نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اسلامشهر، اسلامشهر، ایران.
2 استاد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.
3 استادیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اسلامشهر، اسلامشهر، ایران.
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: فوتبال به عنوان محبوب‌‌ترین رشته ورزشی در جهان شناخته می‌‌شود و با توجه به ماهیت این رشته ورزشی و آسیب‌‌های آن، محققین هنوز تاثیر تمرینات ورزشی بر روی سطوح مختلف را به خوبی نشناخته‌‌اند. لذا هدف از تحقیق حاضر مقایسه اثر هشت تمرین پلایومتریک روی سطوح سالن و چمن بر نشانگرهای آسیب عضلانی در بازیکنان فوتبال بود. روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، 36 بازیکن فوتبال لیگ دسته یک و دو رده جوانان و امید کشوری (با میانگین سنی 81/2 ± 94/20 سال) به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. سپس به‌‌طور تصادفی در سه گروه مساوی (12 نفر) شامل تمرین پلایومتریک روی چمن، تمرین پلایومتریک در سالن و گروه کنترل تقسیم گردیدند. تمرینات منتخب پلایومتریک روی سطوح سالن و چمن به مدت هشت هفته، دو جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه 60 دقیقه انجام شد. در ابتدا و انتهای دوره تحقیق، مقادیر سرمی تروپونین T ویژه عضلات اسکلتی (sTnT) به روش الایزا و DNA میتوکندریایی (mtDNA) در سلول های سفید خون به روش Real Time-PCR در سه گروه اندازه‌‌گیری شد. جهت تجزیه تحلیل یافته‌‌ها از آزمون‌‌های آماری t وابسته و آنالیز واریانس یک‌‌راهه همراه با آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح 05/0≥p استفاده شد. یافته‌‌ها: تفاوت معنی‌‌داری در مقادیر sTnT بین گروه‌‌های تحقیق وجود نداشت (47/0=p)؛ اما بیان ژنی mtDNA در گروه‌‌های تمرین در چمن (001/0=p) و تمرین در سالن (001/0=p) به طور معنی‌‌داری بالاتر از گروه کنترل بود. همچنین بیان ژن mtDNA در گروه تمرین در چمن به طور معنی‌‌داری بالاتر از گروه تمرین در سالن بود (001/0=p). نتیجه‌‌گیری: اگرچه تمرین پلایومتریک در چمن و سالن هر دو، با افزایش بیان ژنی mtDNA در سلول‌‌های لکوسیت خون همراه هستند؛ اما اثر تمرین در چمن نسبت به تمرین در سالن بر بیان ژنی mtDNA مطلوب‌‌تر است. بنابراین پیشنهاد می گردد به منظور افزایش محتوای DNA بازیکنان فوتیال از تمرینات پلیومتریک در چمن استفاده کنند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Comparison of the effects of plyometric training on indoor and grass on novel biomarkers of muscle damage in soccer players
نویسندگان [English]
- Mohammad Ali Keyali Kuskghazi 1
- Mohammad Faramarzi 2
- Sanaz Mirzayan Shanjani 3
- Yaser Kazemzadeh 3
1 Ph.D Student in Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Islamshahr, Iran.
2 Professor at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
3 Assistant Professorat Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Islamshahr, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Extended Abstract
Background and Aim: Football has become one of the most popular sports worldwide, attracting millions of fans (1, 2). Muscle damage following a football match presents a significant challenge for players due to the high metabolic demands and physical nature of the game. (3). Disturbances in the oxidant-antioxidant system following exercise can lead to skeletal muscle damage, tropomyosin disruption , increased serum levels of muscle troponin T (sTNT), and damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (4-8). However, focusing on training-related injuries across different levels has become a challenge for researchers. When comparing the impact of plyometric exercises at various levels on physical performance and fitness, conflicting results have been reported (10, 14, 15). Due to the limited information in this field, this study aimed to compare the effects of eight weeks of plyometric training on grass versus indoor surfaces, with respect to markers of muscle damage in soccer players.
Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 36 soccer players from the first and second leagues of the Youth and Omid Kashiri leagues (average age 20.94 ± 2.81 years) were selected. The participants were randomly divided into three groups: (1) plyometric training on grass, (2) plyometric training in a gym, and (3) a control group. The control group followed their regular exercises under the supervision of a coach, while the two experimental groups performed two additional plyometric training sessions per week alongside their regular training. The plyometric program lasted for eight weeks, with each session lasting 60 minutes. The exercises focused on increasing strength and enhancing explosive power through jumping movements, targeting the hip and leg muscles. Specific exercises included vertical jumps for maximum height, jumps emphasizing leg speed, and deep jumps from varying heights on both hard and soft surfaces.
To measure serum sTnT, an ELISA kit from Casabio (economic code CSB-EL024015RA) with a sensitivity of 0.97 ng/ml was used. For mtDNA analysis, the quantitative real-time PCR method was employed. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, with a significance level set at p≤0.05.
Findings: No significant differences were observed in serum sTnT levels between the groups. However, mtDNA levels were significantly higher in both the grass (p=0.001) and indoor (p=0.001) training groups compared to the control group. Additionally, mtDNA values were significantly higher in the grass training group compared to the indoor training group (p=0.001) (See Figure 1).
Conclusion: The results suggest that muscle damage following intense training can serve as a catalyst for beneficial adaptations, leading to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and improved antioxidant function in the long term. While plyometric training in both indoor and grass environments results in increased mtDNA expression in blood leukocytes, training on grass appears to be more effective. Therefore, it is recommended that soccer players incorporate plyometric exercises on grass to enhance mitochondrial content.
Ethical Considerations
All ethical guidelines were strictly followed in accordance with the Biomedical Research Monitoring Committee of Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch.
Compliance with ethical guideline
Informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing them with comprehensive details about the research process, including its potential risks and benefits.
Funding
The authors declare that no financial support was received from any organization.
Conflicts of interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest in relation to this manuscript.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Exercise training
- sTnT
- mtDNA
- Soccer players
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