نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• الهام قاسمی
• جواد نخزری خداخیر

استادیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل.

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: مصرف برخی مکمل‌‌های ضدالتهابی می‌‌تواند در کاهش التهاب ناشی از فعالیت‌‌های شدید، موثر باشد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، مقایسه پاسخ نترین-1، عامل نکروز تومور آلفا (TNF-𝛼) و اینترلوکین-17 (IL-17) به یک جلسه فعالیت تداومی و تناوبی شدید پس از مکمل‌‌دهی کوتاه مدت کوئرستین، در دختران فعال بود. روش تحقیق: تعداد 40 دانشجوی دختر فعال (میانگین سنی  03/3±61/21 سال؛ شاخص توده بدنی 12/3±79/21 کیلوگرم/متر مربع) به‌‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب و به‌‌طور تصادفی به چهار گروه فعالیت تداومی + مکمل، تناوبی + مکمل، تداومی + دارونما و تناوبی + دارونما تقسیم شدند. آزمودنی‌‌ها به‌‌مدت دو هفته مکمل کوئرستین (روزانه 1000 میلی گرم) یا دارونما مصرف کردند و در ابتدا و انتهای دوره نیز یک جلسه فعالیت تداومی و تناوبی را اجرا کردند. خونگیری در چهار مرحله؛ در ابتدا و پس از دو هفته مکمل‌‌دهی (قبل و پس از فعالیت حاد) انجام شد. داده‌‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌‌های تحلیل واریانس دوراهه با اندازه‌‌گیری مکرر، تحلیل واریانس یک‌‌راهه و تعقیبی LSD؛ در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0≥p تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: فعالیت تداومی و تناوبی سبب کاهش معنی‌‌دار نترین-1 ( به ترتیب با 01/0=p  و 001/0=p) و افزایش TNF-𝛼 (به ترتیب با 01/0=p  و 01/0=p) گردید، درحالی‌‌که دو هفته مکمل‌‌گیری کوئرستین با کاهش غیر معنی‌‌دار نترین-1 (به ترتیب با 19/0=p و 32/0=p) و افزایش غیرمعنی‌‌دار TNF-𝛼 (به ترتیب با 54/0=p و 16/0=p)؛ در پاسخ به فعالیت تداومی و تناوبی همراه بود. همچنین تفاوت معنی‌‌داری در مقادیر نترین-1 (18/0=p) و TNF-𝛼 (42/0=p) بین گروه‌‌های تداومی و تناوبی مشاهده نشد. نهایتا این که پاسخ IL-17 نیز به فعالیت تناوبی و تداومی، قبل و پس از مکمل‌‌دهی، تفاوت معنی‌‌داری نشان نداد (14/0=p). نتیجه گیری: مصرف کوتاه مدت مکمل کوئرستین با بهبود وضعیت التهابی سبب پیشگیری از التهاب ناشی از فعالیت حاد تناوبی و تداومی در دختران فعال می‌‌گردد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• فعالیت تناوبی
• فعالیت تداومی
• التهاب
• کوئرستین

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of the response of inflammatory markers Netrin-1, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and Interleukin-17 to acute continuous and intensity interval exercises after short-term quercetin supplementation in active girls

نویسندگان [English]

• Elham Ghasemi
• Javad Nakhzari Khodakheir

Assistant Professore at Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, IRAN.

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Background and Aim: Intense exercise is frequently associated with overtraining syndrome and symptoms such as fatigue, impaired immune function, and inflammation (1). In inflammatory conditions, particularly during intense activities that lead to increased oxidative stress and the production of free radicals and acute phase proteins, various mediators are affected. This includes the heightened recruitment of neutrophils. As a result, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), increase. Conversely, the levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10 and Netrin-1, decrease. This condition exacerbates immune and inflammatory responses and further increases the risk of infectious diseases due to temporary impairment in various aspects of immune system function, such as decreased immunoglobulin secretion and performance decline after strenuous exercise. According to previous studies, acute bouts of exercise typically trigger inflammatory responses, whereas regular training induces adaptive anti-inflammatory effects (2, 9). However, what needs to be investigated is the effect of the intensity and duration of exercise on the extent of activation or stimulation of these inflammatory responses, especially in acute and intense activities. Regarding the cytokine responses to various types of exercise (continuous and interval), there are conflicting and contradictory findings. Some researchers suggest that during high-intensity interval activity, the intensity of the activity, by exacerbating blood flow restriction, leads to greater oxidative damage and inflammation, while some studies have shown that under normal temperature conditions, the volume and duration of exercise are the main and important factors in causing oxidative stress and inflammation (10, 11). Intense and acute exercise is likely to cause tissue damage—particularly in skeletal muscles—and may impair physical performance in active individuals by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. To counteract these effects, the use of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplements such as flavonoids has been recommended, as they may help limit the release of inflammatory markers and enhance athletic performance (14, 15).
Quercetin, a prominent flavonoid found in many edible vegetables and fruits, possesses well-documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic properties. Its regulatory influence on cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α is also well established (17). Given the increasing interest among athletes in using natural supplements to boost performance following acute and intense exercise—and considering the conflicting findings in existing literature—this study aimed to compare the responses of Netrin-1, TNF-α, and IL-17 to a single session of continuous versus high-intensity interval exercise following short-term quercetin supplementation in physically active females.
Materials and Methods: This study employed a practical and double-blinded quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements. Forty female students from the university of Zabol were purposefully selected based on inclusion criteria and physician approval. They were then randomly assigned to four equal groups: continuous + supplement, interval + supplement, continuous + placebo and interval + placebo. 
Participants in the supplement groups received two 500 mg capsules of Quercetin per day (a total of 1000 mg daily) for two weeks (15, 18). Those in the placebo groups consumed two dextrose capsules daily for the same duration.
At the beginning and end of the two-week supplementation or placebo period, two acute exercise protocols were performed, including a continuous exercise session and a high-intensity interval exercise session. The high-intensity interval exercise consisted of five minutes of running on a treadmill at an intensity of 60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), followed by four intervals at 90% VO2max (with a duration of four minutes each) and active recovery between each interval at 60% VO2max (for three minutes). The continuous exercise consisted of 40 minutes of running on a treadmill at 60% VO2max. A 10-minute warm-up and cool-down protocol was followed at the beginning and end of each session (19). Blood samples were collected at four time points: at baseline and after the two-week supplementation/placebo period, both before and after the exercise sessions. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and LSD post-hoc tests, with statistical significance set at p≤0.05.
Results: Both continuous and interval exercise protocols resulted in a significant decrease in Netrin-1 levels (p= 0.01 and p=0.001, respectively) and a significant increase in TNF-α levels (p=0.01 for both). In contrast, two weeks of quercetin supplementation was associated with a non-significant reduction in Netrin-1 (p=0.19 and p=0.32 for continuous and interval exercise, respectively) and a non-significant increase in TNF-α levels (p=0.54 and p=0.16, respectively).
Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the continuous and interval exercise groups in terms of Netrin-1 (p=0.18) and TNF-α (p=0.42) levels. Lastly, IL-17 responses to both continuous and interval acute exercise sessions, before and after supplementation, showed no significant changes (p=0.14).
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that both continuous and interval exercise led to an increase in TNF-α and a decrease in Netrin-1 levels in physically active females. However, following two weeks of Quercetin supplementation (1000 mg/day), a single session of continuous or high-intensity interval exercise resulted in a non-significant reduction in Netrin-1 and a non-significant increase in TNF-α. Notably, Quercetin appeared to improve the baseline levels of these markers and may have helped attenuate inflammation induced by acute exercise.
Quercetin is known to modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, by reducing oxidative stress and the generation of free radicals, Quercetin may indirectly protect macromolecules—including proteins, lipid membranes, and muscle DNA—from exercise-induced damage. It also contributes to lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine production while enhancing anti-inflammatory markers such as Netrin-1.
Ethical Considerations: This study was
approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Sport Sciences Research Institute with the code IR.SSRC.REC.1402.068. All participants were informed about the study procedures and provided written informed consent.
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: The research followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was maintained.
Funding: This article was supported by the University of Zabol and Grant No. 0324.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Interval and Continuous exercises
• Inflammation
• Quercetin