Mojtaba Khaki; Abbasali Gaeini; Mohammad Reza Kordi; Mohammad Reza Rahmati; Abbas Hoseini; Saman Hajizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, finding the best recovery method for athletes is very important. The purpose of this study wasto measure the effects of repeated sprint activities (RSA) and 12 minutes immersion (CWI) in cold water (14 ₒ C) immediately after performance of RSA on fatigue serum inflammatory ...
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Background and Aim: Today, finding the best recovery method for athletes is very important. The purpose of this study wasto measure the effects of repeated sprint activities (RSA) and 12 minutes immersion (CWI) in cold water (14 ₒ C) immediately after performance of RSA on fatigue serum inflammatory biomarkers as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in active men.Materials and Methods: The research adopted a quasi-experimentalmethod and the statistical population was20-26 year-old active men. in this was 20 active males after performance of RSA randomlywere divided into two groups as control passive recovery (PAS) and experimental (CWI) groups. Blood samples were taken from both groups, immediately before and 24 hours after immersion in cold water. For statistical analysistheWilcoxon and Repeated measures and ANOVA tests were used (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that RSA training significantly increased the TNF-α and IL-6 (p=0.02 & p=0.0001 respectively). However, the CWI significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α (p=0.006). Although, the CWI and PAS after RSA, could not prevent from increaseing in serum IL-6 levels, however in the cold water group, this increase was lower (p=0.001). After sprint activity, CWI caused significant reduction in serum levels of TNF-α in 24 hours after CWI (p=0.01), moreover, the CWI and PAS significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 after 24 hours of cold water recovery (p=0.01). Conclusion: Cold water immersiom and also cold with a local reduction in permeability of blood vessels could limit or delaythe accumulation of inflammatory factors.
Ramin Mehmandoost; Alireza Safarzade; Fereshteh Mir-Mohammadrezaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that regular aerobic exercise improves fertility. However, there were conflicting results regarding the effect of resistance training on fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) with two different volumes ...
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Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that regular aerobic exercise improves fertility. However, there were conflicting results regarding the effect of resistance training on fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) with two different volumes on some semen parameters and serum levels of sex hormones in male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (157.7±7.6 gr) were randomly divided into 3 groups; Control, High Volume RT, Low volume RT (8 rats in each group). The resistance training program included climbing the ladder for 8 weeks (3 days/week, every other day). Body weight, serum concentrations of testosterone (Ts), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured as well as the number and total sperm motility was calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests at the significant level of pResults: After eight weeks of resistance training serum levels of LH in High volume RT group were lower compared with control group (p=0.03). Higher levels of FSH in Low volume RT group was found compared with High volume RT group (p=0.009). There were no significant differences between groups in serum levels of testosterone, body weight values, number and total sperm motility) P>0.05). Conclusion: According to these results, it seems that a disproportionate increase in resistance training volume can lead to decrease the levels of some sex hormones. Therefore, it may lead to disruption of the spermatogenesis.
Taher Afsharnezhad Roudsari; AliReza Amani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) is the most effective strategy to prevent age-related muscle wasting and weakness, because it promotes muscle strength and function. As the loss of muscle mass contributes to sarcopenia, the effects of RT on hypertrophy and its myogenic processes is controversial ...
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Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) is the most effective strategy to prevent age-related muscle wasting and weakness, because it promotes muscle strength and function. As the loss of muscle mass contributes to sarcopenia, the effects of RT on hypertrophy and its myogenic processes is controversial in old age. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of RT on strength, mass and protein level of myogenin in gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats. Materials and Methods: Sixteen elderly male Sprague-Dawley rats (24-month age) divided equally to two groups (control and RT). RT group underwent 8weeks (3-days/week) of resistance training by climbing a wooden ladder with weights attached to their tails. 48h after last session, isometric force, muscle wet mass and protein level of myogenin of gastrocnemius muscle were measured in both groups. For statistical analysis, independent sample t-test was used with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Absolute and relative (to body mass) isometric force of RT group were significantly greater than those in control group. There was not any significant difference in wet muscle mass between groups. Western blot analysis of muscle tissue also showed that the levels of myogenin did not significantly differ between two groups. Conclusion: Force production capacity and muscle quality (force to muscle mass ratio) were increased following resistance training in elderly rats through events are likely caused by neuromuscular adaptations. Additionally, the results suggest that increase in strength after resistance training in aged rats cannot be explained in terms of the changing in muscle mass and myogenin expression values.
Ahmad Mir; Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani; Hasan Matin Homaei; Hamed Fanaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: the reduction of Relaxin in menopause is one of the factors that cause physiological changes in women. Due to the lack of information about the effect of exercise training on the concentration of Relaxin, the aim of this research was to study the effect of different intensities of ...
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Background and Aim: the reduction of Relaxin in menopause is one of the factors that cause physiological changes in women. Due to the lack of information about the effect of exercise training on the concentration of Relaxin, the aim of this research was to study the effect of different intensities of resistance and aerobic training on serum relaxin levels in ovariectomized rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 female rats average weight (230 ± 10 grams) were randomly assigned in to 6 groups of 10, including: ovariectomy, ovariectomy +high intensity resistance training, ovariectomy + low intensity resistance training, ovariectomy + intense intermittent swimming training, Ovariectomy + Continuous swimming training and Sham group. First, the animals became ovariectomized and after a week, the rats in the exercise group performed selected training 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Afterwards, the levels of serum relaxin were measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA test and the significant level was set at (p<0.05). Results: Serum relaxin concentration showed significant increase after 8 weeks of training as compared to the other groups as: control group, sham group (p=0.0001), intensive resistance training group (p=0.0001) and intensive exercise group (p=0.002) , however, no significant changes were observed in the continuous swimming training group (p=0.10) and low intensity resistance training group (p=0.43). Conclusion: Relaxin showed positive effects on various tissues of the body, this hormone decreases during menopause, but with high intensity exercise, the concentration of this hormone will increase.
Shiva Jahani Golbar; Abbasali Gaini; Maryam Koushkie Jahromi; Mohsen Salesi; Javad Nemati
Abstract
Background and Aim: Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) and Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP-1) proteins are related to nerve cells restorations. But the role of physical exercise on these two proteins in cerebellum has not been clarified yet. The purpose of present study was investigating ...
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Background and Aim: Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) and Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP-1) proteins are related to nerve cells restorations. But the role of physical exercise on these two proteins in cerebellum has not been clarified yet. The purpose of present study was investigating the influence of six weeks endurance exercise training on gene expression of GAP-43 and CAP-1 in cerebellar tissue of male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: 20 healthy male wistar rats were selected and divided to two groups of experimental (n=10) and control (n=10). Experimental group performed aerobic exercise, five days in a week for six weekswith the speed of 11-18 m/min for 10-30minutes. Control group did not have any exercise training program. Real time-PCR and2-ΔΔCT were used to biochemistry analysis. Statistical test of kolmogorov-smirnov was used for evaluating the data normality, and cosidering the violation of normal distribution, mann whitney u test was used for comparing the groups. Results: Gene expression of GAP-43 (P=0.002) and CAP-1 (P=0.002) proteins increased significantly in the experimental compared to control group. Conclusion:Given the important role of GAP-43 and CAP-1 proteins in improving the nervous syetem, it seems that endurance exercise training can play a key role as a non-invasive method in increasing the gene expression of the proteins in cerebellum and so recovering and regeneration of cells and improving cerebelluar function.
Ali Moeini Najafabadi; Farhad Rahmani-Nia; Bahman Mirzaei; Ali Eslampour
Abstract
Background and Aim: CGT sport supplement is combined of three creatine, glutamine and taurine supplement that respectively formed 50, 30 and 20 percent of the total content of supplementation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CGT supplementation on response of markers of muscle ...
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Background and Aim: CGT sport supplement is combined of three creatine, glutamine and taurine supplement that respectively formed 50, 30 and 20 percent of the total content of supplementation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CGT supplementation on response of markers of muscle and liver damage (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) to high intensity interval exercise in trained men. Materials and Methods: Nineteen trained men (age: 22.28±0.73 years; BMI: 22.35±1.66 kg/m2; fat percentage: 8.87±2.93 %) were randomly divided into two groups including CGT supplementation (n=9) and placebo (n=10). Supplementation group consumed CGT supplementation for 2 weeks up to 12 grams per day and placebo group consumed starch powder at same dose. Both groups performed HIIE protocol at pre and post-supplementation that contains the sequences. Blood samples were taken in 6 steps included before, immediately and 2 hours after the pre test, and the same steps in the post-test. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and significant level of pResults: Data analysis showed, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels significantly increased immediately and two hours after the exercise in both supplement and placebo groups (p˂0.05). But there was no significant changes in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. (p>0.05). CGT supplementation significantly decreased response of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase to HIIE immediately and 2 hours after the activity (p˂0.05). However, CGT supplementation no significantly affected by changes in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase immediately and 2 hours after HIIE (p>0.05). Conclusion: Generally, the results indicated that short-term CGT supplementation prevents from muscle damage induced by high intensity interval exercise.
Seyed Reza Mirjavadi; Sanaz Mirzayan Shanjani; Yaser Kazem Zade
Abstract
Background and Aim: There are strong evidences that exposure to hyperoxia improves performance during continuous exercise with positive effect on recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhaling oxygen during recovery on lactate response, blood PH and bicarbonate in trained ...
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Background and Aim: There are strong evidences that exposure to hyperoxia improves performance during continuous exercise with positive effect on recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhaling oxygen during recovery on lactate response, blood PH and bicarbonate in trained young swimmers. Materials and Methods: In this semi experimental study, 20 trained swimmers (20-28 years) were randomly divided into two groups as experimental group (10 people) and control group (10 people). After warming up, subjects performed Crawl swim at 80 to 90% of record achieved during the 12-minutes and 1:30 minutes recovery time in the pool. Protocol of oxygen inhalation was including oxygen inhalation at a concentration of 40% and 10 liters per minute, which was used as supplemented by the mask attached to the cylinder in recovery stage (break 1:30 minutes). The control group performed recovery stage by inactive manner. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after training from vein arm. Data were analyzed with Independent t-test and paired t-test at p>0.05. Results: The results significant difference before and after of the training in two groups (the mean blood lactate and PH in swimmers) (p=0.000). Moreover, significant difference was found between the mean lactate, PH and bicarbonate between two groups after the interval training (p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that Oxygen inhalation is effective during high-intensity exercise on lactate, blood pH and bicarbonate and it can be considered as an effective method of intervention during training.
Seyyed Mohammad Ali Azimi Dokht; Reaz Gharakhanlou; Naser Naghdi; Davar Khodadadi; Ali Asghar Zare Zade Mehrizi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a vital role to induce the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain, especially the hippocampus. However, signaling pathways related to increasing BDNF induced by forced exercise in hippocampus not ...
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Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a vital role to induce the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain, especially the hippocampus. However, signaling pathways related to increasing BDNF induced by forced exercise in hippocampus not well known. Therefore, the purpose of current study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks of low-intensity forced treadmill training on genes expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) and BDNF in hippocampus of male rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control (n=6), Sham (n=6) and Forced training (n=6). Animals in the training group performed 8 weeks of forced training (5 sessions per week) with low-intensity (speed: 15 m/min) on the treadmill. Twenty-four hours after last session of exercise, rats were decapitated and the hippocampus were carefully removed and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and finally stored at -80°C for further analysis. Real-Time-PCR method was used to measure the expression of genes in the hippocampus. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the significant level of p<0.05.Results: The results of showed that mRNA levels of PGC-1α(p<0.003), FNDC5 (p<0.006) and BDNF(p<0.02) in the forced training group were significantly higher than the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the mRNA levels of genes between the sham and control groups. Conclusion: It seems that the low-intensity forced training, likely through a PGC-1α-dependent signaling pathway, leads to increasing expression of FNDC5 and as a result causes increasing the expression of BDNF. Thus, this type exercise training can be used as induction of beneficial effects of exercise on the hippocampus.
Hadi Abdi; Nabi Shamsaei; Mohammad Jafari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aerobic training in protein expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis following experimental myocardial infarction in rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty six male rats (weight 235 ± 5) were divided into healthy ...
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Background and Aim: Purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aerobic training in protein expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis following experimental myocardial infarction in rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty six male rats (weight 235 ± 5) were divided into healthy (sham), control, aerobic training and basic group. To induce myocardial infarction subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline (150 mg/kg) on two consecutive days with an interval of 24 hours was used. Aerobic training group started training program 48 hours after induction of myocardial infarction. Training program include 4 weeks, 5 sessions a week running on a treadmill at a speed of 10-16 meters per minute and a period of 10-50 minutes with a slope of 5 degree. To study the protein expression and apoptosis, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and TUNNEL staining was used respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at pResults: The results showed that injection of isoprenaline induced apoptosis and increased protein expression of stromal cell-derived factor-alpha and its receptor in infarcted rat hearts. Also, results showed that there was significant difference (p<0.001) in the number of apoptotic cells between training and control group, but in terms of SDF-1/CXCR4 protein expression significant difference was not observed between two groups. Conclusion: Overall results showed that aerobic training after myocardial infarction can reduce the apoptosis of cardiomyocyte, but does not significant effect on protein expression of signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis such as SDF-1/CXCR4.
Rasoul Eslami
Abstract
Background and Aim:Obesity and overweight in children and adolescence is very important. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks of concurrent training on chemerin, irisin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in children girls with overweight. Materials and Methods: Twenty- ...
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Background and Aim:Obesity and overweight in children and adolescence is very important. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks of concurrent training on chemerin, irisin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in children girls with overweight. Materials and Methods: Twenty- four obese children girls (mean age=11.23±0.62 y. and body mass index=27.97±0.48 kg/m2) was divided into control (n=12) and concurrent training (n=12) groups. Training group underwent concurrent training for 10 weeks while control group performed daily activity. Chemerin, irisin, insulin resistance and lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, low- density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein cholestrol) were measured before and after study protocol. It is applied the ANCOVA test for statistical analysis at the significant level of p<0/05. Results: Ten weeks of concurrent training significantly decreased level of chemerin, insulin resistance, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C (p<0.001); however, irisin, glucose and HDL-C concentration didn’t affect by concurrent training (p=0.18, p=0.37, p=0.06 respectively). Conclusion:concurrent training could suggest as part of exercise training in overweight children girls and it may be an alternative training for traditional aerobic training.
Mansour Karajibani; Farzaneh Montazerifar; Karim Dehghani; Mehdi Mogharnesi; Seyed Reza Mousavi Gilani; Alireza Dasheipour
Abstract
Background and aim: Adipokines are involved in obesity-related illnesses and may be an indicatior of increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks speedy and endurance exercises training and a period of detraining on the serum levels of nesfatin-1, ...
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Background and aim: Adipokines are involved in obesity-related illnesses and may be an indicatior of increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks speedy and endurance exercises training and a period of detraining on the serum levels of nesfatin-1, lipid profile, body fat percentage, and BMI in non-athlete healthy young men. Materials and Methods: 39 non-athletic male students were randomly divided into three groups of (n=13) men (speedy, endurance, and control). Experimental groups included; endurance group at 60 to 85 VO2 max and speedy group of 80 to 100 VO2 max which trained during ten-weeks training program and three sessions per week respectively. Consequently, subjects have continued four weeks of detraining. Blood samples were taken at 12-hour fasting state under similar conditions in different stage. Serum levels of dependent variables were measured by commercial kits. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software; including; Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measurement ANOVA, LSD and one way ANOVA test and post Hoc test. pResults: There was no significant difference according to variable between the groups in the study (p<0.05). But in endurance training group there was a significant decrease in body fat percentage (p<0.05). The level of cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) decrease and HDL-C level were significantly increase in the speedy group (p<0.05). There was no significant changes in the variables after 4 weeks detraining period (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that due to improvement of some risk factors such as lipid profile after exercise in the speedy group was more beneficial than endurance group.It was also observed that with the stopping of training and the short period of training, there was an increase in some CVD risk factors, so that optimal adaptations to exercise were lost and individuals were exposed to risk factors.
soma khosravi; Vahid Tadibi; Dariush Sheikholeslami-Vatani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Green tea extract has been suggested as an effective antioxidant to reduce the oxidative stress following resistance exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate theacute effect of green tea extract supplementation onthe oxidative and antioxidant indices after resistance ...
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Background and Aim: Green tea extract has been suggested as an effective antioxidant to reduce the oxidative stress following resistance exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate theacute effect of green tea extract supplementation onthe oxidative and antioxidant indices after resistance exercise at moderate and high intensities in trained men. Materials and Methods: Eleven male resistance-trained wrestlers participated in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover design, including four 1-week treatment periods with placebo and green tea extract (900 mg daily). The participants performed two medium-intensity resistance and two high-intensity resistance, which were separated with 2-weak washout periods. The high-intensity exercise sessions included six exercises with six sets and four repetitions with ninety percent of 1RM, and the medium-intensity exercise sessions included six exercises with three sets and 10 repetitions with seventy percentof 1RM.Blood sampling conducted before and after the resistance training sessions for the measurement of oxidative and antioxidant indices. Regarding the non-normal distribution of data, the Kruskal-wallis test was used to statistical analyzes and the significance level was considered lower than 0.05%. Results: : No significant effect was observed between using green tea supplementation or placebo for the levels of Malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity or superoxide dismutase, neither with high nor with medium intensity exercise sessions. Conclusion: Green tea supplementation for one weak has no significant effect on oxidative and antioxidant indices after medium or high intensity resistance exercise sessions in male wrestlers.
