نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.
2 استادیار، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.
3 استادیار، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: تاثیر زمان بندی بر سازگاری‌های تمرینی مورد تایید قرار گرفته است؛ اما موثرترین روش برای توسعه قدرت و استقامت در طیف گسترده‌ای از جمعیت‌ها هنوز به خوبی شناخته نشده است؛ از این رو هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر دو مدل تمرین مقاومتی با زمان بندی خطی و غیرخطی بر قدرت و استقامت عضلانی دختران نوجوان تمرین‌نکرده می‌باشد. روش تحقیق: 23 دختر نوجوان تمرین نکرده به طور تصادفی در سه گروه گواه، تمرین با زمان بندی خطی و تمرین با زمان بندی غیرخطی قرار گرفتند. زمان‌بندی خطی شامل کاهش حجم تمرین و افزایش شدت تمرینات همزمان با پیشرفت تمرینی است و زمان‌بندی غیرخطی شامل افزایش و کاهش شدت و حجم تمرینات در طول چرخه‌های تمرینی است. قدرت عضلانی بالاتنه و پائین‌تنه آزمودنی‌ها به ترتیب از طریق آزمون یک تکرار بیشینه (1RM) در حرکات پرس‌سینه و پرس‌پا؛ و استقامت عضلانی بالاتنه و پایین تنه به ترتیب از طریق شنای روی دست و اجرای حرکت اسکات؛ 48 ساعت قبل و بعد از 8 هفته ارزیابی شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از روش آماری آنالیز کوواریانس استفاده شد و سطح معتی داری 0/05> pدر نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که تمرینات خطی و غیرخطی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار قدرت عضلانی بالاتنه و پایین‌تنه، استقامت عضلانی بالاتنه (0/001>p)، استقامت عضلانی پائین‌تنه و کاهش درصدچربی (0/05>p) شد. علاوه‌براین، گروه خطی موجب افزایش بیشتر قدرت عضلانی پایین‌تنه و گروه غیرخطی موجب افزایش بیشتر استقامت عضلانی بالاتنه شده است (0/05>p). نتیجه‌گیری: هر چند قدرت و استقامت عضلانی در نتیجه هر دو مدل تمرین مقاومتی خطی و غیرخطی بهبود می‌یابند؛ مدل تمرین مقاومتی خطی، روش تمرین مناسب‌تری برای بهبود قدرت عضلانی پایین‌تنه و مدل تمرین مقاومتی غیرخطی، روش تمرین مناسب‌تری برای بهبود استقامت عضلانی بالاتنه در دختران نوجوان تمرین نکرده می‌باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Effect of linear and nonlinear periodized programs on muscular strength and endurance in untrained adolescence girls
نویسندگان [English]
- Nasrin Niazi Nejad 1
- Abdolhossein Parnow 2
- Rasoul Eslami 3
1 Master of Applied Physiology, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah.
2 Assistant Professor, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah.
3 Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran
چکیده [English]
Background and Aim: The effect of periodization has been confirmed on the training adaptations; but the most effective approach are not known well for strength and endurance development for a wide variety of populations; therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of linear periodized (LP) and Nonlinear periodized (NLP) resistance training on muscular strength and endurance in untrained adolescence girls. Materials and Methods: A number of 23 untrained adolescence girls were randomly assigned into 3 groups including control group, LP group, and NLP group. The linear model of periodization include a volume decrease and an intensity gradually increase as training progressive and the nonlinear model of periodization includes an increase and decrease of the intensity and volume training, respectively during cycles training. 48 hours before and after 8 weeks protocols, the upper and lower body muscular strength were assessed via 1RM leg press and bench press movements respectively, and lower and upper body muscular endurance were measured through push up and squat movement, respectively as well. The data was analyzed using ANCOVA test and the significance level was considered if pResults: Data analysis showed that LP and NLP significantly increased upper and lower body muscular strength, upper body muscular endurance (p<0.001), lower body muscular endurance (p=0.01 ), and decrease body fat percent (p=0.04). In addition, LP led to more increase in lower body muscular strength (p=0.04), and NLP led to more increase in upper body muscular endurance (p=0.03), while there was no significant difference in explosive power (p=0.07), upper body muscular strength (p=0.88), lower body muscular endurance (p=0.99) and body fat percent (p=0.64) between LP and NLP groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although muscular strength and endurance are improved by the LP and NLP models; the LP model is better training method to improve lower body muscular strength and NLP model is a more approach to improve upper body muscular endurance in untrained adolescence girls, although strength and endurance of muscles are improved in the result of LP and NLP models.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- resistance training
- Linear periodization
- Nonlinear periodization
- Adolescence girls
- Muscular strength and endurance
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM’s resources for the personal trainer. Resistance training programs. 3th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual. 4th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Buford, T. W., Rossi, S. J., Smith, D. B., & Warren, A. J. (2007). A comparison of periodization models during nine weeks with equated volume and intensity for strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1245-1250.
Chursch, M., Chilibeck, P., Chad, K., Davison, K., & Burke, D. (2001). Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in oldoler men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(12), 2111-2117.
De Lima, C., Boullosa, D., Frollini, A., Donatto, F., Leite, R., Gonelli, P.,& Cesar, M. (2012). Linear and daily undulating resistance training periodizations have differential beneficial effects in young sedentary women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(9), 723-727.
Evetovich, T. K. (2009). Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(6), 687-708.
Fleck, S. (2011). Non-linear periodization for general fitness & athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 29 (Special Issue), 41-45.
Hamedinia, M. R., Azimi, H., & Haghighi, A. H. (2010). Comparing the two resistance training program reverse linear and daily undulating periodized with total volume and intensity equated on non-athletes indurance. Applied Sport Physiology, 12(6), 119-131. [persian]
Harries, S. K., Lubans, D. R., & Callister, R. (2015). Comparison of resistance training progression models on maximal strength in sub-elite adolescent rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 163-169.
Jones, K., Bishop, P., Hunter, G., & Fleisig, G. (2001). The effects of varying resistance-training loads on intermediate-and high-velocity-specific adaptations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 15(3), 349-356.
Kok, L. Y., Hamer, P. W., & Bishop. D. J. (2009). Enhancing muscular qualities in untrained women: Linear versus undulating periodization. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(9), 1797-1807.
Kraemer, W. J. (1997). A series of studies-the physiological basis for strength training in american football: Fact over philosophy. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(3), 131-142.
Kraemer, W. J., Hakkinen, K., Triplett-McBride, N. T., Fry, A. C., Koziris, L. P., Ratamess, N. A., & Newton, R. U. (2003). Physiological changes with periodized resistance training in women tennis players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(1), 157-168.
Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Ratamess, N. A., Gotshalk, L. A., Volek, J. S., Fleck, S. J., & Hakkinen, K. (2004). Changes in muscle hypertrophy in women with periodized resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(4), 697-708.
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: Progression and exercise prescription. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(4), 674-688.
Kraemer, W. J., Mazzetti, S. A., Nindl., B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Volek, J. S., Bush, J. A., … & Hakkinen, K. (2001). Effect of resistance training on women’s strength/power and occupational performances. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(6), 1011-1025.
Lorenz, D. S., Reiman, M. P., Walker, J. C. (2010). Periodization: Current review and suggested implementation for athletic rehabilitation. Sports Health, 2(6), 509-518.
Mackenzie, B. (2005). 101 Performance Evaluation Tests. London: Electric World plc.
Moraes, E., Alves, H. B., Teixeira, A. L., Dias, M. R., Miranda, H., & Simao, R. (2014). Relationship between repetitions and selected percentage of one repetition maximum in trained and untrained adolescent subjects. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 17(2), 27-35.
Moraes, E., Fleck, S.J., Dias, M.R., & Simão, R. (2013). Effects on strength, power, and flexibility in adolescents of nonperiodized vs. Daily nonlinear periodized weight training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(12), 3310-3321.
Monteiro, A. G., Aoki, M. S., Evangelista, A. L., Alveno, D. A, Monteiro, G. A., Picarro, I. C., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2009). Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(4), 1321-6.
Nieman, D. (2011). Execise testing and prescription: a health-related approach. 7th Edition. Appalachian state university, North carolina research campus.
Pagano, J. (2005). Strength training for women. 1th Edition. DK Publishing, Inc.
Prestes, J., De Lima, C., Frollini, A. B., Donatto, F. F., & Conte, M. (2009). Comparison of linear and reverse linear
periodization effects on maximal strength and body composition. Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 266- 274.
Prestes, J., Frollini, A. B., De Lima, C., Donatto, F. F., Foschini, D., De Cássia Marqueti, R., & Fleck, S. J. (2009). Comparison between linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training to increase strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2437-2442.
Procopio, A. M. (2014). Impact of resistance training on bone mineral densityand performance in competitive female gymnasts. Ms Thesis, Kinesiology Department, University of Rhode Island.
Ramalingam, S., & Yee, K. L. (2013). Comparison of linear and daily undulating periodization with equated volume and intensity for muscular endurance in adolescent athletes. Asian Journal of Exercise & Sports Science, 10(2), 36-48.
Rhea, M. R., PhillIps, W. T., Burkett, L. N., Stone, W. J., Ball, S. D., Alvar, B. A., & Thomas, A. B. (2003). A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for local muscular endurance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(1), 82-87.
Simão, R., Spineti, J., De Salles, B. F., Matta, T., Fernandes, L., Fleck, S. J., & Strom-Olsen, H. E. (2012). Comparison between nonlinear and linear periodized resistance training: Hypertrophic and strength effects. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(5), 1389-1395.
)