Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 1. Associate Professor of Depertment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
2 MSc in Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
3 Professor of Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, training on various training surfaces is one of the most important concerns of coaches for improving sports performance, which has rarely been considered in sport teams. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six-week of specific volleyball training on ground surfaces (concrete, floor and sand) on some selected factors of physical fitness in volleyball male players. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male volleyball players (average age, 16.11±0.82 years) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three training groups including training on concrete, floor, and sand surfaces. The repeated effort performance test (jump and real-time, time and ideal jump) with four repetitions and rest between repetitions at players’ movement speed between 4 to 8 seconds was used. All tests were performed before and after the training programs. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests were used at the significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Anaerobic power, explosive power (Jumping record) and time reduction in the repeated performance test significantly increased in the both sand and flooring groups compared to the concrete group. Moreover, agility and dynamic balance in the sand and flooring group had a significant decrease and increase, respectively, as compared to the concrete group. Additionally, dynamic balance showed more increased in the sand group than in the floor group. Conclusion: Specific volleyball exercises on sand compared to other surfaces by increasing training overload caused neuro-muscular adaptations and finally improved sports performance and physical fitness of volleyball players. Accordingly, coaches can use sand surfaces to maximize the benefits of training and prevent injury and pain to players.
Keywords
Ahmadi, M., Nobari, H., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Perez-Gomez, J., Ribeiro, A. L.D. A., & Martinez-Rodriguez, A. (2021). Effects of plyometric jump training in sand or rigid surface on jump-related biomechanical variables and physical fitness in female volleyball players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13093. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413093
Alcaraz, P.E., Palao, J.M., Elvira, J.L.L., & Linthorne, N.P. (2011). Effects of a sand running surface on the kinematics of sprinting at maximum velocity. Biology of Sport; 28, 95-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/942737
Alizadeh, M.H., Zarei, M., & Samadi, H. (2012). The comparison of knee joint position sense in soccer, footsal and beach soccer players mens. Sports Medicine Studies, 12(2), 81-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00300-5
Arazi, H., Mohammadi, M., & Asadi, A. (2014). Muscular adaptations to depth jump plyometric training: Comparison of sand vs. land surface. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, 6(3), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1556/imas.6.2014.3.5
Avandi, S.M. (2006). Comparison of the effect of plyometric exercises on sand and hard surfaces on lower limb muscle strength and power. Master’s Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian].
Balasas, D., Vamvakoudis, E., Christoulas, K., Stefanidis, P., Prantsidis, D., & Evangelia, P. (2013). The effect of beach volleyball training on running economy and VO2max of indoor volleyball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport,13(33). https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2013.01006
Barrett, R.S., Neal, R.J., & Roberts, L.J. (1998). The dynamic loading response of surfaces encountered in beach running. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(98)80003-0
Binnie, M.J., Dawson, B., Arnot, M.A., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., & Peeling, P. (2014). Effect of sand versus grass training surfaces during an 8-week pre-season conditioning programme in team sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(11): 12 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.879333
Binnie, M.J., Peeling, P., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., & Dawson, B. (2013a). Effect of surface-specific training on 20-m sprint performance on sand and grass surfaces. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(12), 3515–3520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828f043f.
Binnie, M.J., Dawson, B., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., & Peeling, P. (2013b). Part 2: Effect of training surface on acute physiological responses after sport-specific training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27, 1057–1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182651fab
Bishop, D. (2003). A comparison between land and sand based tests for beach volleyball assessment. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43, 418 - 423. PMID: 14767400.
Borg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14, 377–381. PMID: 7154893
Brito, J., Krustrup, P., & Rebelo, A. (2012). The influence of the playing surface on the exercise intensity of small-sided recreational soccer games. Human Movement Science, 31, 946–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.011
Brukner, P. (2012). Brukner & Khan’s clinical sports medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill. [BOOK].
Crewe, A. (2004). The effect of playing and training surface on vertical jump height in elite junior male volleyball players. A pilot study (Doctoral dissertation), Victoria University. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/id/eprint/709
Foss, M.L., & Keteyian, S.J. (1998). Fox, Fox’s physiological basis for exercise and sport. WCB/McGraw-Hill Boston. [BOOK].
Fu, A.S., & Hui-Chan, C.W. (2005). Ankle joint proprioception and postural control in basketball players with bilateral ankle sprains. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(8), 1174-1182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504271976
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Gabbett, T., Georgieff, B., Anderson, S., Cotton, B., & Savovic, D. (2006) Changes in skill and physical fitness following training in talent-identified volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(1), 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/R-16814.1
Gaudino, P., Gaudino, C., Alberti, G., & Minetti, A.E. (2013). Biomechanics and predicted energetics of sprinting on sand: hints for soccer training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(3), 271-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.003
Giatsis, G., Kollias, I., Panoutsakopoulos, V., & Papaiakovou, G. (2004). Volleyball: Biomechanical differences in elite beach‐volleyball players in vertical squat jump on rigid and sand surface. Sports Biomechanics, 3(1), 145-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522835
Gortsila, E., Theos, A., Nesic, G., & Maridaki, M. (2013) Effect of training surface on agility and passing skills of prepubescent female volleyball players. Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies, 3, 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000128
Gribble, P., Hertel, J., & Phillip, A. (2003). Considerations for the normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science; 7, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0702_3
Hakkinen, K. (1993). Changes in physical fitness profile in female volleyball players during the competitive season. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 223-232. PMID: 8107473.
Hammami, M., Bragazzi, N.L., Hermassi, S., Gaamouri, N., Aouadi, R., Shephard, R.J., & Chelly, M.S. (2020). The effect of a sand surface on physical performance responses of junior male handball players to plyometric training. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 12, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00176-x
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Hayes, K.S. (2001). Synthetic sand frontal training shoe. United States US Patent No. 6, 312,361.
Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Martino, F., Fiorini, S., & Wisloff, U. (2008). Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.038497
Jastrzebski, Z., Bichowska, M., Rompa, P., Radziminski, L., & Dargiewicz, R. (2014). Influence of different types of surfaces on the results of running speed tests in young soccer players. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 1(5), 5-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2014.038497
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MacKenzie, S., Kortegaard, K., LeVangie, M., & Barro, B. (2012). Evaluation of two methods of the jump float serve in volleyball. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(5), 579-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.5.579
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Nasab, M.A., & Sahib al-Zumani, M. (2011). The effect of a course of central body stability exercises on the components of Y balance test in futsal players. Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 63-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02462-w
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Alizadeh, M.H., Zarei, M., & Samadi, H. (2012). The comparison of knee joint position sense in soccer, footsal and beach soccer players mens. Sports Medicine Studies, 12(2), 81-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00300-5
Arazi, H., Mohammadi, M., & Asadi, A. (2014). Muscular adaptations to depth jump plyometric training: Comparison of sand vs. land surface. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, 6(3), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1556/imas.6.2014.3.5
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Balasas, D., Vamvakoudis, E., Christoulas, K., Stefanidis, P., Prantsidis, D., & Evangelia, P. (2013). The effect of beach volleyball training on running economy and VO2max of indoor volleyball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport,13(33). https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2013.01006
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Binnie, M.J., Dawson, B., Arnot, M.A., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., & Peeling, P. (2014). Effect of sand versus grass training surfaces during an 8-week pre-season conditioning programme in team sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(11): 12 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.879333
Binnie, M.J., Peeling, P., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., & Dawson, B. (2013a). Effect of surface-specific training on 20-m sprint performance on sand and grass surfaces. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(12), 3515–3520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828f043f.
Binnie, M.J., Dawson, B., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., & Peeling, P. (2013b). Part 2: Effect of training surface on acute physiological responses after sport-specific training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27, 1057–1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182651fab
Bishop, D. (2003). A comparison between land and sand based tests for beach volleyball assessment. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43, 418 - 423. PMID: 14767400.
Borg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14, 377–381. PMID: 7154893
Brito, J., Krustrup, P., & Rebelo, A. (2012). The influence of the playing surface on the exercise intensity of small-sided recreational soccer games. Human Movement Science, 31, 946–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.011
Brukner, P. (2012). Brukner & Khan’s clinical sports medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill. [BOOK].
Crewe, A. (2004). The effect of playing and training surface on vertical jump height in elite junior male volleyball players. A pilot study (Doctoral dissertation), Victoria University. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/id/eprint/709
Foss, M.L., & Keteyian, S.J. (1998). Fox, Fox’s physiological basis for exercise and sport. WCB/McGraw-Hill Boston. [BOOK].
Fu, A.S., & Hui-Chan, C.W. (2005). Ankle joint proprioception and postural control in basketball players with bilateral ankle sprains. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(8), 1174-1182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504271976
Gabbett, T., Georgieff, B., & Domrow, N. (2007a). The use of physiological, anthropometric, and skill data to predict selection in a talent-identified junior volleyball squad. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(12), 1337-1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410601188777
Gabbett, T., & Georgieff, B. (2007b). Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of Australian junior national, state, and novice volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 902-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/R-20616.1
Gabbett, T., Georgieff, B., Anderson, S., Cotton, B., & Savovic, D. (2006) Changes in skill and physical fitness following training in talent-identified volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(1), 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/R-16814.1
Gaudino, P., Gaudino, C., Alberti, G., & Minetti, A.E. (2013). Biomechanics and predicted energetics of sprinting on sand: hints for soccer training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(3), 271-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.003
Giatsis, G., Kollias, I., Panoutsakopoulos, V., & Papaiakovou, G. (2004). Volleyball: Biomechanical differences in elite beach‐volleyball players in vertical squat jump on rigid and sand surface. Sports Biomechanics, 3(1), 145-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522835
Gortsila, E., Theos, A., Nesic, G., & Maridaki, M. (2013) Effect of training surface on agility and passing skills of prepubescent female volleyball players. Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies, 3, 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000128
Gribble, P., Hertel, J., & Phillip, A. (2003). Considerations for the normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science; 7, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0702_3
Hakkinen, K. (1993). Changes in physical fitness profile in female volleyball players during the competitive season. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 223-232. PMID: 8107473.
Hammami, M., Bragazzi, N.L., Hermassi, S., Gaamouri, N., Aouadi, R., Shephard, R.J., & Chelly, M.S. (2020). The effect of a sand surface on physical performance responses of junior male handball players to plyometric training. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 12, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00176-x
Hammami, M., Gaamouri, N., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Aloui, G., Shephard, R.J., Hill, L., ... & Chelly, M.S. (2022). Effects of supplemental jump and sprint exercise training on sand on athletic performance of male U17 handball players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(2), 376-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002870.
Hayes, K.S. (2001). Synthetic sand frontal training shoe. United States US Patent No. 6, 312,361.
Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Martino, F., Fiorini, S., & Wisloff, U. (2008). Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.038497
Jastrzebski, Z., Bichowska, M., Rompa, P., Radziminski, L., & Dargiewicz, R. (2014). Influence of different types of surfaces on the results of running speed tests in young soccer players. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 1(5), 5-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2014.038497
Kondapalli, S.R. (2010). Effect of sand running on speed and cardiorespiratory endurance of university male students. Brirtish Journal of Sports Medicine. 44 (Suppl 1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.76
Kristicevic, T., Madic, D., & Krakan, I. (2016). Effects of game-based conditioning training on volleyball skill accuracy in junior players. Acta Kinesiologica, 10(1), 15-19.
MacKenzie, S., Kortegaard, K., LeVangie, M., & Barro, B. (2012). Evaluation of two methods of the jump float serve in volleyball. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(5), 579-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.5.579
Marques, M.C., van den Tillaar, R., Gabbett, T.J., Reis, V.M., & Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J. (2009). Physical fitness qualities of professional volleyball players: determination of positional differences. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(4), 1106-1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819b78c4
Mikkelsson, L.O., Nupponen, H., Kaprio, J., Kautiainen, H., Mikkelsson, M., & Kujala, U.M. (2006). Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury: a 25 year follow up study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350
Mills, J.D., Taunton, J.E., & Mills, W.A. (2005). The effect of a 10-week training regimen on lumbo-pelvic stability and athletic performance in female athletes: Arandomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in Sport, 6(2),60-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.02.006
Miyama, M., & Nosaka, K. (2004). Influence of surface on muscle damage and soreness induced by consecutive drop jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 206–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/R-13353.1
Muramatsu, S., Fukudome, A., Miyama, M., Arimoto, M., & Kijima, A. (2006). Energy expenditure in maximal jumps on sand. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 25(1), 59-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.25.59
Nasab, M.A., & Sahib al-Zumani, M. (2011). The effect of a course of central body stability exercises on the components of Y balance test in futsal players. Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 63-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02462-w
Nazari, S., Salimi Avansar, A., & Nazari, V. (2015). Investigating the morphological and physiological characteristics of adolescent volleyball players in order to identify talents based on different positions. Sport Biosciences, 7(2), 187-209. [In Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.22059/JSB.2015.55225
Olchowik, G., & Czwalik, A. (2020). Effects of soccer training on body balance in young female athletes assessed using computerized dynamic posturography. Applied Sciences, 10(3), 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031003
Ozen, G., Atar, O., & Koc, H. (2020). The effects of a 6-week plyometric training programme on sand versus wooden parquet surfaces on the physical performance parameters of well-trained young basketball players. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(1), 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200304
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