes rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (every group eight rat): control; Exercise; Diabetes; And aerobic exercise and diabetes. After making the rats diabetic by injecting Strepotozocin, the aerobic training protocol was performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week, and 48 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue and blood samples were taken from the rats. ELISA method was used to measure protein expression and MDA, and RT-PCR method was used to measure gene expression. Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Heart tissue asprosin gene expression (p<0.001) and serum MDA levels (p<0.001) increased significantly after diabetes, but aerobic training had no significant effect on them (p>0.05).Conclusion: Since the expression of asprosin gene has recently been detected in the heart tissue, it seems that more studies are needed to know its function in the heart tissue.
Hosein Kavosi; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; Najmeh Rezaeian; Ali Yaghoubi
Abstract
Introduction and purpose: obesity and overweight are a metabolic disorder that affects the levels of adipose tissue in this disorder. The aim of the present study was to the effect of eight weeks of intense Continuous endurance, resistance, and High intensity interval training on SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene ...
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Introduction and purpose: obesity and overweight are a metabolic disorder that affects the levels of adipose tissue in this disorder. The aim of the present study was to the effect of eight weeks of intense Continuous endurance, resistance, and High intensity interval training on SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene expression in non-obese rats.methodology; In the current study, 36 obese Wistar rats, eight weeks old and weighing 325 ± 40 grams, were randomly divided into four groups; Continuous Endurance (10 heads), resistance (8 heads), High intensity interval training (10 heads) and control (8 heads) were divided. For eight weeks, the rats of the experimental groups performed five sessions of endurance training with an intensity of 70-80% of the maximum speed, resistance with an intensity of 50-120% of the body weight and intense intervals with an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum speed, and each 5% per week was added to the intensity of the exercises. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene expression.Findings; The results of the present study showed that all three models of Continuous endurance, resistance and High intensity interval training caused a significant increase in the expression of SLIT-2 (P=/001) and UCP-1 (P=/001) compared to the control group, but there was no difference between the experimental groups. Not observed (P= 0.999).discussion; Based on the results of this research, it is suggested to use Continuous endurance, resistance and High intensity interval training with increasing SLIT-2 and UCP-1 gene expression, which are factors influencing lipolysis and are effective in increasing lipolysis, in order to lose weight.
Hamid Reza Salimi; Amir Hosein Haghighi; Shima Ababzadeh; Hamid Marefati
Abstract
Background and aim: Methamphetamine abuse causes myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiomyopathy, which is directly related to vascular dysfunction, which sometimes causes the death of users. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training (CT) on the expression of Bax and VEGF indices ...
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Background and aim: Methamphetamine abuse causes myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiomyopathy, which is directly related to vascular dysfunction, which sometimes causes the death of users. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training (CT) on the expression of Bax and VEGF indices in the cardiac of male rats following chronic methamphetamine use. Materials and Methods: 30 rats weighing 200-210 g were randomly divided into three groups: control, sham (addict), and addict+combined training (ACT). To create dependence, methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally in increasing doses to the sham and ACT. CT consisted of 6 weeks of running on the treadmill (3 days) and resistance training (3 days) with moderate intensity. After this period, the rats were dissected according to the ethical standards of laboratory animals, and their hearts were removed. 4 hearts from each group were assigned to immunohistochemistry and 6 hearts to gene expression. The immunohistochemical technique was used to investigate Bax and the RT-PCR method was used to investigate VEGF. The research data were analyzed by ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, and SPSS version 26 software. the significance level was considered P< 0.01. Results: In the sham, compared to the control group, the expression of Bax increased significantly and the expression of VEGF decreased significantly. In the ACT, the expression of Bax was significantly decreased compared to the sham, and the expression of VEGF was significantly increased compared to the sham and control groups. Conclusion: The increase in Bax expression and the decrease in VEGF expression indicates an increase in apoptosis, and methamphetamine abuse increased this process, but CT inhibited the apoptosis through the down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of VEGF.
Ali Mostafaloo; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhak; Amir Hossein Haghighi
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Resistance exercises with new methods such as blood flow restriction (BFR) that are performed with lower intensities compared to traditional resistance exercises, it can have more favorable effects on muscle strength and size. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate ...
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Background and Purpose: Resistance exercises with new methods such as blood flow restriction (BFR) that are performed with lower intensities compared to traditional resistance exercises, it can have more favorable effects on muscle strength and size. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the study adaptability of testosterone and growth hormones in response to eight weeks of eccentric resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. Method: In this study, 40 soccer players participated in a semi-experimental research design. Subjects in the present study were randomly divided into four groups: eccentric resistance training with BFR (n=10), eccentric resistance training without BFR (n=10), traditional resistance training (n=10) and control (n=10). To assess the strength of the upper body muscles and leg muscle strength were used from bench press and leg press tests, also, before and after an eight-week training period, blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of testosterone and growth hormones. A one-way repeated-measures and Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare the groups (P≥0.05).Results: The results of the study showed that none of the training programs had a meaningful effect on serum testosterone level (P= 0.27), and growth hormones (P= 0.88).Conclusion: In general, it can be said that there was no significant difference among the three training methods in improving the effects of resistance training. Therefore, despite the fact that eight weeks of eccentric training didn't affect the compatibility of testosterone and growth hormones, it probably caused favorable changes in the strength of male football players.
Vahid Talebi; Karim Azali Alamdari
Abstract
Background and Objective: Oligodendroglia in the brain strongly responds to exercise. However, innate immunity is vital to maintain normal brain function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of simple and complex voluntary exercises on NG2 changes and depression in rats ...
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Background and Objective: Oligodendroglia in the brain strongly responds to exercise. However, innate immunity is vital to maintain normal brain function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of simple and complex voluntary exercises on NG2 changes and depression in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Material and Method: For this purpose, 60 male Wistar rats (4-6 weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups (Control-Healthy, Control-Alzheimer, Simple Training-Healthy, Complex Training-Healthy, Simple Training-Alzheimer, Complex Training-Alzheimer). After induction of Alzheimer's disease by Streptozotocin injection into the ventricles of the brain, the animals experienced simple and complex voluntary activity using a wheel running for twelve weeks. At the end, depression was checked by food deprivation test, and after slaughter, NG2 levels of hippocampus and motor cortex were checked by ELISA method. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.Results: Compared to simple spinning wheel training, complex wheel running training increased hippocampus NG2, motor cortex NG2 levels and reduced depression (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that performing exercises that are associated with mental challenge have a higher effectiveness in relation to depression and NG2 levels.
mohammadreza bandali; Amir Hossein Haghighi; Roya Asgari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mitochondrial dynamics is affected by division and fusion, and exercise training may have an effect on it. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training on the gene expression of indicators involved in the division and ...
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Background and Aim: Mitochondrial dynamics is affected by division and fusion, and exercise training may have an effect on it. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training on the gene expression of indicators involved in the division and integration of mitochondria in the Soleus muscle of rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 12 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups (Six rats in each group) of control and moderate intensity interval training (MIT). First, the residual test and the average maximum speed of the rats were calculated to design the training program. The exercise program included running on the treadmill with an intensity of 60-65% of the maximum speed (six intervals of four minutes) and active rest with an intensity of 30% of the maximum speed (six intervals of two minutes), In compliance with the principle of overload which was carried out for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). In order to evaluate the gene expression changes of PGC-1α, Opa1, Fis1, Drp1, Mfn1/2 indices, the plantar muscle tissue of rats was extracted. The expression level of research genes was measured using pcr method. The data were analyzed using independent t-statistics at the significance level (p≤0.05). Results: The results showed that exercise in the mit group significantly decreased the expression of Drp1 and Fis1 genes and increased the expression of PGC-1α, Mfn1 and Mfn2 genes. But MIT exercises did not significantly change the expression of Opa1 gene. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that the adaptation of intermittent exercise has a protective effect on the dynamics of mitochondrial quality, but in fact, it has not completely prevented the occurrence of mitochondrial division.
Badrkhan Rashwan Ismael; Elaheh Piralaiy; Saeid D. Nikoukheslat; Alireza Rashidpour; Gholamreza Hamidian
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous research has shown the damaging effects of p53 and miR-34a in type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of exercise training on p53 and miR-34a changes in heart tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes are unclear. Therefore, This study intended to study the effects of aerobic training ...
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Background and Aim: Previous research has shown the damaging effects of p53 and miR-34a in type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of exercise training on p53 and miR-34a changes in heart tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes are unclear. Therefore, This study intended to study the effects of aerobic training on the expression genes of p53 and miR-34a in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods:For this purpose, 20 male Wistar rats (mean 28±239 g, age 6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups including diabetic control, healthy control, diabetic training, and healthy training. Animal food was provided in the form of free access pellets and water in a 500 ml bottle. To induce type 2 diabetes, a high-fat diet (60%) was performed for two weeks followed by streptozotocin injection in a fasting state. The training protocol comprised eight weeks of running on a treadmill for 30-60 minutes at a speed of 5-10 m/min, five days a week, with the principle of overload. The p53 and miR-34a gene expression in the heart tissue samples was measured by Real-Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at the P < 0.05. Results: Eight weeks of T2DM infection resulted in a significant increase in p53 and miR-34a compared to healthy control and healthy training groups (p=0.0001). However, eight weeks of aerobic training showed a significant decrease in miR-34a gene expression (p=0.02) and a non-significant change in p53 gene expression (p=0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: It seems that part of the destructive morphological and cellular effects of type 2 diabetes on heart tissue can be affected through the effects of eight weeks of aerobic training on miR-34a gene expression. However, different training conditions may be needed to see a reduction in p53.
Mina Tafazoli; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi
Abstract
Semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 are relatively new adipokines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense resistance and intermittent training on the expression of : semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 and Lee index in obese elderly rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental ...
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Semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 are relatively new adipokines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense resistance and intermittent training on the expression of : semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 and Lee index in obese elderly rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 30 elderly Wistar male rats with an average age of 22-20 months and an average initial weight of 250 ± 20 grams were divided into three groups: control, intense intermittent exercise and resistance exercise (each group ten rats). The resistance training protocol consisted of eight weeks and five weekly sessions of climbing a one-meter ladder with 26 steps and the intense interval training protocol included three warm-up parts, the main body consisting of periodic repetitions and cooling down. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the expression of semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 genes. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that both resistance and intense interval training models caused a significant decrease in Semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 gene expression and Lee's index compared to the control group. but no difference was observed between the experimental groups. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that intense intermittent and resistance exercises with a positive effect on the expression of semaphorin 3C gene, lipocalin 2 and the Lee index can be considered as an effective solution in the field of increasing lipolysis and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity. be taken It is also suggested to use this type of exercise in sports programs for the elderly as an effective exercise method to improve performance and body composition.
Minoo Bassami; Anahita Etesam; Bakhtyar Tartibian; Amirhossein Mohkami
Abstract
This study examines the effect of incremental exercise and EMS on cardio-respiratory factors of overweight men. Materials and Methods: In this research, 20 overweight men (age 29.1 ± 6.08 years, body mass 28.49 ± 1.98 weight per square meter) visited the laboratory in three sessions. In ...
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This study examines the effect of incremental exercise and EMS on cardio-respiratory factors of overweight men. Materials and Methods: In this research, 20 overweight men (age 29.1 ± 6.08 years, body mass 28.49 ± 1.98 weight per square meter) visited the laboratory in three sessions. In first session, they performed an incremental test until the exchange ratio equal to one, and to determine the aerobic power (VO2max), they performed the test until exhaustion. In the second session, they repeated the same test as the first session, with the difference that during the EMS exercise test, it was with a frequency of 35-75 Hz. In the third session there is only EMS. Cardio-respiratory factors were examined before, during and during 20 minutes of recovery. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using repeated measure of ANOVA analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05. Result: significant difference was found in comparing the incremental exercise session with the EMS session and the incremental exercise + EMS session for energy expenditure, pulmonary ventilation, VE/VCO2 ratio, oxygen consumption, and heart rate (p < 0.05).However, there was no significant difference between the session of the incremental exercise + EMS and the incremental exercise for all the research variables in the times before, during exercise and 10-20 minutes of recovery time in overweight men. Also, there was no significant difference observed in blood pressure during the recovery period among the three sessions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Incremental exercise has an effect on cardiorespiratory factors, and the combined effect of incremental exercise + EMS during activity has a greater impact and faster recovery time.
Hamide Nakhayi; Mehdi Mogharnasi; Mohammad Esmaeil Afzalpour; Mohammadali Sardar
Abstract
Background and Aim: NAFLD disease is strongly associated with insulin resistance in the liver and surrounding tissues, such as skeletal muscles and fat tissue, and regular physical exercise can be effective on human health and disease prevention and even treatment. The aim of the present study was to ...
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Background and Aim: NAFLD disease is strongly associated with insulin resistance in the liver and surrounding tissues, such as skeletal muscles and fat tissue, and regular physical exercise can be effective on human health and disease prevention and even treatment. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of intense intermittent exercise and continuous aerobic exercise on the serum levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and fetoin A and insulin sensitivity in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver caused by a high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: The research method was experimental. 40 male desert rats aged 6-8 weeks with a weight between 150 and 180 grams were prepared and randomly divided into four groups (10 rats in each group) including intense intermittent exercise (80-95% of consumption). Moderate endurance exercise (50-60% of dietary intake), control (fatty liver disease) and healthy control (standard diet). were divided Sports training for 8 weeks and 5 sessions a week, for any income. For the results, statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey were used at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: Intense intermittent training (P=0.008) and moderate continuous training (P=0.033) decreased the serum level of Fetoin-A, and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Intense intermittent training (P=0.008) and moderate continuous training (P=0.003) increased serum glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Intense intermittent training (P=0.007) and moderate continuous training (P=0.013) increased insulin sensitivity and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intense intermittent and continuous aerobic exercises improved fetoin A levels, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor serum levels, and insulin sensitivity; In addition, both types of exercise have the same effect.
Behnaz Shokri; Hamid Mohebbi; Javad Mehrabani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fructose intake contributes to fat buildup and systemic inflammation in the liver, which can impair its function and result in fibrosis. In contrast, physical activity and vitamin D3 supplementation have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to assess the effects ...
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Background and Aim: Fructose intake contributes to fat buildup and systemic inflammation in the liver, which can impair its function and result in fibrosis. In contrast, physical activity and vitamin D3 supplementation have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), vitamin D3 supplementation, and their combined influence on inflammation and liver function markers in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a high-fructose diet. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were allocated into five groups (n = 8 each): Control with Standard Diet (CS), Control with High Fructose Diet (10% (w/v) fructose solution in tap water) (CF), High Fructose Diet with HIIT (high intensity interval training, corresponding to 85%–90% of the maximal speed) (FT), High Fructose Diet with Vitamin D3 supplementation (FD), and High Fructose Diet with both HIIT and Vitamin D3 (FTD). The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks. Various assays (ELISA, GOD-POD, auto analyzer, coagulation analyzer) and staining methods (Masson's trichrome, immunofluorescence) were utilized to assess levels of insulin, interlukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interlukin-10 (IL-10), fasting blood glucose, albumin, leukocytes, prothrombin time (PT), liver fibrosis, and macrophage polarization (M1 and M2). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Both HIIT and vitamin D3 supplementation led to significant reductions in IL-1ß, IL-10, M1 and M2 macrophage polarization, leukocytes, PT, while significantly increasing serum albumin levels. HIIT proved to be more effective than vitamin D3 in reducing cytokine levels and PT. The combined approach of HIIT and vitamin D3 exhibited a greater impact on all measured factors. Conclusion: HIIT is more effective than vitamin D3 supplementation in reducing hepatic inflammation and improving liver function. The combination of HIIT and vitamin D3 supplementation offers additional protective benefits against the negative effects of a high-fructose diet.
Maryam Shabanian; Mohammad Rami; Mehrzad Shabani; Aliakbar Alizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system that affects sensory and motor functions. Since physical activity may have anti-inflammatory benefits for these patients, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect ...
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Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system that affects sensory and motor functions. Since physical activity may have anti-inflammatory benefits for these patients, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of swimming physical activity on the content of AMPK and Sirt1 proteins and motor performance of MS model rats.Materials and methods: In this research, 20 rats with an average age of 12 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups: healthy control group, healthy exercise group, MScontrol group and MSexercise group. In order to induce MS disease, rats in the patient groups were fed food containing cuprizone with a weight ratio of 0.5% for 6 weeks. The swimming training protocol was carried out for 6 weeks. After performing rotarod and open box behavioral tests, hippocampal tissue was extracted and protein levels were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and then Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The results of the open field and the Rotarod tests showed that the performance of motor activity and balance in the MScontrol group was impaired compared to the healthy control group and was significantly improved following swimming activity(P <0.05). Also, the results of the AMPK and Sirt1 proteins in the MS control group were significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group(P <0.05), Also, the amounts of these proteins in the MSexercise group increased significantly compared to the MScontrol group(P <0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be said that swimming activity, by regulating the content of AMPK and Sirt1 proteins, can improve the metabolism of neurons and regulate the metabolic processes of the central nervous system and as a non -pharmacological strategy to improve the symptoms of patients with MS is promising.
Hadi Golpasandi; Mohammad Rahman Rahimi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects mitochondrial integrity and function through chronic hyperglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D3 injection on mitophagy-related proteins in heart tissue of T2DM ...
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Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects mitochondrial integrity and function through chronic hyperglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D3 injection on mitophagy-related proteins in heart tissue of T2DM rats. Materials and Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (NC), diabetes control (DC), diabetes + HIIT (D+HIIT), diabetes + vitamin D3 (D+VD3), diabetes + HIIT + vitamin D3 (D+HIIT+VD3) were included. T2DM was induced by feeding mice with a high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. The HIIT protocol consisted of running on a treadmill in short bursts of high-intensity activity, 90-85% of maximum running speed and 49 minutes and vitamin D3 was injected subcutaneously weekly (10,000 IU/kg). 48 hours after the intervention, heart tissue samples were collected and PARKIN and PINK-1 proteins were measured using western blot method. In addition, serum glucose level, insulin resistance and time to exhaustion were measured. The research hypotheses were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results: The results showed that T2DM significantly decreased PARKIN and PINK-1 levels in heart tissue (P=0.018, p=0.036). However, both HIIT training and vitamin D3 interventions, individually and in combination, significantly increased PARKIN and PINK-1 protein content (P=0.001). In addition, the combined intervention of HIIT and vitamin D3 also led to a significant improvement in serum glucose level, insulin resistance and aerobic capacity compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: It seems that the combination of HIIT and vitamin D3 appears to enhance mitophagy, offering a protective effect against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunctions caused by T2DM. This synergy not only helps mitigate the adverse effects of T2DM but also improves overall metabolic health and physical performance in the animal model.
Elham Ghasemi; Shila Nayebi far; Fateme Nora
Abstract
Background and Aim: Angiopoietin-like proteins type 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) are emerging regulators of fat metabolism that play a role in obesity-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training ...
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Background and Aim: Angiopoietin-like proteins type 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) are emerging regulators of fat metabolism that play a role in obesity-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina supplementation on serum levels of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and lipid profile in obese elderly women. Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test design. A number of 60 obese elderly women (mean age: 60.72±6.24 years; body mass index: 31.20±3.53 kg/m2) were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into four equal groups supplement + training, placebo + training, supplement and control. The training groups performed intensity interval training (three sessions per week) for eight weeks, while the supplement groups consumed two 500 mg spirulina capsules daily. Research variables were measured at the beginning and end of the study. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey's post hoc and using SPSS version 22 software at a significance level of p≤ 0.05. Results: After eight weeks of HIIT with spirulina consumption, the serum levels of ANGPTL3 (p<0.01), ANGPTL4 (p<0.001), triglyceride (p<0.001), weight (p<0.001) ) and body fat percentage (p<0.001) decreased in supplement + training, placebo + training and supplement groups. While the levels of total cholesterol (p<0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (p<0.001) showed a significant decrease and high-density lipoprotein (p<0.001) showed a significant increase only in supplement + training and placebo + training groups. Conclusion: It seems that HIIT and spirulina supplement regulate lipid metabolism and improve lipid profile and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in obese elderly.
nasim abbasifard; Abdollhamid Habibi; Saeid Shakerian; Aliakbar Alizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Glucocorticoids use has been associated with a variety of adverse cardiovascular effects including fluid retention, hypertension, premature atherosclerotic disease, and arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance and Continuous training ...
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Background and Aim: Glucocorticoids use has been associated with a variety of adverse cardiovascular effects including fluid retention, hypertension, premature atherosclerotic disease, and arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance and Continuous training on the content of collagen 1 and extracellular matrix proteins in the myocardial tissue of dexamethasone-induced female model rats. Materials and Methods: A total of twelve female rats, aged four weeks were randomly divided into four group: healthy control, DEXA-induced control, resistance training + DEXA, and continuous training + DEXA (n = 3). The resistance training program consisted of three sessions each week for six weeks, during which time the participants would carry a weight and climb a one-meter ladder 14-20times. The continuous exercise program consisted of 16 to 40 minutes of treadmill running at 60-70 ℅ of a rat’s maximum speed, 3days a week for six weeks. Content of type 1 collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in left ventricle of myocardial tissue after exercise by western blot method and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) were measured by ELISA method. The one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data at the p≤0.05 level. Results: Dex injection in three groups led to a significant decrease in MMP2 and a significant increase in collagen 1, TIMP1 and TGF-β1 compared to the healthy control group. But, both types of trainings significantly increased MMP2 and significantly decreased collagen type 1, TIMP1 and TGF-β1. Conclusions: It seems that that continuous aerobic and resistance training can simultaneously increase MMP2 activity and decrease COL-I, TGF-β1 and TIMP1 protein content in the left ventricle, a protective effect on the structure and function of the heart ventricle.
Pouya Damavandi; Farhad Rahmani-nia; Bahman Mirzaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: Combined resistance training is a method that integrates high-intensity resistance training with plyometric exercises. This method is sometimes implemented in two forms: contrast and complex training. The current study aimed to examine the effects of combined resistance training (contrast ...
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Background and Aim: Combined resistance training is a method that integrates high-intensity resistance training with plyometric exercises. This method is sometimes implemented in two forms: contrast and complex training. The current study aimed to examine the effects of combined resistance training (contrast and complex) on testosterone, cortisol, lactate levels, and the jumping profile of male basketball players. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male basketball players, aged 18 to 23 years, participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three resistance training groups: contrast, complex, and control. They engaged in resistance training combined with plyometric exercises using either the contrast or complex methods for six weeks, with two sessions per week. Before and after the intervention, the following measurements were taken: vertical jump test (jump profile), 60-second repeated vertical jump test (lactate), resting serum testosterone and cortisol levels. The data were analyzed using a covariance and Bonferroni test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The complex and contrast training groups had significant improvements in peak power (p=0.013 and p=0.007), peak jump velocity (p=0.001 and p=0.032), jump height (p=0.001 and p=0.012), serum testosterone (p=0.001), and serum cortisol (p=0.014 and p=0.011) compared to the control group. Lactate levels also showed a significant decrease following the repeated vertical jumps test in the complex (p=0.003) and contrast (p=0.005) groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: Both contrast and complex resistance training effectively enhance athletic performance and optimize jump profile variables, along with testosterone and cortisol hormone levels in basketball players. Moreover, neither training method was found to be superior to the other.
Somayeh Payekari; Alireza Rahimi; Fariba Aghaei; Foad Feizollahi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an acquired metabolic disorder characterized by the deposition of triglycerides in the liver, caused by factors other than alcohol consumption(1). Currently, the treatment of NAFLD primarily involves physical activity(9) ...
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Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an acquired metabolic disorder characterized by the deposition of triglycerides in the liver, caused by factors other than alcohol consumption(1). Currently, the treatment of NAFLD primarily involves physical activity(9) and dietary supplements to reduce fat mass(16). Mitochondrial abnormalities, such as dysfunction in the electron transport chain and reduced beta-oxidation of fatty acids, contribute to fat accumulation in liver cells, leading to cellular damage and progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)(2). Exercise not only reduces liver inflammation but also enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, improving morphological dynamics and regeneration rates through biogenesis and mitophagy(10). Additionally, insect-based supplements, such as mealworms, have demonstrated strong immunostimulatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties(17). This supplement, rich in protein, has been reported to exhibit anti-obesity effects by activating PGC-1α. Furthermore, it has been shown to effectively reduce weight and fat mass by influencing the expression of genes involved in fat metabolism(18). in this study, the simultaneous effect of mealworm protein supplementation with aerobic exercise on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups including: 1- healthy, 2- patient, 3- patient+ supplement, 4- patient+ exercise, 5- patient+ supplement + exercise. The sick groups developed NAFLD with high fat and cholesterol diet. Interval endurance exercise was performed for eight weeks, including running on a treadmill for 30 minutes, five days a week with gradual overload. mealworm supplement gavage with a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight was performed on the same days as exercise. Tissue sampling of the soleus muscle was performed 48 hours after the last exercise and supplement session. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of ketamine and xylazine, and the soleus muscle tissue was immediately collected. Each tissue sample was placed in a microtube containing liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until gene expression analysis. RNA extraction was performed using the RNX-Plus method, and the quality and quantity of RNA were assessed via spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. The sequences of mRNAs corresponding to the genes PGC-1α, UCP1, Mfn1, and Drp1 were extracted using the NCBI database. Primers were designed using AllellD software and evaluated for specificity using BLAST. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-tests and two-way ANOVA at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.Results: The independent t-test results showed that in the diseased group, the expression of PGC-1α, UCP1, and Mfn1 genes significantly decreased compared to the healthy group, while the expression of Drp1 significantly increased (p = 0.0001). The two-way ANOVA results indicated that aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α (p = 0.0001), UCP1 (p = 0.0001), and Mfn1 (p = 0.0001), while significantly decreasing the expression of Drp1 (p = 0.0001) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. Additionally, statistical findings revealed that tenebrio molitor protein supplementation significantly increased the expression of UCP1 (p = 0.0001), PGC-1α (p = 0.0001), and Mfn1 (p = 0.0001), while significantly decreasing the expression of Drp1 (p = 0.0001) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. However, the two-way ANOVA results showed that the combination of aerobic exercise and menebrio tolitor protein supplementation did not have a significant effect on the expression of UCP1 (p = 0.537), PGC-1α (p = 0.361), or Drp1 (p = 0.881) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. Nevertheless, the simultaneous intervention of aerobic exercise and mealworm protein supplementation significantly increased the expression of Mfn1 (p = 0.0001) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. Table 1. Results of two-way ANOVA comparing relative gene expression changes in the study groups *Significant effect of aerobic exercise on gene expression. **Significant effect of supplement on gene expression. ***Significant interaction effect (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and mealworm protein supplementation each independently led to a significant increase in the expression of PGC-1α, UCP1, and Mfn1 genes, as well as a significant decrease in the expression of Drp1 in the soleus muscle of rats with NAFLD. It appears that moderate-intensity interval aerobic exercise and mealworm extract supplementation, individually, can positively influence the levels of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fat metabolism, potentially aiding in the treatment of NAFLD. Further studies are recommended to explore the interactive effects of exercise and mealworm supplementation on mitochondrial capacity and fat metabolism, particularly in samples with obesity or type 2 diabetes associated with NAFLD.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, mealworm Larvae, mitochondrial biogenesis, Fatty LiverHical Considerations: All stages of animal care and euthanasia were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (1964).Funding: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch (Code: IR.IAU.K.REC.1403.029).Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest declared.
Sadollah Salarmohammadi; Elham Farhadfar; Zahra Sarlak
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the problems in most countries of the world is the aging of the population and its consequences are in the occurrence of cardiac diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of endurance training and MitoQ supplementation on the mitochondrial dynamic signaling ...
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Background and Aim: One of the problems in most countries of the world is the aging of the population and its consequences are in the occurrence of cardiac diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of endurance training and MitoQ supplementation on the mitochondrial dynamic signaling pathway (OPA1 and FIS1) in the heart tissue of old male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of seven rats: control, endurance training, MitoQ supplement and endurance training + MitoQ supplement. After acquainting the animals with the environment for 8 weeks, they performed endurance training for eight weeks (5 days a week) with 70% Vmax. Also, MitoQ supplementation was done at the rate of 250 μM in drinking water for 8 weeks. Real-time PCR method was used to evaluate the variables. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using two-way ANOVA test with a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: Endurance training significantly reduced FIS1 gene expression in myocardial tissue (P = 0.006). MitoQ increased the expression of OPA1 gene in the heart tissue of old rats (P = 0.04), but it has no effect on the FIS1 gene expression (p = 0.006), In addition, the combination of MitoQ and exercise training significantly decreased the gene expression of FIS1 and OPA1 compared to the MitoQ group (P=0.02). Conclusion: MitoQ supplement as an advanced antioxidant can probably play a positive role in the mitochondrial dynamics of the aged cardiac muscle and affect the gene expression of the fusion process. However, the combination of endurance training and MitoQ can modulate the process of mitochondrial fusion and fission.
Vahid Sari-Sarraf; Mostafa Khani; Mahdi Saghi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Increasing the activity of uncoupled protein type 1 (UCP1) reduces the complications of obesity.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and L-carnitine supplementation on the expression of miR-455, HIF-1α, ...
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Background and Aim: Increasing the activity of uncoupled protein type 1 (UCP1) reduces the complications of obesity.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and L-carnitine supplementation on the expression of miR-455, HIF-1α, and UCP1 changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese male rats. Methds: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups after 8 weeks of weeks of obesity induction: Control (C), Training (T), Supplement (S), and Supplement+Training (ST). The protocol of HIIT with 85-90% of the maximum speed on the treadmill, 5 days a week for 12 weeks, was performed for T and ST group rats. S and ST groups rats were gavage with L-carnitine 30 mg/kg body weight daily for three months. Mir-455 expression, HIF-1α and UCP1 were assessed by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence respectively. Dependent t-tests and One-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05 used for group comparisons and Benferroni's post hoc test as appropriate to determine the significance level. Results: The weight of rats increased during the obesity period (p=0.001), which was reduced by exercise (p=0.003) and Supplementation+Training (p=0.001). The expression of miR-455 gene in T group significantly decreased (p=0.001) and S group significantly increased (p=0.001) compared to group C and ST group increased non-significantly (p=0.071). The expression of HIF-1α Protein between groups S, T and ST increased significantly (p=0.001) compared to group C. UCP1 protein expression was significantly increased in all groups compared to group C (p=0.001). Conclusion: HIIT and the combination of HIIT with L-carnitine appear to be a useful strategy for combating obesity and provide promising evidence for promoting browning of white adipose tissue. While further research is needed to generalize of these findings from animal models to human applications.
Mahdiyeh Poursoltani Zarandi; Amir Sarshin; Alireza Rahimi; Foad Feizolahi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated diseases, including diabetes and fatty liver disease, highlights the importance of regular exercise in obesity management. Moreover, evidence suggests that betaine may improve obesity by influencing hepatic fat and glucose metabolism. ...
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Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated diseases, including diabetes and fatty liver disease, highlights the importance of regular exercise in obesity management. Moreover, evidence suggests that betaine may improve obesity by influencing hepatic fat and glucose metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) and Betaine supplementation on hepatic CD28 gene expression, serum levels of urea, creatinine, and lipid profile in obese rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) Healthy, (2) Obese, (3) Obese + Supplement, (4) Obese + Training, and (5) Obese + Supplement + Training. Obese rats were fed a high-fat diet for six weeks. The MIIT protocol included treadmill running for 30 minutes, five days per week, with progressive overload for eight weeks. Nano-emulsified betaine supplementation (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered via gavage before training. At the end of the study, hepatic CD28 gene expression was measured using Real-Time PCR, while serum levels of creatinine, urea, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests and two-way ANOVA at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Obesity significantly increased TG, total cholesterol, LDL, CD28, creatinine, and urea, while HDL decreased. Both training and supplementation independently reduced CD28, creatinine, TG, total cholesterol, and LDL, while increasing HDL. The interaction between training and supplementation significantly influenced CD28, LDL, total cholesterol, and creatinine. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic training and nano-emulsified betaine supplementation, both independently and in combination, may play a significant role in reducing obesity-induced hepatic inflammation through lipid metabolism regulation.
Faezeh Vahidmoghadam; Maghsoud Peeri; Shima Ababzadeh; frouzan fattahi masrour
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate Effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training and vitamin D intake on apoptosis factors of Bax and Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bax / Bcl-2 in male rats after myocardial infarction induction. Matarilas and Methods: Research samples ...
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Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate Effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training and vitamin D intake on apoptosis factors of Bax and Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bax / Bcl-2 in male rats after myocardial infarction induction. Matarilas and Methods: Research samples were 56 vistar male Desert Rat, which were randomly divided in 7 Groups: Control and healthy group, stroke Group + 5 minutes’ walk, stroke group + vitamin + D 5 minutes' walk, stroke group +interval exercise, stroke group + interval exercise + vitamin D, stroke group + interval exercise + oral paraffin gauge, stroke group + gauge oral paraffin+ 5 minutes of walking. The mice experienced supplementation, placebo and training in specific groups. For statistical analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance test was used with Tukey's post-hoc test (at p≤0.05 significant level). Results: Both the individual and combined interventions resulted in a significant reduction in BAX and a marked increase in Bcl-2 relative to the stroke group. the combination of exercise and supplementation led to a more pronounced increase in Bcl-2 and a more significant decrease in BAX compared to the two supplementary groups (p=0.001) and the training group (p=0.001). also, Similar results were also observed regarding the BAX-BCL-2 ratio. Conclusion: In general, the results show that training and supplementation cause a significant change in apoptosis factors, but the combination of two variables has a synergistic effect and works better than the individual actions of each of the interventions.
esmaeil sharafi mooliz; saeid shakeryan; Aliakbar Alizadeh; saeed ahmadi barati
Abstract
Background and Aim: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases that causes numerous complications in the heart tissue. Today, the effect of various therapeutic approaches, including exercise, on the heart tissue has been considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity ...
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Background and Aim: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases that causes numerous complications in the heart tissue. Today, the effect of various therapeutic approaches, including exercise, on the heart tissue has been considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training on changes in the levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway proteins in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 eight-week-old rats with an average weight of 191±16 grams were randomly divided into four groups: healthy control, healthy training, diabetes control, and diabetes training. The training program consisted of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with a sequence of five sessions per week. The levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR proteins were measured by Western blotting. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine the differences between groups in each variable. A significance level of p<0.05 was considered. Results: Diabetes significantly decreased the levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR proteins in the heart tissue of diabetic rats (p=0.001). However, eight weeks of high-intensity interval training significantly increased the levels of PI3K protein (p=0.037), AKT protein (p=0.009), and mTOR protein (p=0.043) in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. Conclusion: Given these results, it is recommended that high-intensity interval training plays a beneficial role in regulating and controlling signaling pathways associated with physiological hypertrophy and inhibiting pathological hypertrophy in animal models with type 2 diabetes. Further investigation of this issue in human models should be considered by researchers.
Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; setareh haghani; Sara Asghari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Beta-aminoisobutyric acid is a myokine that is produced and secreted by skeletal muscles. As a practical solution, exercise plays an important role in increasing beta-aminoisobutyric acid and improving insulin resistance and preventing obesity complications. The aim of the present ...
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Background and Aim: Beta-aminoisobutyric acid is a myokine that is produced and secreted by skeletal muscles. As a practical solution, exercise plays an important role in increasing beta-aminoisobutyric acid and improving insulin resistance and preventing obesity complications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing aerobic exercise on the serum level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, insulin resistance index and body fat percentage in obese young women. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design, 20 young obese and inactive women (mean age 32.2 ± 2.68 years and body mass index 31.1 ± 1.4 years) were randomly divided into control (n = 10) and exercise (n = 10) groups. An incremental aerobic exercise protocol was implemented for eight weeks, three days a week (with an intensity of 55 to 65% of heart rate reserve and a duration of 30 to 55 minutes). Blood samples were taken from the subjects before and after the intervention to measure insulin resistance and beta-aminoisobutyric acid. To analyze data using SPSS software version 26, ANCOVA and dependent t tests were used at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: After eight weeks of intensive aerobic training, beta-aminoisobutyric acid (p=0.001) increased significantly in the training group compared to the control group. Fat percentage (p=0.001) and insulin resistance index (p=0.001) decreased significantly in the training group compared to the control group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that increasing aerobic exercise by increasing beta-aminoisobutyric acid and reducing insulin resistance and body fat percentage is an effective solution in reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity.
Bahar Saljougi Berenji; Marefat Siahkohian; Elnaz Rezayi
Abstract
Background and Aims: Physical activity is known to enhance physiological functions, including pulmonary capacity and inflammatory regulation. This study aimed to examine and compare the effects of eight weeks of aerobic and polarized training on pulmonary function, inflammation, muscle damage, and vascular ...
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Background and Aims: Physical activity is known to enhance physiological functions, including pulmonary capacity and inflammatory regulation. This study aimed to examine and compare the effects of eight weeks of aerobic and polarized training on pulmonary function, inflammation, muscle damage, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in physically active girls. Materials and Methods:In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test–post-test design, 30 active female participants were randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic training, polarized training, and control. The intervention completed three sessions per week over eight weeks. Pulmonary function variables—Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV₁) were measured via spirometry. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) were assessed using the ELISA method following standard protocols. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA for initial group homogeneity, paired t-tests for within-group comparisons, and ANCOVA for post-intervention between-group analysis. Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used where significant differences were observed. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Both aerobic and polarized training resulted in significant improvements in FEV₁ and FVC compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CRP levels decreased significantly in both training groups, while CPK changes were not statistically significant. VEGF levels increased significantly in both experimental groups relative to control (p < 0.05). Effect size analysis showed that polarized training had the greatest impact on FVC (1.31), while aerobic training most effectively improved FEV₁ (1.06). CRP reductions reflected strong anti-inflammatory effects, with effect sizes of –1.32 and –1.09 in the aerobic and polarized groups, respectively. Conclusion:Aerobic and polarized training are both effective in enhancing pulmonary function and modulating inflammatory responses in physically active individuals, offering valuable non-pharmacological strategies for improving respiratory and vascular health
Esmaeil Gholinezhad; Asghar Tofighi; Kazem Khodaei; Farhad Behzadi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance. The use of Galega officinalis (goat’s rue) and aerobic training may serve as beneficial strategies for disease management. The present study aimed to investigate ...
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Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance. The use of Galega officinalis (goat’s rue) and aerobic training may serve as beneficial strategies for disease management. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and Galega supplementation on glycemic indices, insulin resistance and sensitivity, and lipid profiles in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Forty women with type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomly assigned to four groups: aerobic exercise, Galega supplement, combined aerobic training and Galega supplement, and control. The exercise group performed 12 weeks of aerobic walking training (3 sessions/week) at 50–70% of heart rate reserve. The supplement group consumed 2 grams of Galega daily as an herbal infusion. The combined group underwent both interventions. Fasting serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile (measured via enzymatic colorimetry), and insulin (assessed by ELISA) were analyzed. Insulin resistance and sensitivity indices were calculated using standard formulas. Intergroup differences were analyzed via two-way mixed ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, while intragroup differences were evaluated using paired t-tests. Results: Significant reductions in insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile parameters, liver enzymes, and HOMA-IR, along with increases in HOMA-β, QUICKI, and McAuley indices, were observed in all three intervention groups compared to the control group (p≤0.05p≤0.05). Furthermore, the combined exercise and Galega group demonstrated greater reductions in insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and HOMA-IR, as well as a higher increase in QUICKI, compared to the exercise-only and supplement-only groups (p≤0.05p≤0.05). Conclusion: Both aerobic exercise and Galega supplementation, either alone or in combination, improved glycemic indices, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance/sensitivity markers in women with type 2 diabetes. However, the combined intervention exhibited superior efficacy in enhancing glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.
Seyedeh Azra Mirkazemi; Mehdi Mogharnasi; Reza Ghahremani; Khorshid Bijari; samaneh rastgoo
Abstract
Background and Aim: Paying attention to exercise to improve biochemical, physiological and psychological indices in overweight and obese postmenopausal women is of particular importance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of resistance training at home on plasma levels of C-reactive ...
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Background and Aim: Paying attention to exercise to improve biochemical, physiological and psychological indices in overweight and obese postmenopausal women is of particular importance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of resistance training at home on plasma levels of C-reactive Protein (CRP), body composition indices and self-efficacy in overweight and obese postmenopausal women in Birjand. Materials and Methods: The present study was an applied and quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design on 56 overweight and obese postmenopausal women (age 45-65 years, BMI ≥25). Participants were randomly divided into Two resistance training groups at home (n=28) and control groups (n=28). The practice group performed resistance training at home for four weeks (28 90-minute sessions of moderate intensity), each session including squats, lunges, standing leg raises, bicep curls, backbends, swimming, Side and back muscles rotation and deadlifts with weights. Before and after training, plasma CRP levels were measured through fasting blood sampling and body composition indices (weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), waist, hip, abdominal, arm, chest, and thigh circumferences). Self-efficacy was also assessed with the standard questionnaire by Scherer et al. (1982). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and paired t-test at a significance level p<0/05. Finding: After four weeks of resistance training at home, no significant change was observed in CRP levels; while significant decreases were observed in WHR, chest, hip, arm, thigh, and waist circumferences, but changes in weight, BMI, and abdominal circumference were not significant. Self-efficacy increased in the training group. Conclusion: Resistance training at home can improve the physical and mental health of menopausal women and is recommended as an effective strategy in managing menopausal complications and overweight.
