نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.
3 استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزش، دانشکده حرکت و تفریحات انسانی، دانشگاه مموریال، نیوفلاتد، کانادا.
4 استادیار گروه علوم زیستی در ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: به نظر می رسد ترکیب تمرین مغزی و تمرین جسمانی بدلیل کاهش میزان درک تلاش در حین عملکرد استقامتی، از تمرین جسمانی تنها موثرتر است. بر همین اساس هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی تاثیر تمرین استقامتی جسمانی به همراه تمرین مغزی بر میزان خستگی تحمل ورزشی افراد فعال بود. روش تحقیق: تعداد 20 داوطلب سالم (14 مرد و 6 زن) به دو گروه تمرین استقامتی جسمانی+تمرین استقامتی مغزی و تمرین استقامتی جسمانی تقسیم شدند. دو گروه در هر جلسه 60 دقیقه با شدت 75-60 درصد ضربان قلب ذخیره بر روی چرخ کارسنج رکاب زدند. گروه تمرین مغزی در حین رکاب زدن یک تلاش ذهنی را نیز انجام دادند. دو گروه هر هفته 3 تا 4 جلسه به مدت 24 جلسه تمرین کردند. حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی با استفاده از یک آزمون فزآینده و تحمل ورزشی افراد با استفاده از یک آزمون وامانده‌ساز با بار ثابت، قبل و بعد از دوره تمرین اندازه‌گیری شد. درک تلاش و ضربان قلب در طول آزمون زمان رسیدن به واماندگی ثبت شد. داده‌ها با روش آماری تحلیل واریانس با عامل بین گروهی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند (p˂0/05). یافته‌ها: حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی در هر دو گروه به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت (p =0/01). با این وجود، زمان رسیدن به واماندگی در گروه تمرین استقامتی جسمانی + تمرین استقامتی مغزی نسبت به گروه تمرین استقامتی جسمانی به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت(p =0/01)هم‌چنین تمرین استقامتی جسمانی + تمرین استقامتی مغزی نسبت به تمرین استقامتی جسمانی میزان درک تلاش را در آزمون وامانده‌ساز به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد (P˂0/05)نتیجه گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد ترکیب تمرین مغزی و جسمانی از طریق کاهش درک تلاش بیشتر، کارآیی بهتری برای افزایش عملکرد استقامتی نسبت به تمرین جسمانی دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The effect of simultaneous physical and brain endurance training on fatigue and exercise tolerance inactive people
نویسندگان [English]
- Hamidreza Barzegarpoor 1
- Hamid Rajabi 2
- Duen Button 3
- Rana Fayazmilani 4
1 Ph.D Student, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 . Full Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Full Professor, School of human Kinetics and Recreational, Memorial University, Newfounland, Canada.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Science in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Background and Aim: It seems that the combination of brain endurance training and physical endurance training can increases endurance exercise performance throughout reducing rating of perceived exertion more than solely physical endurance training. The aim of this research was to study the effect of physical endurance training, and brain endurance training on fatigue and exercise tolerance in active people. Materials and Methods: 20 healthy volunteers (14 men and 6 women) were assigned into two groups as: physical endurance training + brain endurance training and physical endurance training. Both groups trained on a cycle ergometer for 60 minutes at 60-75 heart rate reserve. Whilst cycling, the brain endurance training group performed a mental exertion on a computer. Both groups trained 3-4 times a week for 24 sessions. Maximal oxygen consumption during an incremental test and exercise tolerance with constant load exhausting test were measured at pre and post training. Rating of perceived exertion and heart rate were recorded every two minutes during time to exhaustion test. Data were analyzed using mixed model analyze of variance and significant level was set as p˂0.05. Results: Maximal oxygen consumption increased in both groups (p=0.01); however, for time to exhaustion variable it showed more increasing in the brain endurance training and physical endurance training group than in the physical endurance training group (p=0.01). Brain endurance training and physical endurance training group compared to the physical endurance training group indicated significantly reduction on the rating of perceived exertion during time to exhaustion test (p=0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence that the combination of the brain endurance training and physical endurance training than physical endurance training can increased more endurance exercise performance throughout decrease rating of perceived exertion.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Brain training
- Rating of perceived exertion
- Time to exhaustion
- Mental fatigue
Bajramovic, I., Habul, C., Talovic, M., Likic, S., Nurkovic, N., & Mekic, A. (2018). Effects of 8 weeks long muscular endurance training with body weight in case of recreational athletes. Homo Sporticus, 20(1),47-51.
Boksem, M. A., & Tops, M. (2008). Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1), 125-139.
Brownsberger, J., Edwards, A., Crowther, R., & Cottrell, D. (2013). Impact of mental fatigue on self-paced exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(12), 1029-1036.
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998). Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science, 280(5364), 747-749.
Chatain, C., Radel, R., Vercruyssen, F., Rabahi, T., Vallier, J. M., Bernard, T., & Gruet, M. (2019). Influence of cognitive load on the dynamics of neurophysiological adjustments during fatiguing exercise. Psychophysiology, 56(6), e13343.
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., . . . Kramer, A. F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(11), 1166-1170.
Cook, D. B., O’Connor, P. J., Lange, G., & Steffener, J. (2007). Functional neuroimaging correlates of mental fatigue induced by cognition among chronic fatigue syndrome patients and controls. Neuroimage, 36(1), 108-122.
Deng, L., Cheng, Y., Cao, X., Feng, W., Zhu, H., Jiang, L., . . . & Li, C. (2019). The effect of cognitive training on the brain’s local connectivity organization in healthy older adults. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 9033.
Enoka, R. M., & Duchateau, J. (2016). Translating fatigue to human performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(11), 2228.
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & psychophysics, 16(1), 143-149.
Hellsten, Y., & Nyberg, M. (2011). Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training. Comprehensive Physiology, 6(1), 1-32.
Hilty, L., Jäncke, L., Luechinger, R., Boutellier, U., & Lutz, K. (2011). Limitation of physical performance in a muscle fatiguing handgrip exercise is mediated by thalamo-insular activity. Human Brain Mapping, 32(12), 2151-2160.
Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2014). Neural mechanisms of mental fatigue. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 25(4), 469-479.
Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., Yamano, E., & Watanabe, Y. (2014). The neural substrates of physical fatigue sensation to evaluate ourselves: a magnetoencephalography study. Neuroscience, 261(1), 60-67.
Jouanin, J. C., Pérès, M., Ducorps, A., & Renault, B. (2009). A dynamic network involving M1-S1, SII-insular, medial insular, and cingulate cortices controls muscular activity during an isometric contraction reaction time task. Human Brain Mapping, 30(2), 675-688.
Karvonen, M. J. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate: a longitudinal study. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae, 35(3), 307-315.
Kuipers, H., Verstappen, F., Keizer, H., Geurten, P., & Van Kranenburg, G. (1985). Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic correlates. International journal of sports medicine, 6(04), 197-201.
Marcora, S., Staiano, W., & Merlini, M. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of brain endurance training (bet) to reduce fatigue during endurance exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(5S), 198.
Marcora, S. M. (2008). Do we really need a central governor to explain brain regulation of exercise performance? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(5),9-29.
Marcora, S. M., Bosio, A., & de Morree, H. M. (2008). Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently from metabolic stress. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 294(3), R874-R883.
Marcora, S. M., Staiano, W., & Manning, V. (2009). Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(3), 857-864.
Mehta, R. K., & Parasuraman, R. (2014). Effects of mental fatigue on the development of physical fatigue: a neuroergonomic approach. Human Factors, 56(4), 645-656.
Noakes, T. (2000). Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports: Review Article, 10(3), 123-145.
Pageaux, B., & Lepers, R. (2018). The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Progress in Brain Research, 240, 291-315.
Pageaux, B., Lepers, R., Dietz, K. C., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Response inhibition impairs subsequent self-paced endurance performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(5), 1095-1105.
Tanaka, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2012). Supraspinal regulation of physical fatigue. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 727-734.
Van Cutsem, J., De Pauw, K., Buyse, L., Marcora, S. M., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). Effects of mental fatigue on endurance performance in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(8), 1677-1687.
Weng, T. B., Pierce, G. L., Darling, W. G., & Voss, M. W. (2015). Differential effects of acute exercise on distinct aspects of executive function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(7), 1460-1469.
Williamson, J., McColl, R., Mathews, D., Mitchell, J., Raven, P., & Morgan, W. (2001). Hypnotic manipulation of effort sense during dynamic exercise: cardiovascular responses and brain activation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(4), 1392-1399.
Wong, C. N., Chaddock-Heyman, L., Voss, M. W., Burzynska, A. Z., Basak, C., Erickson, K. I., . . . Wojcicki, T. (2015). Brain activation during dual-task processing is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,12( 7), 154.
Wright, R. A. (1996). Brehm’s theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. 2th Edition. Guilford Press.
)