نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
2 استاد گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
3 کارشناس ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
4 دانشجو دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: از آنجا که زعفران دارای خواص بالقوهای چون اثرات آنتی اکسیدانی و ضد التهابی است، می تواند در تعدیل عوامل التهابی ناشی از فعالیت های شدید ورزشی، نقش داشته باشد. ازا ین رو، هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تاثیر کوتاه مدت مصرف عصاره زعفران بر سطوح سرمی اینترلوکین-6 (IL-6)، عامل نکروزی تومور آلفا (TNF-α) و کورتیزول مردان جوان بدنبال یک جلسه فعالیت ورزشی شدید بود. روش تحقیق: پژوهـش حاضـر از نـوع نیمه تجربـی بـود. تعداد 24 نفر از دانشجویان پسر به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه (زعفران و دارونما) به طور مساوی تقسیم شدند. نمونه های خونی قبل و بلافاصله بعد از 30 دقیقه فعالیت شدید 85 درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب ذخیره) روی نوارگردان، اخذ گردید. پس از اتمام پیش آزمون، گروه زعفران به مدت 15 روز عصاره زعفران به میزان 400 میلی گرم و گروه دارونما به همان میزان نشاسته مصرف کردند. سپس همانند پیش آزمون، مجدداً دو نوبت نمونه گیری خون قبل و بلافاصله بعد از فعالیت شدید گرفته شد. سطوح سرمی IL-6 و TNF-α با روش الایزا و کورتیزول با روش رادیوایمونواسی ارزیابی گردید. نتایج با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس در سطح معنی داری 05/0p≤ ارزیابی شدند. یافته ها: پس از اجرای پروتکل هوازی شدید، غلظت کورتیزول (01/0p₌) و TNF-α (02/0p₌) سرم در گروه مکمل زعفران به طور معنی دار کمتر از گروه دارونما بود؛ اما غلظت IL-6 سرم دو گروه تفاوت معنی دار آماری (49/0=p) نداشت. نتیجه گیری: مصرف کوتاه مدت زعفران قبل از فعالیت های شدید، میتواند رهاسازی برخی از شاخصهای التهابی و کورتیزول را تعدیل کرده و برای ورزشکاران درگیر در فعالیتهای شدید، مطلوب باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The effect of 15 days of saffron extract consumption with one session of intense exercise on serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and cortisol in young men
نویسندگان [English]
- Saeed Ilbeigi 1
- Mohhamdesmaeil Afzapour 2
- Mohammad Yousefi 3
- yegane feizi 4
1 Associate Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 Professor of Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3 Master of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
4 PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Aim: Since saffron has potential properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it can play a role in modulating inflammatory factors caused by intense sports activities. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the short-term effect of saffron extract consumption on the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cortisol in young men after an intense exercise session. Materials and Methods: The present research was semi-experimental. Twenty-four male students were randomly divided into two groups (saffron and placebo). Blood sampling was done before and immediately after 30 minutes of vigorous activity with an intensity of 85% of the maximum heart rate stored on the treadmill. After completing the pre-test, the saffron group consumed 400 mg of saffron extract for 15 days, and the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch flour. Then, like the pre-test, two blood samples were taken again before and immediately after intense activity. IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels were determined by ELISA method and cortisol by radioimmunoassay method. Extraction of the results was done using covariance analysis test at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: After the implementation of the intense aerobic protocol, the concentration of cortisol (p₌0.01) and TNF-α (p₌0.02) in the saffron supplement group was significantly lower than the placebo group; However, there was no statistically significant difference in serum IL-6 levels between the two groups (p<0.49). Conclusion: short-term consumption of saffron before intense activities can moderate the release of some inflammatory indicators and cortisol, and is desirable for athletes involved in intense activities.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Acute sports activity
- Saffron supplement
- Cytokines
- Stress hormones
improving the inflammatory component of asthmatic children. Randomized Trial. Respiratory medicine, 108(10), 1438-
1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2014.07.009
Ajam, M., Afzalpour, M.E., Abtahi, H., & Saghebjoo, M. (2015). The effect of saffron extract on the activity of paraoxonase-1(PON1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum of healthy young women after a session of acute resistance training.
Physiology Research and Management In Sports, 7(1),95-109. [In Persian]
Asbaghi, O., Sadeghian, M., Sadeghi, O., Rigi, S., Tan, S. C., Shokri, A., & Mousavi, S.M. (2021). Effects of saffron
(Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Phytotherapy
Research, 35(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6748
Azimian, I., Ranjbar, R., Shakerian, S., Habibi, A.H., & Ghafourian, M. (2015). Comparison of the effect of different
intensities of a combined exercise session on TNFα and IL-6 responses in active men. Sports Physiology, 7(28),87-102.
[In Persian]. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.2322164.1394.7.28.6.2
Ghiasvand, R., Feizi, A., Hariri, M., & Khosravi-broujeni. H. (2016). Effect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger
cons.mption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A
randomized controlled clinical trial. Blood Pressure, 25,133-40. https://doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2015.1111020
Beni Akbarpour, M., Akbari, Z., Assarzadeh, M., & Azizbeigi, K. (2013). The effect of selected aerobic training on serum
immunoglobulin levels and testosterone and cortisol hormones in young men. International Journal of Sport Studies for
Health, 3(9), 956-962. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.907783
Chen, Y., Chiang, J., Chen, Y., Chen, K., Yang, R., & Lin, J. (2008). Cycling and Tai Chi Chuan exercises exert greater
immunomodulatory effect on surface antigen expression of human hepatitis B virus. Chinese Medical Journal (English
Edition), 121(21), 2172. PMID: 19080180
Da Silva, R.A., Almeida, F.M., Olivo, C.R., Saraiva-Romanholo, B.M., Perini, A., Martins, M.A., & Carvalho, C.R.F. (2015).
Comparison of the effects of aerobic conditioning before and after pulmonary allergic inflammation. Inflammation,38(3),
1229-1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-014-0090-0
Daglioglu, O., Bilsen, S., & Ozgur, B. (2013). The effect of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress in elite swimmers
and sedentaries and the investigation of PON1 gene polymorphism. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied
Research, 2(6), 548-555.
Destranj, S., & Shaban Sarostani, F. (2015). The effect of 15 days of saffron aqueous extract supplementation on cortisol
response in an aerobic exercise session. The First National Conference of Physical Training and Sports Sciences, Larestan.
https://civilica.com/doc/823881
Donges, C., Duffield, R., & Drinkwater, E. (2010). Effect of resistance or aerobic exercise training on interleukin-6,
C-reactive protein, and body. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,42(2), 304-313. https://doi.org/10.1249/
MSS.0b013e3181b117ca
Ebrahimi, F., Sahebkar, A., Aryaeian, N., Pahlavani, N., Fallah, S., Moradi, N., … & Hosseini, A. F. (2019). Effects of
saffron supplementation on inflammation and metabolic responses in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 12, 2107–2115.[In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S216666
Grisolia, S. (1974). Hypoxia, saffron, and cardiovascular disease. The lancet,304(7871), 41-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-6736(74)91367-1
Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Saeidi, A., Ardeshiri, S., & Aliakbari_Baydokhty, M. (2019). Effects of circuit resistance training with
different parts of saffron supplementation on testosterone and cortisol hormones. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of
Medical Sciences,40(6),56-63. [In Persian]
Hejazi, K., & Hosseini, S.R.A. (2010). Influence of selected exercise on serum immunoglobulin, testosterone and cortisol
in semi-endurance elite runners. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(3),185. PMID:23012638
Jan Bozorgi, F., & Ghazalian, F. (2016). The effect of one session of intense physical activity and saffron supplementation
on heat shock protein 70, interleukin 6 and TNF α in mountaineering men. Clinical Trial Research Design. [In Persian]
Kamalipour, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2011). Cardiovascular effects of saffron: An evidence-based review. The Journal of
Tehran Heart Center, 6(2),59. [In Persian]. PMID:23074606
Karami, S., Kashef, M., Gaeini, A., Rajabi, H., & Amani, M. (2013). The effect of glutamine supplement on changes in
HSP72, cortisol and plasma glucose after exercise. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 15(2). [In Persian].
https://sid.ir/paper/27513/fa
Karcz-Kubicha, M., Antoniou, K., Terasmaa, A., Quarta, D., Solinas, M., Justinova, Z., & Ferré, S. (2003).Involvement of adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors in the motor effects of caffeine after its acute and chronic administration. Neuropsychopharmacology,28(7), 1281-1291. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300167
Kianbakht, S. (2008). A systematic review on pharmacology of saffron and its active constituents. Journal of Medicinal
Plants, 4(28), 1-27. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.2717204.2008.7.28.1.3
Lira, F. S., Rosa, J.C., Yamashita, A.S., Koyama, C.H., Batista, M.L., Jr., & Seelaender, M. (2009). Endurance training
induces depot-specific changes in IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in rat adipose tissue. Cytokine, 45(2), 80-85. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cyto.2008.10.018
Lopresti, A.L., Smith, S.J., & Drummond, P.D. (2021). An investigation into an evening intake of a saffron extract (affron®)
on sleep quality, cortisol, and melatonin concentrations in adults with poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multi-dose study. Sleep Medicine, 86, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.001
Mentis, A.F.A., Dalamaga, M., Lu, C., & Polissiou, M.G. (2021). Saffron for “toning down” COVID-19-related cytokine
storm: Hype or hope? A mini-review of current evidence. Metabolism Open, 11, 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
metop.2021.100111
Sekhar Misra, D., Maiti, R., Bera, S., Das, K., & Ghosh, D. (2005). Protective effect of composite extract of Withania
somnifera, Ocimum sanctum and Zingiber officinale on swimming-induced reproductive Endocrine dysfunctions in
male rat. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4(2), 110-0. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/1735-2657/05/42-110-117
Namazi, A., Agha Alinejad, H., Piry, M., & Rahbarizadeh, F. (2010). Effect of short long circles resistance training on
serum levels of homocysteine and CRP in active and inactive women. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12(2),
169-76. [In Persian]. http://ijem.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-821-fa.html
Pedersen, B.K. (2000). Exercise and cytokines. Immunology and Cell Biology,78(5), 532-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-11-.x
Rosa, G., Dantas, E., Biehl, C., e Silva, H.D.C., Montano, M.A.E., & De Mello, D.B. (2010). Leptin, cortisol and distinct concurrent training sequences. International Journal of Sports Medicine,33(03),177-180. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1298002
Scott, J.P., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., & Fraser, W.D. (2011). Effect of exercise intensity on the
cytokine response to an acute bout of running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(12), 2297-2306. https://
doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31822113a9
Shakeri, N., Nikbakht, H., Azarbayjani, M.A., & Amirtash, A.M. (2012). The effect of different types of exercise on the
testosterone/cortisol ratio in untrained young males. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 22, 21-27. [In
Persian].
Shahbazian, H., Aleali, A.M., Amani, R., Namjooyan, F., Cheraghian, B., Latifi, S. M., … & Ghadiri, A. (2019). Effects of
saffron on homocysteine, and antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:
A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 9(5), 436–445. [In Persian]. PMID:31516857
Sheng, L., Qian, Z., Zheng, S., & Xi, L. (2006). Mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of crocin in rats: crocin inhibits
pancreatic lipase. European Journal of Pharmacology, 543(1-3), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.05.038
Tartibian, B., Parseh, R., & Baghaiee, B. (2015). Response of interleukin 6, necrosis factor alpha and cortisol to intensive
exercise in athlete’s women. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 22(133), 1-7. [In Persian]
Taghian, F., Esteki Ghashghaei, F., Badami, R., & Ghashghaei, S.E. (2011). Comparison the effect of one session
submaximal exercise on plasma levels of IL6 and TNF-a in obese and non-obese women. ARYA Atherosclerosis, 6(4),
153. PMID:22577435
Tartibian, B., Parse, R., & Baghaiee, B. (2013). Effect of olive oil on IL-6, TNF-α and cortisol hormone levels in active
girls after one session of an exhaustive exercise: a brief report. Tehran University Medical Journal, 71(6). [In Persian]
Tofighi A, & Ghafari G. (2013). Effects of regular aerobic training accompanied by omega-3 supplementation on soluble
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lipid profiles of obese elderly women. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food
Technology, 8(3), 35-44. [In Persian]. http://nsft.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1368-en.html
Vassilakopoulos, T., Karatza, M.H., Katsaounou, P., Kollintza, A., Zakynthinos, S., & Roussos, C. (2003). Antioxidants
attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 1025-1032. https://
doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00735.2002
Yaghoubi, A., Davoudi, M., & Taheri Chadorneshin, H. (2017). The effect of caffeine ingestion on cortisol and some
immune factors response to exhaustive exercise in inactive women. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 8(4), 591-606. https://
doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2017.61243
)