fakhreddin izadimanesh; amirhosin haghighi; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhk; majid asadi-shekari; hamid marefati
Abstract
Background and Aim: Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. Apoptosis and autophagy are the two main mechanisms in the regulation of cell death and survival. The aim of this study was the effect of moderate ...
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Background and Aim: Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. Apoptosis and autophagy are the two main mechanisms in the regulation of cell death and survival. The aim of this study was the effect of moderate intensity continuous training on C/EBPβ and mTOR gene expression related to autophagy in the frontal cortex of methamphetamine(METH)-dependent rats. Materials and Methods: 32 male wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups of saline, primary methamphetamine(METH-1), secondary methamphetamine(METH-2) and methamphetamine-training (n=8). METH was injected in the amount of 5 mg/kg for 21 days. First, the exhaustive test and the average maximum speed of the rats were calculated to design the training program. The exercise program included continuous running (24 minutes with moderate intensity) on a treadmill, which was done for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). At the end of the injection and training period, to evaluate the gene expression changes of indicators (C/EBPβ - mTOR), the tissue of the frontal cortex of rats was extracted. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA method at a significant level (α≤0.05). Results: Methamphetamine injection in the (METH-1,2) groups led to a significant increase and decrease in the expression of C/EBPβ and mTOR genes, respectively, compared to the saline group. Aerobic exercises in the meth-amphetamine-exercise group led to a significant decrease and increase in the expression of C/EBPβ and mTOR genes, respectively, compared to the METH-1,2 and saline groups.. Conclusion: probably methamphetamine injection increases the C/EBPβ autophagic gene expression in the frontal cortex of the brain; On the other hand, continuous exercises with moderate intensity can modulate methamphetamine-induced brain autophagy through reducing mTOR gene expression as a preventive or therapeutic solution along with other factors. However, ; More research is necessary to reach definitive conclusions.
Mohammad Malekipooya; Mojtaba Khansooz
Abstract
Background and Aim: Research has shown that inflammation is an important factor in atherosclerosis. New markers of heart diseases such as natriuretic peptide-B (BNP) and osteoprotegerin (OPG ) are secreted from of heart infarction patients during inflammation. The present research has investigated the ...
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Background and Aim: Research has shown that inflammation is an important factor in atherosclerosis. New markers of heart diseases such as natriuretic peptide-B (BNP) and osteoprotegerin (OPG ) are secreted from of heart infarction patients during inflammation. The present research has investigated the effect of a session of exercise and early electrical stimulation on some inflammatory markers of infarcted rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study with the control group, 50 rats (210±20 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, infarct, infarct-physical activity, infarct-electrical stimulation and infarct-physical activity-electrical stimulation. Then infarct was induced by subcutaneous injection of Isoproterenol on two occasions. The intervention groups underwent a session of activity and electrical stimulation. Then, immediately after the intervention, the serum levels of the variables were checked by ELISA method. Data analysis was done with ANOVA test and p<0.05 significance. Results: The results showed that the induction of infarction led to a significant increase in the serum levels of BNP and OPG in the present study (p=0.0001 and p=0.001). Physical activity and its combination with electrical stimulation had no significant effect on BNP values (p=0.396). Also, the serum concentration of OPG in the training group had a non-significant increase compared to the infarction (p=0.425). But OPG levels in electrical stimulation groups showed a significant decrease compared to acute activity (p=0.022). Conclusion: It seems that electrical stimulation alone and together with physical activity by reducing the concentration of both variables leads to the reduction of inflammation in myocardial infarction samples and is effective in improving their condition.
Ehsan Eghbali; Hamid Arazi
Abstract
Background and Aim:There are different types of creatine and each of them can have different effects on people's performance. Creatine hydrochloride, as a new form of creatine, has more absorption and solubility due to the properties of hydrochloride. It seems that greater absorption and solubility can ...
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Background and Aim:There are different types of creatine and each of them can have different effects on people's performance. Creatine hydrochloride, as a new form of creatine, has more absorption and solubility due to the properties of hydrochloride. It seems that greater absorption and solubility can have greater effects on people's performance. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of creatine hydrochloride supplementation along with resistance training on changes in testosterone and cortisol levels, muscle strength and hypertrophy, and body composition of young men. Materials and Methods:20 eligible young men participated in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups (n=10) resistance training+creatine hydrochloride and resistance training+placebo and performed resistance training and creatine hydrochloride supplementation for 8 weeks. Result:The results of the research showed that creatine hydrochloride combined with resistance training causes a significant increase in the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, muscle strength and hypertrophy, muscle mass and a significant decrease in the percentage of fat and cortisol (P≤0.05). Changes in strength, hypertrophy, muscle mass and fat percentage in the resistance training + creatine hydrochloride group were significant compared to the resistance training+placebo group (P≤0.05). Also, the levels of cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol in the resistance training + creatine hydrochloride had significant changes compared to the resistance training+placebo group (P<0.001, P=0.002; respectively). Conclusion:The results show the effect of creatine hydrochloride on cortisol levels, the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, strength and hypertrophy, and it seems that this type of creatine can have beneficial effects on performance due to its high solubility without the need for loading. Considering very few studies in this regard, for more accurate conclusions, more studies are needed in athletes of different fields, at different levels of sports and longer supplementation periods.
Ramtin Sabet; Mohammad Fashi
Abstract
Background and Aim: During the plateau stage of resistance training, it is necessary to manipulate training variables and apply advanced training techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate a comparison of acute effects of sarcoplasmic stimulation and traditional methods on muscle ...
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Background and Aim: During the plateau stage of resistance training, it is necessary to manipulate training variables and apply advanced training techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate a comparison of acute effects of sarcoplasmic stimulation and traditional methods on muscle thickness, plasma volume, and testosterone to cortisol-ratio in bodybuilders during a plateau period. Materials and Methods: A crossover design was conducted with 10 bodybuilding athletes (26.71±4.1 years, 3.5±1.6 years training experience) participating in two traditional and sarcoplasm stimulation protocols over an interval of seven days. In the traditional protocol, eight sets were performed at an intensity of 70-80% of one repetition maximum until failure. During the sarcoplasmic stimulation protocol, six reduction sets were performed (three sets of 70-80%, three sets with a 20% load reduction and one set of isometrics until failure). Buresh formula was used to measure acute muscle swelling of the biceps muscle, Castille's equation was used to measure changes in plasma volume, and blood samples were taken to determine testosterone and cortisol levels. normality of the data distribution was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test. After ensuring the normality of the data distribution, a comparison between before and after values of each variable was determined and the amount of change was determined using a paired t-test. Results: There was a significant difference between traditional exercise and sarcoplasm stimulation in terms of acute biceps swelling in this study (p=0.036). There were no significant differences observed between the two protocols in terms of the hormonal responses to testosterone and cortisol as well as changes in plasma volume (p>0.05). Conclusion: In trained individuals, the use of the sarcoplasmic stimulation system appears to be an effective method for passing the plateau. Despite the lower training volume, it involves more metabolic stress and acute swelling than traditional training.
adel donyaei; Mehrnegar rojhannezhad; Farhad Gholami
Abstract
Purpose: Considering the relationship between vascular problems and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between baseline levels of LDL, and CAVI and ABI (indices of arterial stiffness), following glucose ingestion and exercise. Materials and ...
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Purpose: Considering the relationship between vascular problems and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between baseline levels of LDL, and CAVI and ABI (indices of arterial stiffness), following glucose ingestion and exercise. Materials and Methods: This intervention and trial research was conducted on 82 inactive subjects (40 women and 42 men) in the age group of 20 to 45 years, Shahrood city. After 12 hours of fasting, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were measured. Then measurements of weight, height, body composition and arterial stiffness (cardiovascular index-ankle index (CAVI) and brachial-ankle index (ABI)) were taken at baseline and response 30 minutes of acute endurance activity with 65% maximum heart rate was performed on the treadmill. After that, consumption of 75 grams of glucose in 225 ml of water was done in 5 minutes, and finally, after 1 hour of inactive rest, arterial stiffness was measured again. Data analysis was performed using simple linear regression. Results: There is no significant relationship between LDL levels and baseline levels of CAVI index in both male and female groups (p>0.05). But, there is a significant relationship between baseline LDL levels and CAVI index changes (changes in the second stage of measurement after intervention compared to rest levels) in both male and female groups (p=0.001). Also, changes in ABI index were significantly related to LDL only in the male group (p=0.013). Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the baseline levels of LDL, can affect the arterial stiffness response to exercise and glucose consumption. The results show that CAVI response was significantly related to LDL levels in both male and female groups. Also, gender was effective in the way of this relationship, because the relationship between ABI response and LDL was only in the male group.
Hassan Kosari; hamid Rajabi; Pezhman Motamedi; Shahriar Gharibzade; Shapour Jaberzadeh
Abstract
Objective: A change in corticospinal excitability will cause a change in the neural output and finally a change in the maximum force. Various training and non-training factors play a role in this neuromuscular response, and the intensity of the intervention seems to be one of the effective factors in ...
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Objective: A change in corticospinal excitability will cause a change in the neural output and finally a change in the maximum force. Various training and non-training factors play a role in this neuromuscular response, and the intensity of the intervention seems to be one of the effective factors in this regard. The aim of current research was to investigate the responses of the central nervous system using the TMS after several preparatory contractions with different intensities. Methodology: 8 subjects (average age 24.8±2.70 years and weight 72.4±8.52 kg) performed the research protocol in three separate sessions with 20, 50 and 80% intensities of RMS MVC preparatory contractions in hand grip movement. the amount of corticospinal excitability, the electrical activity of the anterior superior ulnar muscle and the maximum force in the hand grip movement were measured several times after that and they compared with the repeated ANOVA statistical method. Results: The amplitude of motor evoked potential (MEP) increased after preparatory contraction with intensity of 20%, but decreased with increasing intensity of preparatory contraction to 50% and 80%, in such a way that there was a difference between intensity of 20% and 80% (P<0.001) and between 20% and 50% (P<0.041), while there was no significant difference between 50% and 80%. on the other hand, the amount of voluntary force measured by the maximum voluntary contraction and its electrical activity did not show any significant change (p>0.05) immediately and after 5 minutes’ contraction of the preparation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that corticospinal excitability increases after low-intensity preparatory activity, but decreases with increasing activity intensity to medium and high levels. Thus, there is a complex interplay between changes in supraspinal excitability following preparatory contractions and their effect on the individual's ability to improve or maintain force output, and so that needs further investigation.
Hasan Naghizadeh; Faeze Heydari; zahra rostami
Abstract
Background and Aim:The use of medicinal plants along with exercise especially in obese people has received much attention due to the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative responses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT and green tea supplement on serum ...
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Background and Aim:The use of medicinal plants along with exercise especially in obese people has received much attention due to the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative responses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT and green tea supplement on serum levels of AChE, Aβ42 and MDA in untrained obese elderly men. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 48 obese elderly men (average age 65.42±3.16 years and body mass index 30.93±1.15 kg/m2) were randomly divided into four groups of 12 people including HIIT, supplement green tea, HIIT+ green tea supplement and control- placebo. HIIT training was carried out for eight weeks and 3 sessions per week. Green tea supplement in the form of 6 capsules per day in the amount of 450 mg was received by the target groups. Testing was done 48 hours before and after the last training session. AChE and AB42 were measured by ELISA and MDA by TBA method. Results were extracted using analysis of covariance and Tukey's post hoc tests at a significance level of p<0.05. Result: The most significant changes (decrease) in body mass index (p=0.011, 3.50%) and percent body fat (p=0.0001, 11.07%); and a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.023, 9.22%) was observed in the HIIT+ green tea group.The combined effect of HIIT and green tea supplementation caused a significant decrease in AChE (p=0.0001, 19.91%), Aβ42 (p=0.0001, 27.99%), and MDA (p=0.014, 28.59%). The main effect of HIIT significantly decreased AChE (p=0.024, 15.67%), Aβ42 (p=0.013, 16.22%) and MDA (p=0.010, 14.33%); and green tea supplement caused a significant decrease in Aβ42 (p=0.023, 6.19%). Conclusion: The combined intervention of HIIT with green tea supplement compared to the effect of each one alone, causes a further reduction of inflammatory and oxidative indices in obese elderly men.
