Mina Tafazoli; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi
Abstract
Semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 are relatively new adipokines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense resistance and intermittent training on the expression of : semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 and Lee index in obese elderly rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental ...
Read More
Semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 are relatively new adipokines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense resistance and intermittent training on the expression of : semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 and Lee index in obese elderly rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 30 elderly Wistar male rats with an average age of 22-20 months and an average initial weight of 250 ± 20 grams were divided into three groups: control, intense intermittent exercise and resistance exercise (each group ten rats). The resistance training protocol consisted of eight weeks and five weekly sessions of climbing a one-meter ladder with 26 steps and the intense interval training protocol included three warm-up parts, the main body consisting of periodic repetitions and cooling down. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the expression of semaphorin 3C and lipocalin 2 genes. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that both resistance and intense interval training models caused a significant decrease in Semaphorin 3C, lipocalin 2 gene expression and Lee's index compared to the control group. but no difference was observed between the experimental groups. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that intense intermittent and resistance exercises with a positive effect on the expression of semaphorin 3C gene, lipocalin 2 and the Lee index can be considered as an effective solution in the field of increasing lipolysis and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity. be taken It is also suggested to use this type of exercise in sports programs for the elderly as an effective exercise method to improve performance and body composition.
Hossain Jokar; Sirous Farsi; Mehran Ghahramani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Role of exercise training and antioxidant supplements has been reported in the kidney tissue, but their interactive effect is still not well understood. This research examines the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and zinc supplementation on tumor necrosis factor alpha ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Role of exercise training and antioxidant supplements has been reported in the kidney tissue, but their interactive effect is still not well understood. This research examines the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and zinc supplementation on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and C -reactive protein (CRP) of kidney tissue in rats following complete unilateral ureteral obstruction. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats with an age range of 12-16 weeks and a weight range of 220-250 grams were selected; the rats ureters were completely obstructed during surgery, were randomly divided into four groups including: nephrectomy control, Zinc supplementation, resistance training, and resistance training + Zinc supplementation. Moreover, to investigate the effects of nephrectomy, eight healthy rats were assigned in the healthy control group and eight one that underwent surgery with no kidney obstruction were assigned in the sham group. The resistance training groups performed climbing with an intensity of 30-100% of their body weight three times a week for eight weeks. The Zinc supplementation groups received 30 mg/kg/w Zinc supplement orally each day. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test were used at p<0.05 level. Results: The results showed significant reduction in TNF-α and CRP levels in both training and supplementation groups than the non-training (control) groups (p=0.001). Also, the interaction of training and supplementation was significant in reducing CRP levels in rats following unilateral ureteral obstruction (p=0.001). Conclusion: It appears that resistance training and Zinc supplementation both individually and interactively, have synergistic effects on reducing inflammatory factors; however, further studies are needed about the interactive effect of these factors on TNF-α levels.
Ehsan Eghbali; Hamid Arazi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Creatine hydrochloride is a new form of creatine, it has higher absorption and solubility and also a greater impact on performance due to the properties of hydrochloride. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creatine hydrochloride supplementation along ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Creatine hydrochloride is a new form of creatine, it has higher absorption and solubility and also a greater impact on performance due to the properties of hydrochloride. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creatine hydrochloride supplementation along with resistance training on testosterone, cortisol, strength, muscle hypertrophy and body composition in young men. Materials and Methods: Twenty qualified young men participated in this research. They were divided into two groups (10 people) including resistance training with creatine hydrochloride (0.03 grams per kilogram of body weight per day, taken 30 minutes before training) and resistance training with placebo (with the same dose and time of use). The creatine hydrochloride consumption and resistance training (three sessions per week, with an intensity of 70-85% of one maximum repetition, three times with 6-12 repetitions) interventions were applied for eight weeks. Before and after the intervention, height, weight, body composition (muscle mass, fat percentage and muscle hypertrophy), muscle strength (in chest press and leg press) and serum levels of testosterone and cortisol were measured based on standard valid methods. For statistical analsysis, the results were extracted with the covariance test at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Creatine hydrochloride along with resistance training caused a more significant increase in the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, muscle strength of chest press and leg press; cross-sectional area of arm and thigh muscles; and muscle mass; but it also showed a more significant decrease in the percentage of fat and cortisol of the participants, compared to resistance training with placebo. Conclusion: The results show the efficiency of creatine hydrochloride on some variables as: cortisol, the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, the muscle strength of chest press and leg press, and the cross-sectional area of the arm and thigh muscles, and it seems that this type of creatine, considering its characteristics, does not require a loading period, can have beneficial effects on performance and hormonal profile.
Amir Mohtashami; Marziyeh Saghebjoo; Farhad Rahmani-nia
Abstract
Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) plays a major role in developing muscle mass and strength. This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of modified German volume resistance training (MGVRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and non-linear resistance training (NLRT) on ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) plays a major role in developing muscle mass and strength. This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of modified German volume resistance training (MGVRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and non-linear resistance training (NLRT) on the serum levels of myostatin (Mstn), follistatin (FLS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and muscle mass and strength in male athletes. Materials and Methods: Forty young men bodybuilders were randomly assigned into equal groups, including MGVRT, HIRT, NLRT, and control. Training protocols were performed for eight weeks (three times a week). Selected biochemical variables, muscle mass, and strength were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. For statistical analyses the analysis of covariance, repeated-measures analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests were and significance level was set as p≤0.05. Results: The Mstn and FLS protein levels significantly decreased and increased, respectively in all three experimental groups compared with the control group. Moreover, the NF-κB level was significantly lower in the MGVRT and HIRT groups than NLRT and control groups. Furthermore, the arm and thigh circumference and muscular strength in the chest press and squat movements significantly increased in all three experimental groups as compared with the control group where the increase in arm circumference in the MGVRT group was significantly higher than in the HIRT and NLRT groups and as the same the muscular strength in the HIRT group was significantly higher than in the MGVRT and NLRT groups. Conclusion: All three RT protocols lead to improve biochemical, anthropometric, and functional indices in male athletes, but the MGVRT and HIRT protocols led to more increase in muscular hypertrophy and maximum strength, respectively. However, further studies are needed on the relationship between RT protocols with muscle mass and strength, and the biochemical parameters associated with them.
Mohsen Mohammadi; Mohammad Reza Fadaei Chafy
Abstract
Background and Aim: Among the many variables that affect muscle growth are myokines and myostatin. This study looked at how resistance-aerobic training affected the expression of genes related to fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), myostatin and hypertrophy or hyperplasia in the ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Among the many variables that affect muscle growth are myokines and myostatin. This study looked at how resistance-aerobic training affected the expression of genes related to fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), myostatin and hypertrophy or hyperplasia in the immature rats’ gastrocnemius muscle. Materials and Methods: A total of ten male Wistar rats, aged two weeks were randomly divided into two control (five rats) and training (five rats) groups. The resistance training program consisted of three sessions each week for six weeks, during which time the participants would carry a weight and climb a one-meter ladder 26 times. For six weeks, on alternate days, aerobic exercise consisted of jogging on a treadmill at an intensity between 25 and 50% of a rat’s maximum speed. All of the rats were dissected and their skeletal muscles isolated 48 hours after the previous training session and after fasting for 8 hours. FNDC5 and myostatin expression were measured using Real-Time PCR. Using light microscopy, hypertrophy and hyperplasia were quantified. Prism software was used to analyze the data using an independent t-test at the p≤0.05 level. Results: Following six weeks of training, the training group had higher gene expression of FNDC5 (p=0.04) and hypertrophy (p=0.004) than the control group, but decreased gene expression of myostatin (p=0.01) in comparison. Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups gastrocnemius muscle hyperplasia (p=0.22). Conclusion: It appears that resistance-aerobic exercise accompanied by increased expression of FNDC5 genes and decreased myostatin gene expression increased fast twitch fiber hypertrophy. This approach shows that muscle tissue in animal samples before puberty is trainable, independent of natural growth.
Leila Ghazaleh; Zohre Cheshomi; Rasoul Eslami
Abstract
Background and Aim: The results of researches in the field of the effect of neuromuscular fatigue on muscle co-contraction are inconsistent and unclear. The cause of these contradictions can probably be seen as a result of the difference in the type of fatigue protocols in terms of the training load ...
Read More
Background and Aim: The results of researches in the field of the effect of neuromuscular fatigue on muscle co-contraction are inconsistent and unclear. The cause of these contradictions can probably be seen as a result of the difference in the type of fatigue protocols in terms of the training load during resistance activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of two protocols of fatigue caused by strength and endurance repetitions in resistance activity on muscle co-contraction during leg press movement. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy active women (age: 24.2 ± 7.97 years) participated in this study. The participants referred to the laboratory in three separate sessions. In the first session, the amount of weight was determined for one repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg press movement. The second and third sessions, strength and endurance fatigue protocols in leg press movement were performed by the subjects with 90 and 50% of 1RM, respectively. The electrical activity of four selected muscles (rectus femoris, vastua lateralis, vastus medialis and biceps femoris) during leg press movement was recorded by a wireless electromyography device (Noraxon). The co-contraction of the muscles in three repetitions of the set of repetitions of leg presses (before fatigue, middle and exhaustion) was calculated for each subject and entered into statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Co-contraction of rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles (p<0.03), vastus lateralis and biceps femoris (p<0.01), as well as vastus medialis and biceps femoris (p<0.01) significantly decreased due to fatigue. However, the co-contraction value of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles did not change significantly due to fatigue. The mentioned changes were the same in both types of fatigue protocols due to strength and endurance repetitions (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both types of fatigue protocols induced by strength and endurance repetitions in resistance activity led to a decrease in co-contraction in three pairs of four selected muscle pairs. The important finding of the present study was the lack of difference in the effect of fatigue protocol caused by strength and endurance repetitions on muscle co-contraction.
Zohreh Shanazari; Mohammad Faramarzi; Mohammadreza kordi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Muscle atrophy is an active process controlled by specific signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 are up-regulated in different models of muscle atrophy and is responsible for increased protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Muscle atrophy is an active process controlled by specific signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 are up-regulated in different models of muscle atrophy and is responsible for increased protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate and high intensity resistance training on miR-23a, Atrogin-1 and MuRF gene expression in fast and slow twitch muscles in elderly rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats (23 months old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) including moderate-intensity resistance training, high-intensity resistance training and the control groups. Resistance training were performed during eight weeks of climbing a ladder with high intensity (80% Maximum voluntary carrying capacity/MVCC) and moderate intensity (60% of MVCC) for 5 days a week. Isolation of Soleus muscle and Flexor halluces longus (FHL) was performed immediately after blood sampling in sterile conditions. MiR-23a, Atrogin-1 and MuRF expression were measured by RT-PCR method in Soleus and FHL muscles. The statistical analysis was performed by One-way & Two-way ANOVA tests with significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that the expression of MuRF and Atrogin-1 genes in both resistance groups were significantly lower than those the control group and miR-23a expression expression in both high and moderate resistance groups was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between the effect of high and moderate intensity resistance training on miR-23a, MuRF, and Atrogin-1 expression in both muscles (p>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that resistance training with moderate and high-intensity can decrease the resting levels and gene expression of factors associated with muscular atrophy (miR-23a) and its target genes (Atrogin-1, MuRF) in older rats, and these exercises could lead to the prevention of sarcopenia.
Mohammad Javad Shafahi; Mohsen Salesi; Rasoul Rezaei; Farhad Daryanoosh
Abstract
Background and Aim: The mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating protein of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) acts as a major signaling pathway for controlling of mitochondrial metabolism. Meanwhile, a transcription factor namely nuclear factor erythroid ...
Read More
Background and Aim: The mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating protein of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) acts as a major signaling pathway for controlling of mitochondrial metabolism. Meanwhile, a transcription factor namely nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is recognized that also associated with PGC1α activation, and it has been shown to some extent to the pathway of one of these two transcription factors can affect the other. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training a long with coenzyme Q10 supplementation on Nrf2 and PGC-1α levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 rats were randomly divided into six equal groups including resistance training, two resistance training and Q10 supplement (200 and 300 mg/kg/body weight), two supplement (200 and 300 mg/kg/body weight) and control group. The all supplements were applied as a gavage to the exercise-supplement and gavage supplement groups. Resistance training consisted of three sessions and five repetitions which were performed three days a week for eight weeks. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests at the significant level of p<0.05 were used to extract the results. Results: Nrf2 and PGC-1α expression increased significantly in resistance training and resistance training+supplement (200 mg/kg) groups (p<0001), while in resistance training group+supplement a dose of 300 mg/kg (p<0.07) and two groups of supplements (p<0.09) no significantly changes were observed. Conclusion: Due to the additive effect of resistance training combined with Q10 supplementation (a dose of 200 mg/kg) in improving Nrf2 and PGC-1α; it can be considered as a effective method in mitochondrial biogenesis.
Amin Ashofteh; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; Hossein TaheriChadorneshin
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although exercise training and antioxidants improve brain health, interactive effect of resistance training and Royal jelly has not yet been well established. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of resistance training along with Royal jelly supplementation ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Although exercise training and antioxidants improve brain health, interactive effect of resistance training and Royal jelly has not yet been well established. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of resistance training along with Royal jelly supplementation on hippocampal gene expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor in rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected by Trimethyltin (8 mg/kg/body weight). Then, the rats were randomly divided into 7 equal groups including control, resistance training, resistance training+100 mg/kg Royal jelly supplementation, resistance training+200 mg/kg Royal jelly supplementation, 100 mg/kg Royal jelly supplementation, 200 mg/kg Royal jelly supplementation and sham groups. The resistance training protocol was performed for 8 weeks, three sessions per week at intensity to 30-100% of their body weight. Gene expression was assessed using Real-Time PCR and all primers were designed by Allele IDv7.8 software. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests at the p<0.05. Results: The resistance training induced a significant increase in NGF expression (p= 0.001). Moreover, 100 and 200 mg/kg Royal jelly supplementation, resistance training+100 and 200 mg/kg Royal jelly supplementation resulted in a significant increases in expression of NGF and TrkA receptor (p=0.001). In addition, the effect of royal jelly supplementation on NGF and TrkA receptor expression was dependent on its dosage, where the dose of 200 mg/kg was significantly higher than the dose of 100 mg/kg (p=0.001). Conclusion: Both resistance training and Royal jelly supplementation, alone and synergistically, can increase neurotrophins expression in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s rats; however higher dose of Royal jelly supplementation may induce more improvement.
Mahsa Porsesh; Abdollhamid Habibi; Saeed Ahmadi Barati; Yeganeh Feizi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The effect of occlusion training at different time intervals on muscle growth factors in girls is a new topic. Therefore, the present study conducted to study effects of resistance training with and without vascular occlusion on serum levels of some anabolic and catabolic hormones ...
Read More
Background and Aim: The effect of occlusion training at different time intervals on muscle growth factors in girls is a new topic. Therefore, the present study conducted to study effects of resistance training with and without vascular occlusion on serum levels of some anabolic and catabolic hormones in active girls. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 36 female students of physical education with an average body mass index of 23.32±2.79 kg/m2 were divided into three groups (n=12) including resistance training without vascular occlusion, resistance training with vascular occlusion, and control groups. Exercise groups performed resistance training for 30 minutes, three sessions per week, for six weeks and vascular occlusion was applied by closing the tourniquet around the proximal arm with a pressure of 100 mmHg. Fasting blood samples were collected before the start, 24 hours after, the 6th session, and the 18th session of the exercise protocol. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone, and insulin were measured by Elisa method. To extract results, the analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests were applied at the significant level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that after six weeks of intervention, the occlusion and non-occlusion resistance training reduced significantly both cortisol (p=0.01) and insulin (p=0.01) hormones; while testosterone (p=0.95) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (p=0.82) did not change significantly. Conclusion: The results showed that low-intensity occlusion resistance training can induce alterations in the insulin and cortisol hormones similar to high-intensity non-occlusion resistnace intervention.
Tarlan Vafaei; Mandana Gholami
Abstract
Background and Aim: Resistin is an adipose tissue derived adipokines that play important role in obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks resistance training with two different intensities on serum levels of resistin and insulin resistance in ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Resistin is an adipose tissue derived adipokines that play important role in obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks resistance training with two different intensities on serum levels of resistin and insulin resistance in obese elderly women. Materials and Methods: Thirty obese elderly women (mean age of 64.5±3.64 years and body mass index of 31.8±1.02 kg/m2) randomly divided into 3 groups including control, low intensity resistance training (LIRT), and high intensity resistance training (HIRT) groups and each group consisted of 10 subjects. The HIRT (80% of one repetition maximum) and LIRT (30% of one repetition maximum) performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week while control group did not participate in any training program. Blood sampling collected in both pre and post-test stages and then resistin levels and insulin resistance were measured. The data analyzed by analysis of covariance and Tukey post hoc tests at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: Rresistin levels between different groups were not significant (p=0.29); however, decreased insulin resistnace and body fat percent were observed in the LIRT and HIRT groups compared to control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: Resistance training with low and high intensity independent of changes at the resistin levels is accompanied by the favorable changes in the metabolic condition in obese elderly women.
Ameneh Pourrahim Ghouroghchi; Ali Ahmadzadeh; Roghayeh Afroundeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: The effect of resistance training and cold water immersion on muscle injury and inflammation is not clear. The aim of this study was to study the effect of 8-weeks resistance training and cold water immersion on muscle injury and inflammation responses following an acute strength ...
Read More
Background and Aim: The effect of resistance training and cold water immersion on muscle injury and inflammation is not clear. The aim of this study was to study the effect of 8-weeks resistance training and cold water immersion on muscle injury and inflammation responses following an acute strength activity in futsal players men. Materials and Methods: Twenty futsal players (age 26±3.07 years and body mass index 24±3.40 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. After first blood sampling, both groups performed one session of acute circular resistance training with 75% of 1-RM at 5 stations, 3 sets, 8-10 repetitions, and a 90-second rest between sets and a 5-minute rest between stations. The second blood sampling was performed after 48 hours. The experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training, 3 sessions per week like the acute resistance training and immediately after exercise were immersed, 20 minutes at 5-10°C in cold water. Forty eight hours after last training session, blood sampling was performed. Then, both experimental and control groups performed the second acute circular resistance training and one hour later, the fourth blood sampling was performed. The differences of variables at different time intervals were compared with 2×4 two-way ANOVA and Independent samples t-test at p < 0.05. Cearitine kinase (CK) was measured with Iran Alpha Classic Autoanalyzer and Bionic kit; while white blood cells (WBC) count and their subclasses were measured with BC-3000 hematologic auto analyzer and China Mindry kit. The differences between the variables at different times were analyzed by 4* 2 two-way ANOVA and the differences between the two groups were determined by independent t-test at p < 0.05. Results: CK (p=0.001), WBC and neutrophils (p=0.001) significantly were increased in both groups after the first acute resistance training. After 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion CK (p=0.004), WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes (p=0.001) significantly decreased in experimental group as compared to the control group. 8 weeks resistance training-cold water immersion significantly decreased CK, WBC, neutrophils (p=0.001), and lymphocytes (p=0.004) in experimental group following the second acute resistance training compared to the control group. Whereas, there was no significant differences in monocytes (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Resistance training along with cold water immersion could reduce muscle damage and inflammation following acute exercise.
Hossein TaheriChadorneshin; Meysam Alipour-Raz; Mahsa Kalantari; Mahsa Nikdel; Zahra Saberi; Zeinab Fattahi; Atie Mansoori-Ajol
Abstract
Background and Aim: Skeletal muscles as an Irisin producing site can affect fat metabolism and energy expenditure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training intensity on serum levels of Irisin and lipid profile in sedentary elderly women. Materials & Methods: ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Skeletal muscles as an Irisin producing site can affect fat metabolism and energy expenditure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training intensity on serum levels of Irisin and lipid profile in sedentary elderly women. Materials & Methods: Twenty eight sedentary elderly women in the current study were randomly divided into three groups as control, high (80% one-repetition maximum) and low (40% one-repetition maximum) intensity resistance training groups. Resistance trainings were performed 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after the study following 12 hour fasting to measure serum levels of Irisin and lipid profile. Dependent variables were measured by sandwich ELISA and photometric methods. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: The results showed significantly increase on serum Irisin in both high (p=0.02) and low-intensity (p=0.02) resistance training groups than control group. In addition, body fat percent (p=0.002 & p=0.001 respectively) and serum total cholesterol (p=0.01 & p=0.03 respectively) were significantly reduced after high or low-intensity resistance trainings than control group. Conclusions: Totally, the performing of low- and high-intensity resistance trainings can suggested for older women because of their positive effects on improving Irisin, body fat percent and lipid profile.
Yousof Sarani Maram; Majid Vahidian-Rezazadeh; Hamed Fanaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: Type 1 diabetes has been considered among of the metabolic diseases in various societies. Some research indicated that exercise and supplementation could have positive effects on the treatment of various diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Type 1 diabetes has been considered among of the metabolic diseases in various societies. Some research indicated that exercise and supplementation could have positive effects on the treatment of various diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of exercises and nettle consumption on the amount of apelin as an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue in rats with type1 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, nettle, resistance training+nettle, and endurance training+nettle groups. Using streptozotocin, type 1 diabetes was induced in all animals. All groups-except control group- received 1 mg/kg body weight daily of nettle extract. The "resistance training+nettle" group climbed a ladder with weights attached to the tail that gradually increased. Also, "endurance training+nettle" group practiced swimming. Training protocols were performed for eight weeks, and at the end of the eighth weeks, blood samples were taken directly from the left ventricle of the heart. Plasma apelin measurement was performed using the apelin laboratory kit by ELISA. Dependent t-test for determine weight changes; one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for compare averages and Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between variables were used for statistical analysis and the significance level was set as pResults: Apelin showed significant increase in "nettle" (p=0.04), "resistance training+nettle" (p=0.04), and "endurance training+nettle" groups compared to the control group (p=0.0001). Changes in this index in "endurance training+nettle" group were more significant than "nettle" (p=0.02) and "resistance training+nettle" (p=0.04) groups. A significant decrease was observed in "control," "nettle," and "resistance training+nettle" groups (p=0.0001) for the weight of animals between pre and post-test, but it was not significant in "endurance training+nettle" group (p=0.89). Conclusion: Lack of weight losing and improvement in plasma apelin levels in "endurance training+nettle" group in rats with type1 diabetes is probably due to the interactive effect of endurance training with the simultaneous of the nettle consumption.
Shokofeh Maleki; Naser Behpoor; Vahid Tadibi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Obesity is associated with many health problems, including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cinnamon supplementation with resistance training on plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin in overweight ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Obesity is associated with many health problems, including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cinnamon supplementation with resistance training on plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin in overweight women. Materials and Methods: Forty overweight women were divided into 4 groups (n=10) including resistance training +cinnamon supplementation, resistance training, cinnamon supplementation and control groups. Experimental group performed resistance exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week up to 60-80 percent of one repetition maximum. The subjects in the resistance training +cinnamon supplementation and cinnamon supplementation groups, received 7 mg of cinnamon powder per kg of body weight three times a day. Blood samples as serum leptin and adiponectin levels were taken before and also 48 hours after the last exercise session of the protocol. For statistical analysis, the paired t-test and covariance test were used to examine the difference between groups at the significant level of p≤0.05. Results: The result indicated significant decreases in leptin levels and increases of the adiponectin level in resistance training groups + cinnamon intake (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively), resistance training group (p < 0.01) and cinnamon supplement (p < 0.01 and p < 0.02 respectively). Moreover, there was no significant differences between the effect of cinnamon supplementation on leptin (p < 0.07) and adiponectin (p < 0.24); but resistance training + cinnamon supplementation showed higher decreasing in leptin (p < 0.01) and more increasing in adiponectin levels (p < 0.01) compared to resistance training and cinnamon supplementation alone. Conclusion: Regular resistance training along with supplementation of cinnamon can reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving the levels of leptin and adiponectin and it can be used as an effective non-pharmacological treatment to prevent these diseases.
Arezoo Eskandari Shahrabi; Hamid Agha Alinejad; Reza Gharakhanlo; Mohammad Fashi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise in warm weather can lead to a change in stress hormones and immune factors as compare to normal conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a bout of resistance exercise in a warm weather on Immune and hormonal responses. Materials and Methods: Eight ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Exercise in warm weather can lead to a change in stress hormones and immune factors as compare to normal conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a bout of resistance exercise in a warm weather on Immune and hormonal responses. Materials and Methods: Eight male students with an average of 27±2 years participated in this study. The exercise program was performed for two conditions, at the first week it done in a normal temperature (20° C) and then it performed in a warm temperature (35°C) in the following week. Blood samples were taken one hour before, immediately after and one hour after of about a resistance exercise including 10 repetition, 3 sets up to 70 percent of 1 repetition moximum. In both environments, body temperature was measured from the axillary area. The serum concentration of Interleukin-15 (IL-15), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), testosterone and cortisol were measured by ELISA method. The ANOVA test for repeated measures and Bonferoni tests were applied for reslts extraction. Results: Resistance training in warm wether significantly increased the cortisol (p=0.04), HSP70 (p= 0.007), IL-15 (p=0.03), and testosterone (p=0.02) values. Conclusion: Assuming that cortisol elevation due to warm condition induce IL-15 suppression and IL-15 dropping limit muscle hypertrophy; it can be suggested that a bout of resistance exercise in a warm weather colud attenuate exercise –induced hypertrophy .
Mohsen Akbarpour; Abozar Jahanmehr
Abstract
Background and Aim: The inflammatory markers cause changes in body composition and edocrine activity and lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes on the other hand, active lifestyle and physical activity may improve these indicators. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks ...
Read More
Background and Aim: The inflammatory markers cause changes in body composition and edocrine activity and lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes on the other hand, active lifestyle and physical activity may improve these indicators. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks combined resistance and endurance training at morning and evening on Interlukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in overweight men. Materials and Methods: 40 non- athletes overweight men (age mean 24±1.57 and BMI mean 28.22±3.6) were randomly allocated to two groups morning and evening combined training and two groups morning and evening control. Morning and evening training groups performed the combined training protocol three sessions per week for 8 weeks. The combined training program included a strength and endurance training that subjects first implemented a strength and then endurance program at their practice sessions. While the control groups were denied doing training programs during the research period. Blood samples (5 cc) were taken from the participants at the beginning of the period and end of week 8 in order to measure CRP, IL-6. Within-group differences were analyzed by paired samples t-test and the between-group differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Results: The results showed 8 weeks of combined training in the morning and evening decreased CRP and IL-6 in the experimental groups compared with the control groups. Conclusion: According to results of this study, combined training in the morning and evening reduces the percentage of pre-inflammatory factors, although there was no significant difference between these indices in the morning and in the evening, Therefore, overweight men can be advised to take advantage of a strength-endurance training program regardless of training time to reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
Alireza Rostami; Vahid Tadibi; Naser Behpoor; Naser Ahmadiasl
Abstract
Background and Aim: Inactivity and imbalance diet increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Regarding the effects of training and garlic extract consumption on glucose, insulin, and lipid profile; this study was conducted to investigate the effects of 8-weeks of ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Inactivity and imbalance diet increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Regarding the effects of training and garlic extract consumption on glucose, insulin, and lipid profile; this study was conducted to investigate the effects of 8-weeks of endurance and resistance training, and garlic extract supplementation on Bax gene expression, insulin resistance, and nitric oxide (NO) in rats with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 rats with metabolic syndrome (aged 12-wk, mean weight of 325.36±25.22 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups (N=6) as: endurance training (ET), resistance training (RT), garlic extract supplementation (GE), endurance training along with garlic extract supplementation (ET+GE), resistance training along with garlic extract supplementation (RT+GE), and control (con). After familiarization, rats in the experimental groups completed an 8-weeks (3 sessions a week) ET or RT exercise protocol with or without GE (500 mg.kg-1.day-1) supplementation. The Rt-PCR and the Elisa methods were used to assess the Bax gene expression and the serum levels variables, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test (p˂0.05). Results: The results showed that ET and RT with and without the GE consumption significantly reduced the Bax Gene expression (p=0.01) and the insulin resistance (p=0.01) but for the nitric oxide levels (p=0.01) it showed significantly increased. Moreover, increase of the nitric oxide levels in the GE group was significantly greater than the RT+GE, ET and RT groups (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Endurance and resistance training with GE consumption have superior effects on the nitric oxide, insulin, and glucose in rats and can decrease the expression of cardiac apoptosis marker (Bax gene).
Javad Nemati; Mahdi Samadi; Vahid Hadidi; Leila Ghodrat
Abstract
Background and Aim: To date, more than 100 types of kinases have been known that one of the most famous of them is the large family of mitochondria -cased kinases (MAPK), which regulated by the out-cell message (ERK). The ERK controls many important cellular functions, but the effect of resistance ...
Read More
Background and Aim: To date, more than 100 types of kinases have been known that one of the most famous of them is the large family of mitochondria -cased kinases (MAPK), which regulated by the out-cell message (ERK). The ERK controls many important cellular functions, but the effect of resistance training on ERK protein has not been clearly revealed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on the expression of total and phosphorylated ERK proteins in the flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) in healthy male rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 12 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups as experimental (n=6) and control (n=6). The experimental groups exerted resistance training including climbing on a ladder during the 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week with a weight hanging on to the tail carried out increased load has been done weekly based on body weight of mice so that the first week was from 30% to 200% in 8 weeks. Fourty eight hours after the last training session, FHL muscle was extracted and the expression of the relevant protein was measured by ELISA. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA method was used with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that resistance exercise significantly increased the total protein content (p=0.01) but had no significantly increased its phosphorylated form (p=0.08). Conclusion: Probably, long-term resistance training is not an appropriate intervention to ERK activation. In order to investigate this exercise induced changes, perhaps it is better to examine other signalling pathways.
Ramin Mehmandoost; Alireza Safarzade; Fereshteh Mir-Mohammadrezaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that regular aerobic exercise improves fertility. However, there were conflicting results regarding the effect of resistance training on fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) with two different volumes ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that regular aerobic exercise improves fertility. However, there were conflicting results regarding the effect of resistance training on fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) with two different volumes on some semen parameters and serum levels of sex hormones in male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (157.7±7.6 gr) were randomly divided into 3 groups; Control, High Volume RT, Low volume RT (8 rats in each group). The resistance training program included climbing the ladder for 8 weeks (3 days/week, every other day). Body weight, serum concentrations of testosterone (Ts), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured as well as the number and total sperm motility was calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests at the significant level of pResults: After eight weeks of resistance training serum levels of LH in High volume RT group were lower compared with control group (p=0.03). Higher levels of FSH in Low volume RT group was found compared with High volume RT group (p=0.009). There were no significant differences between groups in serum levels of testosterone, body weight values, number and total sperm motility) P>0.05). Conclusion: According to these results, it seems that a disproportionate increase in resistance training volume can lead to decrease the levels of some sex hormones. Therefore, it may lead to disruption of the spermatogenesis.
Taher Afsharnezhad Roudsari; AliReza Amani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) is the most effective strategy to prevent age-related muscle wasting and weakness, because it promotes muscle strength and function. As the loss of muscle mass contributes to sarcopenia, the effects of RT on hypertrophy and its myogenic processes is controversial ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) is the most effective strategy to prevent age-related muscle wasting and weakness, because it promotes muscle strength and function. As the loss of muscle mass contributes to sarcopenia, the effects of RT on hypertrophy and its myogenic processes is controversial in old age. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of RT on strength, mass and protein level of myogenin in gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats. Materials and Methods: Sixteen elderly male Sprague-Dawley rats (24-month age) divided equally to two groups (control and RT). RT group underwent 8weeks (3-days/week) of resistance training by climbing a wooden ladder with weights attached to their tails. 48h after last session, isometric force, muscle wet mass and protein level of myogenin of gastrocnemius muscle were measured in both groups. For statistical analysis, independent sample t-test was used with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Absolute and relative (to body mass) isometric force of RT group were significantly greater than those in control group. There was not any significant difference in wet muscle mass between groups. Western blot analysis of muscle tissue also showed that the levels of myogenin did not significantly differ between two groups. Conclusion: Force production capacity and muscle quality (force to muscle mass ratio) were increased following resistance training in elderly rats through events are likely caused by neuromuscular adaptations. Additionally, the results suggest that increase in strength after resistance training in aged rats cannot be explained in terms of the changing in muscle mass and myogenin expression values.
Dariush Sheikholeslami-Vatani; Golaleh Ghaderi Almaneh
Abstract
Background and Aims: Some studies have shown the effectiveness of exercise training on the side effects of MS patinas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training on balance, body fat percentage, muscle strength and endurance in men and women with MS disease. ...
Read More
Background and Aims: Some studies have shown the effectiveness of exercise training on the side effects of MS patinas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training on balance, body fat percentage, muscle strength and endurance in men and women with MS disease. Materials and Methods: 18 MS patients with (mean of age: 29.4±7.9 years, weight: 69.7±14.4 kg) were selected by targeted sampling and then randomly assigned into two groups as experimental (n=10) and control (n=8). The experimental group performed resistance exercise for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, each session for 70 minutes with 50 - 80% of 1RM, while, the control group did not perform any regular exercise during course of the study. The stork test was used to evaluate the static balance. For measuring body fat percentage, muscle strength and muscular endurance, the Yuhasz test, one repetition maximum test and dynamic muscular endurance test were used, respectively. For statistical analysis, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure and Bonferroni post hoc test at level of 0.05 were used. Results: The results showed that after 12 weeks of resistance training, there were significant increase in muscle strength (p=0.0001), balance (p=0.002), muscular endurance (p=0.0001) in experimental group, while, body fat percentage significantly decreased (P=0.02). Moreover, there was also a significant difference between the two for 1RM after post test measurements based on experimental group. Conclusion: The finding of present study indicated that 12 weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training can improve the physical fitness indices of multiple sclerosis patients and provide a suitable prescription for improving the physical fitness of these patients.
Rahman Soori; Fatemeh Mahmoodi; Azam Ramezankhani; Kia Ranjbar
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y are anti-appetite and the appetite hormones that play and important roles in energy balance and obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 12 weeks resistance training on serum levels of nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y in sedentary obese ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y are anti-appetite and the appetite hormones that play and important roles in energy balance and obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 12 weeks resistance training on serum levels of nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y in sedentary obese men. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 men aged between 48 to 60 years with BMI≥30 kg/m2, were randomly allocated to the resistance training and control groups. The training program consists of 12 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions a week, 3 sets with 10 to 13 reps per session and with the intensity of 50-75% of one repetition maximum and 60-90 seconds rest. Every four weeks, one repetition maximum was calculated and the weights were adjusted again. Before and 48 hours after the 12 weeks exercise, measurement of nesfatin-1 and neuropeptide Y were performed. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at significance level of pResults: The results revealed that after 12 weeks resistance training, significant changes were not observed in the levels of nesfatin-1 (p=0.59) and cortisol (p=0.60). The levels of neuropeptide Y significantly (p=0.01). Also, a significant reduction in body mass index (p=0.02), body fat percent (p=0.01) and waist circumference (p=0.001) was observed in training group (p<0.05). The results showed that nesfatin-1 concentration did not change significantly in obese people after 12 weeks of resistance training. Conclusion: The type, severity and duration of this type of training is not enough to make a difference in these variables. There was also a significant increase in levels of neuropeptide Y, which represents the negative energy balance in subjects in resistance group.
Nasrin Niazi Nejad; Abdolhossein Parnow; Rasoul Eslami
Abstract
Background and Aim: The effect of periodization has been confirmed on the training adaptations; but the most effective approach are not known well for strength and endurance development for a wide variety of populations; therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of linear periodized ...
Read More
Background and Aim: The effect of periodization has been confirmed on the training adaptations; but the most effective approach are not known well for strength and endurance development for a wide variety of populations; therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of linear periodized (LP) and Nonlinear periodized (NLP) resistance training on muscular strength and endurance in untrained adolescence girls. Materials and Methods: A number of 23 untrained adolescence girls were randomly assigned into 3 groups including control group, LP group, and NLP group. The linear model of periodization include a volume decrease and an intensity gradually increase as training progressive and the nonlinear model of periodization includes an increase and decrease of the intensity and volume training, respectively during cycles training. 48 hours before and after 8 weeks protocols, the upper and lower body muscular strength were assessed via 1RM leg press and bench press movements respectively, and lower and upper body muscular endurance were measured through push up and squat movement, respectively as well. The data was analyzed using ANCOVA test and the significance level was considered if pResults: Data analysis showed that LP and NLP significantly increased upper and lower body muscular strength, upper body muscular endurance (p<0.001), lower body muscular endurance (p=0.01 ), and decrease body fat percent (p=0.04). In addition, LP led to more increase in lower body muscular strength (p=0.04), and NLP led to more increase in upper body muscular endurance (p=0.03), while there was no significant difference in explosive power (p=0.07), upper body muscular strength (p=0.88), lower body muscular endurance (p=0.99) and body fat percent (p=0.64) between LP and NLP groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although muscular strength and endurance are improved by the LP and NLP models; the LP model is better training method to improve lower body muscular strength and NLP model is a more approach to improve upper body muscular endurance in untrained adolescence girls, although strength and endurance of muscles are improved in the result of LP and NLP models.
Mohsen Mohammadnia Ahmadi; Hamid Rajabi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nowadays, cold-water immersion (CWI) has been established as a promising means to support recovery in high performance sports after highly intensive training bouts or competitions. There are many studies about effectiveness of acute CWI to support recovery after strenuous exercise, ...
Read More
Background and Aim: Nowadays, cold-water immersion (CWI) has been established as a promising means to support recovery in high performance sports after highly intensive training bouts or competitions. There are many studies about effectiveness of acute CWI to support recovery after strenuous exercise, but the overall results seem to be conflicting. However, adaptational aspect has been widely neglected. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of immersion in cold and moderate water after resistance training on the some adaptations of strength training. Materials and Methods: In all, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-weeks) were assigned randomly into 4 equal groups including control (208.50±22.50 g), resistance training (208.87±26.70 g), resistance training + moderate water immersion (208.37±16.30 g.) and resistance training + cold water immersion (218.75±33.20 g) groups. The resistance training consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder (120 cm) carrying load (equal to a percent of body weight) suspended from the tail. At last set (during 6 minute), rats in immersion water groups, immersed within container consisted water with 27˚C and 14˚C respectively. This process repeated 3 times a day during 8 weeks. At the first and last session, ladder climbing strength maximal was measured. Immediately after euthanasia (24 h after final training session), the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus muscles and subcutaneous-inguinal fat tissue was exposed and weighed. The data was analyzed with the one-way ANOWA method and significance level considered if pResults: Results showed that subcutaneous-inguinal fat (p=0.01), FHL and soleus weight (p=0.01) and maximal strength of ladder climbing (p=0.001) were significantly different in all studied group; so the best improvement was obvious at the resistance + moderate water immersion group. Conclusion: It is concluded that immersion in moderate water have a better impact on the strength training adaptations in rats.
