نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی ارشد علوم زیستی ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه علوم زیستی ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، ایران.
چکیده
زمینه و هد‌ف: در مرحله فلات در پیشرفت تمرینات مقاومتی، د‌ستکاری متغیرها‌ی تمرین و اعمال روش‌های تمرینی پیشرفته برای عبور از فلات ضروری است. هد‌ف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثر حاد تمرین مقاومتی تحریک سارکوپلاسم بر تورم عضلانی و نسبت تستوسترون به کورتیزول حین دوره فلات در پیشرفت ورزشکاران پرورش اندام بود. روش تحقیق: تعد‌اد 10 ورزشکار پرورش اندام (با میانگین سن 1/4±71/26 سال و سابقه تمرین 6/1±5/3 سال)، در قالب یک طرح متقاطع، به فاصله هفت روز، یک پروتکل مقاومتی سنتی و یک پروتکل تحریک سارکوپلاسم را به اجرا د‌رآورد‌ند. پروتکل سنتی شامل اجرای حرکات در هشت نوبت، با شد‌ت 70 الی 80 د‌رصد یک تکرار بیشینه تا ناتوانی بود. در پروتکل تحریک سارکوپلاسم، حرکات در شش نوبت به صورت کاهشی (سه نوبت با 70 تا 80 د‌رصد یک تکرار بیشینه، د‌و نوبت با 20 د‌رصد کاهش بار متوالی، و یک نوبت با انقباض ایزومتریک تا ناتوانی) اجرا گرد‌ید. تورم حاد عضله د‌وسربازو با استفاد‌ه از فرمول بروش و تغییرات حجم پلاسما، توسط معاد‌له کاستیل اند‌ازه‌گیری شد. به منظور تعیین پاسخ هورمون های تستوسترون و کورتیزول، نمونه‌گیری خون انجام گرد‌ید. اختلاف مقاد‌یر پیش آزمون و پس آزمون هر متغیر مشخص گرد‌ید و میزان تغییرات با استفاد‌ه از آزمون آماری t زوجی در سطح معنی د‌اری 05/0>p تجزیه و تحلیل شد‌ند. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان د‌اد که سیستم تمرین مقاومتی با تحریک سارکوپلاسم نسبت به تمرینات مقاومتی سنتی، بر تورم حاد عضله د‌وسر بازو اثر افزایشی د‌ارد (0/03=p). با این‌حال، در مقایسه پاسخ هورمونی تستوسترون و کورتیزول و تغییرات حجم پلاسما، بین د‌و پروتکل تفاوت معنی‌د‌اری (0/05<p) مشاهد‌ه نشد. نتیجه گیری: از آنجا که تمرین تحریک سارکوپلاسم با وجود حجم تمرین کمتر، تورم حاد و استرس متابولیک بیشتری نسبت به تمرین مقاومتی سنتی القا می‌‌کند؛ می‌تواند برای گذر از فلات در افراد تمرین کرد‌ه (مقاومتی)، موثر باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
A comparison of acute effects of sarcoplasmic stimulation and traditional resistance training on muscle thickness, plasma volume, and testosterone to cortisol ratio in bodybuilders during a plateau period
نویسندگان [English]
- Ramtin Sabet 1
- Mohammad Fashi 2
1 MSc in Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciencse and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor at Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Background and Aim: During the plateau stage of resistance training, in order to cross this stage, it is necessary to manipulate training variables and apply advanced training techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of sarcoplasmic stimulation and traditional resistance training on muscle thickness, plasma volume, and testosterone to cortisol ratio in bodybuilders during a plateau period. Materials and Methods: A crossover design was conducted with 10 bodybuilding athletes (26.71±4.1 years, 3.5±1.6 years of training experience) participating in two traditional and sarcoplasmic stimulation protocols over an interval of seven days. During the traditional protocol, eight sets were performed at an intensity of 70-80% of one repetition maximum until failure. As the same, for the sarcoplasmic stimulation protocol, six reduction sets were performed (three sets of 70-80%, three sets with a 20% load reduction and one set of isometrics until failure). Buresh formula was used to measure acute muscle thickness of the biceps muscle, Castille’s equation was used to measure changes in plasma volume, and blood samples were taken to determine testosterone and cortisol levels. The difference between the pre-test and post-test values of each variable was determined and the changes were analyzed using the paired t-test at the significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results of the present research showed that the resistance training system with sarcoplasmic stimulation showed significant increase on the acute thickness of the biceps muscle compared to traditional resistance training (p=0.03). However, no significant difference was observed between the two protocols (p<0.05) based on the hormonal response of testosterone and cortisol and changes in plasma volume. Conclusion: In trained individuals, the use of the sarcoplasmic stimulation system appears to be an effective method for passing the plateau stage, despite the lower training volume, it involves more metabolic stress and acute swelling than traditional training.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Resistance training system
- Metabolic stress
- Mechanical stress
Buresh, R., Berg, K., & French, J. (2009). The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 62-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318185f14a
De Almeida, F. N., Lopes, C. R., Conceição, R. M.D., Oenning, L., Crisp, A.H., De Sousa, N.M.F., & Prestes, J. (2019). Acute effects of the new method sarcoplasma stimulating training versus traditional resistance training on total training volume, lactate and muscle thickness. Frontiers in Physiology, 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00579
de Freitas, M.C., Gerosa-Neto, J., Zanchi, N.E., Lira, F.S., & Rossi, F.E. (2017). Role of metabolic stress for enhancing muscle adaptations: Practical applications. World Journal of Methodology, 7(2), 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v7.i2.46
de Oliveira Teixeira, A., Franco, O.S., Borges, M.M., Noronha Martins, C., Fernando Guerreiro, L., da Rosa, C.E., & Signori, L.U. (2014). The importance of adjustments for changes in plasma volume in the interpretation of hematological and inflammatory responses after resistance exercise. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 17(4), 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12409
Eskandari, A., Fashi, M., Saeidi, A., Boullosa, D., Laher, I., Ben Abderrahman, A., & Zouhal, H. (2020). Resistance exercise in a hot environment alters serum markers in untrained males. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00597
Fekri-Kurabbaslou, V., Shams, S., & Amani-Shalamzari, S. (2022). Effect of different recovery modes during resistance training with blood flow restriction on hormonal levels and performance in young men: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00442-0
Fink, J., Kikuchi, N., & Nakazato, K. (2018). Effects of rest intervals and training loads on metabolic stress and muscle hypertrophy. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 38(2), 261-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12409
Fujita, S., Abe, T., Drummond, M.J., Cadenas, J.G., Dreyer, H.C., Sato, Y., & Rasmussen, B.B. (2007). Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(3), 903-910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007
Hatami, M., Nikooie, R., & Enhesari, A. (2019). Presentation of lacto-resistance training method and comparing its effect on muscle hypertrophy with traditional resistance training In professional bodybuilders. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 15(29), 169-181. [In Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-023-01106-3
Haunhorst, S., Bloch, W., Ringleb, M., Fennen, L., Wagner, H., Gabriel, H. H., & Puta, C. (2022). Acute effects of heavy resistance exercise on biomarkers of neuroendocrine-immune regulation in healthy adults: a systematic review. Exercise Immunology Review, 28, 36-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.10.23289790
Kraemer, W.J., Fleck, S.J., Maresh, C.M., Ratamess, N.A., Gordon, S.E., Goetz, K.L., ... & Mazzetti, S.A. (1999). Acute hormonal responses to a single bout of heavy resistance exercise in trained power lifters and untrained men. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24(6), 524-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h99-034
Kraemer, W.J., & Ratamess, N.A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004
Krzysztofik, M., Wilk, M., Wojdała, G., & Gołaś, A. (2019). Maximizing muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review of advanced resistance training techniques and methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244897
Laurentino, G.C., Loenneke, J.P., Ugrinowitsch, C., Aoki, M.S., Soares, A.G., Roschel, H., & Tricoli, V. (2022). Blood-flow-restriction-training-induced hormonal response is not associated with gains in muscle size and strength. Journal of Human Kinetics, 83(1), 235-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0095
Lin, H., Wang, S.W., Wang, R.Y., & Wang, P.S. (2001). Stimulatory effect of lactate on testosterone production by rat Leydig cells. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 83(1), 147-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.1213
Lopez, R.M., Lund, D.C., Tritsch, A.J., & Liebl, V. (2022). Relationship between pre-and post-exercise body mass changes and pre-exercise urine color in female athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 83(1), 235-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.791699
McCaulley, G.O., McBride, J.M., Cormie, P., Hudson, M.B., Nuzzo, J.L., Quindry, J.C., & Travis Triplett, N. (2009). Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses to hypertrophy, strength and power type resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(5), 695-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0951-z
Ozaki, H., Loenneke, J.P., Buckner, S.L., & Abe, T. (2016). Muscle growth across a variety of exercise modalities and intensities: contributions of mechanical and metabolic stimuli. Medical Hypotheses, 88, 22-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.026
Ozaki, H., Sakamaki, M., Yasuda, T., Fujita, S., Ogasawara, R., Sugaya, M., & Abe, T. (2011). Increases in thigh muscle volume and strength by walk training with leg blood flow reduction in older participants. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 66(3), 257-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq182
Penzer, F., Cabrol, A., Baudry, S., & Duchateau, J. (2016). Comparison of muscle activity and tissue oxygenation during strength training protocols that differ by their organisation, rest interval between sets, and volume. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(9), 1795-1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3433-8
Rahimi, R., Ghaderi, M., Mirzaei, B., Ghaeni, S., Faraji, H., Vatani, D.S., & Rahmani-Nia, F. (2010). Effects of very short rest periods on immunoglobulin A and cortisol responses to resistance exercise in men. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise(II), 146-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2010.52.05
Reeves, G.V., Kraemer, R.R., Hollander, D.B., Clavier, J., Thomas, C., Francois, M., & Castracane, V.D. (2006). Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(6), 1616-1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2006
Schoenfeld, B., & Grgic, J. (2018). Evidence-based guidelines for resistance training volume to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 40(4), 107-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000363
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2857-2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e840f3
Schoenfeld, B.J. (2013). Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Medicine, 43(3), 179-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0017-1
Sherk, V. D., Chrisman, C., Smith, J., Young, K.C., Singh, H., Bemben, M.G., & Bemben, D.A. (2013). Acute bone marker responses to whole-body vibration and resistance exercise in young women. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16(1), 104-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2012.07.009
Tremblay, M.S., Copeland, J.L., & Van Helder, W. (2004). Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(2), 531-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00656.2003
)