نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.
2 دانشیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران.
3 کارشناس ارشد علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended Abstract
Background and Aim: Based on the world health organization, the prevalence of obesity and weight gain has significantly increased among the elderly people. In this case, some researchers have suggested that Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) as a therapeutic target in regulating lipid metabolism, improving glucose tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Studies have shown that ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 can be considered as important factors in the treatment of obesity-related disorders, including dyslipidemia (increased levels of harmful blood fats such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) and also decreased levels of beneficial fats such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Therefore, ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 have been used as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and Spirulina supplements have been shown as an effective strategy against obesity and sedentary in elderly people. The Spirulina supplementation can be considered as a rich nutrients of phycocyanin, that can enhances energy and also provides antioxidant benefits, and offering a potent therapeutic approach to metabolic disorders. Given the beneficial results of HIIT for weight controlling beside the benefit of Spirulina supplementation on lipid metabolism, identifying the effect of Spirulina supplementation in interaction with HIIT can be considered as a therapeutic strategy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT and Spirulina supplementation on serum levels of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 proteins and lipid profile in obese elderly women.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test design. A total of 60 elderly aged 60 to 75 years in Zabol city were selected through purposive sampling based on the study inclusion criteria and further divided into four equal groups (15 subjects in each group) including supplement+HIIT, placebo+HIIT, supplement, and control using a computer process based on a random number table. Inclusion criteria were body mass index (BMI) over 30 Kg/m2, physical inactivity level, and general health. Exclusion criteria included missing over three sessions, taking outside supplements or medications, and didn’t intend the participant to continue the study. The HIIT program was performed for eight weeks and three days a week, with an average duration of 34 minutes at the first weeks and increasing to 58 minutes for the last weeks. The training sessions included 10 minutes of warm-up and cool-down, and performing forward and backward running movements, bodyweight squats, push-ups, sit-ups, butterfly movements, six-point support planks, lunge walking, bodyweight dips, quick jumps, lunges plus, reverse lunges, mountain climber movements, cat-like hand and foot raises, side jumps, forward changes, and 25 cm steps per session. The duration of each activity began at 30 seconds with an intensity of over 75% of the heart rate reserve during the first four weeks, and reaching to the 60 seconds with an intensity of 85% of the heart rate reserve during the final week. The supplement consuming groups, consumed two 500 mg capsules of Spirulina (Rayhan Naqsh-e Jahan Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan, Iran) every day, and in the placebo groups, two starch-containing capsules were prescribed daily in the morning and evening meals. Blood sampling was performed in two stages, pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey’s post-test tests; at a significance level of p≤0.05.
Findings: Based on the results of the analysis of ANCOVA, significant differences was found among the study groups in mean levels of ANGPTL3 (F(3,55)=9.73, p=0.02, η²=0.19) and ANGPTL4 (F(3,55)=18.38, p=0.01, η² =0.18). Moreover, the mean changes in ANGPTL3 were significantly reduced in the HIIT+supplement group (p<0.001), the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.01), and the supplement-only group (p=0.004) compared with the control group. In addition, the mean change in ANGPTL3 in the HIIT+supplement group was significantly lower than that observed in the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.001) and the supplement-only group (p<0.001). Similarly, the mean changes in ANGPTL4 were significantly reduced in the HIIT+supplement group (p<0.01), the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.01), and the supplement-only group (p<0.01) compared with the control group (Table 1).
Additionally, significant differences were observed among the study groups for TG (F(3,55)=5.33, p=0.001, η²=0.11) and LDL-C (F(3,55)=23.01, p=0.002, η²=0.07). However, no significant differences were found among the groups for HDL-C and TC (p>0.05).
The mean changes in TG and LDL-C were significantly reduced in the HIIT+supplement group (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) and in the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.01 for both variables) compared with the control group.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that eight weeks of HIIT alone and also in interaction with Spirulina supplementation had a significant effect on improving lipid metabolism-related indices and regulating ANGPTL4 in obese elderly women. The results also indicated that the combined intervention of HIIT and Spirulina had the greatest reducing effect on serum levels of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 compared to other groups, which highlights the importance of synergistic exercise training and nutritional interventions in the management of obesity in the elderly people. The reduction of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 can be considered as an important underlying mechanism for improving the lipid profile and reducing cardiovascular risks in obese elderly people; because the increase of these proteins is associated with increased TG and LDL-C and impaired lipid balance. From a practical perspective, HIIT training can be considered as an efficient training method for this age group due to its short duration, adjustable intensity, and compatibility with the abilities of the elderly. In addition, Spirulina supplementation, probably could plays an important supportive role alongside exercise by improving mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation, and regulating lipid metabolism based on the its bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. The combination of these two interventions not only showed more favorable effects than either alone, but also could be considered as a non-invasive, low-cost, and safe strategy for controlling obesity and its associated metabolic complications in elderly women. However, longer-term studies with larger sample sizes and examination of other inflammatory and hormonal markers are recommended to generalize the results.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute (IR.SSRC.REC.1402.166) and registered as a clinical trial (IRCT20220322054338N1). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and participants provided voluntary informed consent.
Compliance with ethical guideline: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles and institutional guidelines. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality of participant information was maintained.
Funding: This study was supported by the University of Zabol (Grant No. 0324).
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
کلیدواژهها [English]
)