مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش

مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش

تأثیر چهار هفته تمرین تناوبی شدید به‌همراه تحریک الکتریکی بر بیان ژن‌های عامل رشد اندوتلیال عروقی و اندواستاتین بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی چاق با محدودیت کالری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
سارا حامدی 1
محمد ملکی پویا 2
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد اراک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اراک، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد اراک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اراک، ایران.
10.22077/jpsbs.2025.9354.1972
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: چاقی با ایجاد اختلالات متابولیکی، التهاب مزمن و افزایش خطر بیماری‌های قلبی-‌عروقی، ریزمحیط رگ‌زایی میوکارد را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر تمرین تناوبی شدید (HIIT) همراه با تحریک الکتریکی (ES) و محدودیت کالری (CR) بر بیان ژن‌های VEGF و اندواستاتین در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی چاق بود. روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه تجربی، ۳۵ سر موش صحرایی نر ویستار (۸ هفته‌ای با وزن ۱۹±۲۰۰ گرم) پس از القای چاقی، به‌طور تصادفی به پنج گروه مساوی شامل چاق بدون محدودیت کالری (کنترل)، چاق با محدودیت کالری، محدودیت کالری-تمرین تناوبی شدید، محدودیت کالری-تحریک الکتریکی، و محدودیت کالری-تمرین تناوبی شدید-تحریک الکتریکی تقسیم شدند. مداخله‌ها به‌مدت چهار هفته اجرا شد و شامل محدودیت کالری، تمرین تناوبی با سرعت ۱۰ تا ۲۰ متر بر دقیقه و مدت ۲۰ تا ۴۰ دقیقه، و تحریک الکتریکی با شدت ۰٫۵ میلی‌آمپر به مدت ۲۰ دقیقه بود. ۴۸ ساعت پس از پایان مداخله، نمونه‌برداری از بافت قلب انجام شد و بیان ژن‌ها با روش Real-Time PCR اندازه‌گیری گردید. داده‌ها با آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک‌راهه در سطح معنی‌داری ۰٫۰۵>p تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که سطوح بیان ژن‌های VEGF و اندواستاتین در بافت قلب گروه چاق تحت مداخله CR+HIIT در مقایسه با گروه کنترل (CO) کاهش معنی‌داری داشت. در این گروه، کاهش بیان ژن VEGF (94/0- =¯X، ۰٫۰۰۰۱>p) بیشتر از اندواستاتین (93/0- =-¯X، ۰٫۰۰۰۱>p) بود. همچنین، در گروه چاق تحت مداخله CR+ES نیز بیان هر دو ژن نسبت به گروه CO به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت؛ به‌طوری‌که کاهش بیان VEGF (73/0- =¯X، ۰٫۰۰۰۱>p) بیشتر از اندواستاتین (67/0- =¯X، ۰٫۰۰۰۱>p) گزارش شد. ترکیب HIIT و ES در حضور CR نیز موجب کاهش معنی‌دار بیان هر دو ژن VEGF و اندوستاتین درمقایسه با گروه CO شد، که در این گروه نیز کاهش بیان VEGF (87/0- =¯X، ۰٫۰۰۰۱>p) بیشتر از اندواستاتین (70/0- =¯X، ۰٫۰۰۰۱>p) بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به‌نظر می‌رسد ترکیب تمرین تناوبی شدید، تحریک الکتریکی و محدودیت کالری با کاهش استرس متابولیکی میوکارد و التهاب سیستمیک، موجب بازتنظیم هموستاتیک رگ‌زایی در بافت قلب می‌شود. کاهش همزمان بیان ژن‌های VEGF و اندواستاتین احتمالاً نه نشانه اختلال در عروق‌زایی، بلکه بیانگر بازآرایی موفق میوکارد و بهبود تعادل فیزیولوژیک رگ‌زایی در شرایط چاقی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تمرینات تناوبی شدید
تحریک‌الکتریکی
چاقی
محدودیت کالری
آنژیوژنز

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of 4-week of high-intensity interval training combined with electrical stimulation on the gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in the cardiac tissue of calorie-restricted obese rats

نویسندگان English

Sara Hamedi 1
Mohammad Malekipooya 2
1 Master's student at Department of Exercise Physiology, A.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor at Department of Exercise Physiology, A.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
چکیده English

Extended Abstract
Background and Aim: Obesity is a major contributor to cardiovascular dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key promoter of blood vessel formation, while endostatin can serves as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis. Moreover, the High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve vascular health and cardiac function, and when combined with electrical stimulation (ES), may further enhance these effects. Caloric restriction (CR) is another well-established intervention that improves metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. However, the combined impact of HIIT, ES, and CR on the expression of genes related to angiogenesis in cardiac tissue remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of HIIT combined with ES under CR conditions on the expression of VEGF and endostatin genes in the heart tissue of obese male rats. The findings may provide some insight into non-pharmacological strategies to improve cardiac health in obesity-related conditions.
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted using 35 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, body weight: 200±19 g), purchased from Baqiyatallah University, Iran. The animals were housed in transparent polycarbonate cages under controlled conditions: a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C, a humidity of 50 ± 5%, and a 12-hour light/dark cycle. All rats had free access to water and a standard laboratory rodent diet unless otherwise specified.
Following a one-week acclimatization period, obesity was induced using a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, consisting of peanuts, milk chocolate, and sweet biscuits in a 3:1:1 ratio. The diet provided 20% protein, 60% fat, and 20% carbohydrates per 100 g. Following obesity induction, rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=7 per group) including obese control (CO), CR, CR+ES (ES.CR), and CR+HIIT (HIIT.CR), CR+HIIT+ES (HIIT.ES.CR). The CR was implemented using a time-restricted feeding model: 16 hours of food access followed by 8 hours of fasting daily. The standard diet used during this phase followed AIN-93 guidelines. HIIT was performed on a treadmill for 4 weeks, 4 sessions per week. Each session included alternating high-intensity intervals (25–30 m/min, 70–95% VO₂max) and low-intensity recovery intervals (21–23 m/min, 50–60% VO₂max), lasting 20–40 minutes. Warm-up and cool-down were performed at 10–12 m/min (30–50% VO₂max). Electrical stimulation (ES) was administered using an R12 electrical stimulator (Parto Danesh Co., Iran) at an intensity of 0.5 mA for 20 minutes per session, three sessions per week. Surface electrodes were placed on the hind limbs, and electrical stimulation was applied during the post-exercise recovery period. Forty-eight hours after the final intervention, rats were anesthetized with Ketamine (75 mg/kg) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg), and cardiac tissue samples were collected. Samples were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C. Total RNA was extracted using standard protocols with LR buffer, β-mercaptoethanol, chloroform, and ethanol. cDNA synthesis was performed using reverse transcriptase (Fermentas, USA). Gene expression of VEGF and endostatin was quantified using real-time PCR (Kiagene, Iran), with GAPDH as the housekeeping gene. Primer sequences were designed based on NCBI data. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (version 8). Normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to compare groups. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Findings: The results showed that four weeks of calorie restriction combined with high-intensity interval training (CR+HIIT) significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of both VEGF and endostatin in the cardiac tissue of obese rats compared with the obese control (CO) group. In this group, the reduction in VEGF gene expression (X̄=−0.94, p<0.0001) was greater than that of endostatin (X̄=−0.93, p<0.0001). Similarly , in the obese group under the CR+ES intervention, the expression of both genes was significantly reduced compared with the CO group, such that the reduction in VEGF expression (X̄=−0.73, p<0.0001) was greater than that of endostatin (X̄=−0.67, p<0.0001). Furthermore, the combined intervention of CR+HIIT+ES also produced significant reductions in the expression of both VEGF and endostatin compared with the CO group. The mean changes in gene expression were −0.87 for VEGF (p<0.0001) and −0.70 for endostatin (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: It appears that the combination of HIIT and ES [or RS], along with CR, effectively modulates the myocardial angiogenic microenvironment in obese subjects. Rather than a simple reduction in vascular growth, the concurrent down-regulation of both VEGF (pro-angiogenic) and Endostatin (anti-angiogenic) represents a crucial homeostatic resetting of the cardiac tissue. In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation and tissue hypoxia typically trigger pathological, disorganized angiogenesis, driving an abnormal compensatory increase in VEGF, which in turn up-regulates Endostatin as a counter-regulatory feedback. Therefore, by alleviating myocardial metabolic stress and systemic inflammation, these combined non-pharmacological interventions remove the pathological stimulus for dysfunctional vessel growth. Consequently, VEGF expression can be return to a stabilized baseline, which naturally leads to a parallel reduction in Endostatin to maintain physiological angiogenic equilibrium. Ultimately, this dual reduction serves as a molecular indicator of successful myocardial remodeling, enhanced metabolic efficiency, and the resolution of obesity-induced vascular stress, rather than an impairment in cardiac vascularization.
Ethical Considerations: This study was conducted according to ethical standards for biomedical research involving laboratory animals. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch (Ethics Code: IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1403.293). Throughout the study, all efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and ensure humane treatment during housing, interventions, and sample collection.
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: All experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the institutional ethics board, and the study adhered to national and international guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.
Funding: This research did not receive any financial support from funding agencies or institutions.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this study.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

High-intensity interval training
Electrical Stimulation
Obesity
Caloric restriction
Angiogenesis
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مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
دوره 14، شماره 39
پاییز 1405
صفحه 38-57