Seyed Morteza Hosseini; Hamid Mohebbi; Hossein Ghafoori; Mohammad Hosseine Rezadoost
Abstract
Background and Aim: The study of lipid formation and degradation in response to dietary and exercise stimuli may provide a better perspective for preventing and treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of diet, exercise, and hypoxia on the molecular ...
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Background and Aim: The study of lipid formation and degradation in response to dietary and exercise stimuli may provide a better perspective for preventing and treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of diet, exercise, and hypoxia on the molecular mechanisms related to lipid metabolism. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats aged approximately five weeks with an average weight of 165.9±9.94 grams were randomly divided into four groups including normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+exercise in normoxia (HFD+NE), and high-fat diet+exercise in hypoxia (HFD+HE). The maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) was determined under normoxic conditions (at an altitude of approximately 50 m) and hypoxic-hypobaric conditions (at an altitude of approximately 3000 m). Following this, considering overload, exercise sessions were conducted three times a week for a duration of 12 weeks at intensities ranging from 68 to 80 percent of MAV. At the end, tissue samples were collected to measure changes in the expression of Srebf1, Chreb and Atgl genes. Gene expression was measured using Real-Time PCR method and data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that in all groups receiving a HFD, liver fat content and expression of Srebf1 and Chreb, genes were increased; whereas the increase in Srebf1 and Chreb was greater in the HFD+HE group than in the other groups. Moreover, Atgl gene expression was lower in the HFD group than in other groups. Conclusion: A HFD apparently increases liver fat content by increasing lipogenesis and decreasing lipolysis. Exercise is thought to regulate the increase in liver fat content in rats on HFD by increasing the expression of lipolysis genes. Training probably plays a lesser role than diet in altering lipogenic genes expression than nutrition. Hypoxic training had no additional effect on reducing liver fat content.
Zohreh Yaghoubi; Saeed Naghibi; Maryam Vatandoust
Abstract
Background and Aim: The development of new blood vessels involves the stimulation of growth, migration, and stabilization, which is influenced by various stimulating and inhibiting factors such as Thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This study aimed to compare the ...
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Background and Aim: The development of new blood vessels involves the stimulation of growth, migration, and stabilization, which is influenced by various stimulating and inhibiting factors such as Thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of different aerobic training methods on the expression of TSP-2 and TGF-β genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats. Materials and Methods: The study conducted an experimental research on 32 male Wistar rats to investigate the effects of different training protocols on gene expression. The rats were divided into four groups (n=8): scheme, high-intensity training (HIT), moderate-intensity training (MIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The training protocols involved treadmill running for eight weeks, with varying intensities and durations for each group. Gene expression was measured by RT-PCR method. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: The results of the study show that all three training methods led to a significant reduction in TGF-β expression compared to the scheme group. However, no significant difference was observed between training methods. It was also found that only the HIT and MIT methods caused a significant decrease in TSP-2 expression compared to the scheme group, and that HIT could significantly reduce the expression of TSP-2 compared to the HIIT protocol. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is suggested that aerobic exercises, particularly HIT with specific intensity and duration, may be effective in improving blood supply to fat tissue and subsequently reducing fat mass through their impact on the expression of angiostatic genes.
Reyhaneh Rahimi; Somayeh Rajabi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Physical activity and using herbal supplements are essential for improving health, prevention and reduction of the complications of diseases caused by obesity. A recent study examined the effects of combining garlic and stevia extract with aerobic training on the structural changes ...
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Background and Aim: Physical activity and using herbal supplements are essential for improving health, prevention and reduction of the complications of diseases caused by obesity. A recent study examined the effects of combining garlic and stevia extract with aerobic training on the structural changes of adipose tissue in obese rats. Materials and Methods: The study involved 35 obese male Wistar rats divided into seven groups of five: healthy control, obese control, obese + garlic, obese + stevia, obese + aerobic training, obese + garlic + aerobic training, and obese + stevia + aerobic training. Obesity was induced over 12 weeks, followed by aerobic training on a treadmill and consumption of garlic and stevia extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg dissolved in drinking water for eight weeks. Qualitative examination of structural changes in adipose tissue was conducted using light microscopy, and body weight was analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Obesity leads to pathological alterations in white adipose tissue, such as cell enlargement, membrane disintegration, and the presence of small and indistinct nuclei, as well as mild pathological changes in brown adipose tissue, including the formation of numerous fat droplets. In the obese group, the consumption of garlic led to a reduction of changes in white adipose tissue to a minimum and zero changes in brown adipose tissue, although some inflammation and hyperemia were observed in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, consuming stevia resulted in minimum changes in white adipose cells, with no observed change in brown adipose tissue. When aerobic training was performed, as well as aerobic training in combination with garlic extract, all changes induced by obesity vanished. Conversely, aerobic training in combination with stevia led to minor alterations in white adipose tissue. Conclusion: Engaging in aerobic exercise, either on its own or in conjunction with garlic extract, has been shown to enhance the structural changes of adipose tissue in obese rats, regardless of weight reduction.
Saeed Ilbeigi; Alireza Morshedi; Marziyeh Saghebjoo; Mahdieh Abdullahzade
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, training on various training surfaces is one of the most important concerns of coaches for improving sports performance, which has rarely been considered in sport teams. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six-week of specific volleyball training on ground ...
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Background and Aim: Today, training on various training surfaces is one of the most important concerns of coaches for improving sports performance, which has rarely been considered in sport teams. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six-week of specific volleyball training on ground surfaces (concrete, floor and sand) on some selected factors of physical fitness in volleyball male players. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male volleyball players (average age, 16.11±0.82 years) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three training groups including training on concrete, floor, and sand surfaces. The repeated effort performance test (jump and real-time, time and ideal jump) with four repetitions and rest between repetitions at players’ movement speed between 4 to 8 seconds was used. All tests were performed before and after the training programs. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests were used at the significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Anaerobic power, explosive power (Jumping record) and time reduction in the repeated performance test significantly increased in the both sand and flooring groups compared to the concrete group. Moreover, agility and dynamic balance in the sand and flooring group had a significant decrease and increase, respectively, as compared to the concrete group. Additionally, dynamic balance showed more increased in the sand group than in the floor group. Conclusion: Specific volleyball exercises on sand compared to other surfaces by increasing training overload caused neuro-muscular adaptations and finally improved sports performance and physical fitness of volleyball players. Accordingly, coaches can use sand surfaces to maximize the benefits of training and prevent injury and pain to players.
Fahime Darvishi Soltan Abadi; Roya Askari; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhk; Bahram Sadeghi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise training is important to reduce the physical performance disorders among mentally retarted children. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two combined exercise trainings (trampoline-racquet and rope skipping-racquet) on physical fitness indicators and ...
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Background and Aim: Exercise training is important to reduce the physical performance disorders among mentally retarted children. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two combined exercise trainings (trampoline-racquet and rope skipping-racquet) on physical fitness indicators and movement ability among mentally retarded children. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four mentally retarded male students, aged 8-15 y., with an IQ of 50 to 70 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control (each eight persons). One of the experimental groups performed trampoline-racquet training, and the second group performed rope-racquet training (eight-week, three sessions per week, 60 min in each session). The control group did not participate in the intervention exercise and followed the school’s regular training programs. Before and after the exercise trainings, physical fitness and mobility tests were taken from all subjects. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni’s tests were used for data analysis at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Both exercise trainings improved static balance with eyes closed, dynamic balance, abdominal muscle endurance, lower limb muscle power, and motor ability compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two training programs. Moreover, the static balance index of the left leg with eyes open and explosive power was significantly improved only in the rope skipping-rocket group compared to the trampoline-rocket and also the control group; while there was no significant differences between the indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and hand muscle power between the three groups. Conclusion: Studies suggest that exercise training programs can improve physical fitness and mobility in mentally retarded children.
Roghayeh Hemmati; Saeed Dabbagh Nikukheslat; Ameneh Pourrahim Ghouroghchi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The effects of different doses of garlic supplementation on coagulation times after an acute endurance exercise are likely to be varied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of garlic supplementation on partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin ...
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Background and Aim: The effects of different doses of garlic supplementation on coagulation times after an acute endurance exercise are likely to be varied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of garlic supplementation on partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) after an acute endurance exercise in young athletic men. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy young active men in the competition stage (age 27.0±7.9 years; weight 73.9±6.4 kg; and VO2max 49.59±0.35 ml/kg/min) with at least three years of experience of regular exercise in 5000 m endurance running voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects took different doses of garlic (500,750 and 1000 mg) and starch (placebo) in four separate sessions. In each session, four hours after taking the supplement or placebo, the subjects performed 30 min of running on treadmill at the intensity of 65-85% of target heart rate. Three blood samples were taken before supplementation, before exercise and immediately after exercise. The repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used to analyze the difference between different doses of garlic after acute endurance exercise and the difference between each doses of garlic and placebo at p<0.05. Results: Three dosage of 500, 750 and 1000 mg garlic were significantly increased aPTT. However, after acute endurance exercise, the three dosages of garlic significantly decreased aPTT. Additionally, the aPTT was significantly more decreased with 500 mg compared to 1000 mg of garlic after acute endurance exercise. There were no significant difference in PT after acute endurance exercise between three different dosage of garlic. Conclusion: It seems that after an acute endurance exercise in active men, 500 mg of garlic is more effective dose for reducing aPTT.
Afsane Sadat Razavi; Saeed Naghibi; Ali Barzegari
Abstract
Background and Aim: The high concentration of myocardial damage markers against the relatively low concentration in non-cardiac tissue preserves the characteristics of the heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight- week of exercise training in hypoxia with blood flow restriction ...
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Background and Aim: The high concentration of myocardial damage markers against the relatively low concentration in non-cardiac tissue preserves the characteristics of the heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight- week of exercise training in hypoxia with blood flow restriction on myocardial damage markers in active men. Materials and Methods: thirty active men from Ardabil city (mean age 38.56 ± 3.46 years and body mass index 24.45 ± 1.77 kg/m2) were randomly selected for a study. They were divided into three groups: a hypoxia aerobic training group (A-Hypo), a resistance training with blood flow restriction group (R-BFR), and a control group (Con) with 10 participants for all groups. Two exercise groups performed selected sport exercises under special conditions for eight weeks, three times a week. One group did hypoxic training (from 25 to 40 minutes) and the other group did exercise with blood flow restriction (from 50% to 85% of maximum repetitions). Plasma cardiac intracellular troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), homocysteine (HCY) and LDL/HDL ratio were measured using standardized methods. Analysis of covariance, Benferroni, and paired t- tests were used to analyze the results at the level of p<0.05. Results: Exercise training in the hypoxia and blood flow restriction had a significant increase in cTnI, cTnT, HCY and LDL/HDL ratio in active men (p=0.001). Conclusion: Both interventions have been shown to improve the levels of myocardial damage factors such as cTnI, cTnT and HCY, which is associated with the prevalence of myocardial damage. As a result, these interventions may have adaptive effects on the myocardium of the heart.
