Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 1. PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Full Professor, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

4 PhD Student Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

5 MSc of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Aim: Today, finding the best recovery method for athletes is very important. The purpose of this study wasto measure the effects of repeated sprint activities (RSA) and 12 minutes immersion (CWI) in cold water (14 C) immediately after performance of RSA on fatigue serum inflammatory biomarkers as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in active men.Materials and Methods: The research adopted a quasi-experimentalmethod and the statistical population was20-26 year-old active men.  in this was 20 active males after performance of RSA randomlywere divided into two groups as control passive recovery (PAS) and experimental (CWI) groups. Blood samples were taken from both groups, immediately before and 24 hours after immersion in cold water. For statistical analysistheWilcoxon and Repeated measures and ANOVA tests were used (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that RSA training significantly increased the TNF-α and IL-6 (p=0.02 & p=0.0001 respectively). However, the CWI significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α (p=0.006). Although, the CWI and PAS after RSA, could not prevent from increaseing in serum IL-6 levels, however in the cold water group, this increase was lower (p=0.001). After sprint activity, CWI caused significant reduction in serum levels of TNF-α in 24 hours after CWI (p=0.01), moreover, the CWI and PAS significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 after 24 hours of cold water recovery (p=0.01). Conclusion: Cold water immersiom and also cold with a local reduction in permeability of blood vessels could limit or delaythe accumulation of inflammatory factors.

Keywords

Ajam Zibad, M., TaheriChadorneshin, H., & Abtahi Eivary, H. (2016). The effect of acute resistance exercise on serum levels of some inflammatory and muscle damagemarkers in inactive women. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 4(7), 76-88. [persian]
Bailey, D., Erith, S., Griffin, P., Dowson, A., Brewer, D., Gant, N., & Williams, C. (2007). Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), 1163-1170.
Blake, G. J., & Ridker, P. M. (2003). C-reactive protein and other inflammatory risk markers in acute coronary syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 41(4s1), S37-S42.
Bleakley, C., McDonough, S., Gardner, E., Baxter, D. G., Hopkins, T. J., Davison, G. W., & Costa, M. T. (2012). Cold water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 130(5), 348-348.
Brüünsgaard, H., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003). Age-related inflammatory cytokines and disease. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 23(1), 15-39.
Drenth, J., Van Uum, S., Van Deuren, M., Pesman, G. J., Van der Ven-Jongekrijg, J., Van der Meer, J., & Van der Meer, J. W. (1995). Endurance run increases circulating IL-6 and IL-1ra but downregulates ex vivo TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79(5), 1497-1503.
Eston, R., & Peters, D. (1999). Effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(3), 231-238.
Finsterer, J. (2012). Biomarkers of peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 13(1), 1-13.
Gaeini, A., Fayaz Milani, R., Khaledi, N., Hedayati, M., & Sedgh Rohi, G. (2014). Cold water immersion after damaging exercise postpone peak expersion of Hsp25 protein. Sport Biosciences, 6(2), 147-160. [persian]
Ghorbani, P., Kordi, M. r., Arbab, G., & Hemati Nafar, M. (2012). The effect of a single bout of high intensity interval training (HIT) on immune and inflammatory in deaf male soccer players of national team. Sport Physiology & Manangement Investigations, (11), 59-68. [persian]
Girard, O., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Bishop, D. (2011). Repeated-sprint ability—Part I. Sports Medicine, 41(8), 673-694.
Gleeson, M. (2006). Immune function in sport and exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Goodall, S., & Howatson, G. (2008). The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage. Jounal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7(2), 235-241.
Leeder, J. D., Van Someren, K. A., Bell, P. G., Spence, J. R., Jewell, A. P., Gaze, D., & Howatson, G. (2015). Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated sprinting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(15), 1544-1552.
Leggate, M., Nowell, M. A., Jones, S. A., & Nimmo, M. A. (2010). The response of interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor isoforms following intermittent high intensity and continuous moderate intensity cycling. Cell Stress and Chaperones, 15(6), 827-833.
Machado, A. F., Ferreira, P. H., Micheletti, J. K., de Almeida, A. C., Lemes, Í. R., Vanderlei, F. M., … & Pastre, C. M. (2016). Can water temperature and immersion time influence the effect of cold water immersion on muscle soreness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(4), 503-514.
Mackinnon, L. T. (1999). Advances in exercise immunology. Human Kinetics.
Montgomery, P. G., Pyne, D. B., Cox, A. J., Hopkins, W. G., Minahan, C. L., & Hunt, P. H. (2008). Muscle damage, inflammation, and recovery interventions during a 3-day basketball tournament. Journal of Sport Science, 8(5), 241-250.
Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., Christensen, N. J., & Pedersen, B. K. (1996). Lymphocytes and NK cell activity during repeated bouts of maximal exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 271(1), R222-R227.
Pedersen, B. (2007). IL-6 signalling in exercise and disease. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35(5), 1295-1297.
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. (2005). Muscle-derived interleukin-6—a possible link between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and brain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 19(5), 371-376.
Pournot, H., Bieuzen, F., Louis, J., Fillard, J.-R., Barbiche, E., & Hausswirth, C. (2011). Time-course of changes in inflammatory response after whole-body cryotherapy multi exposures following severe exercise.PloS One, 6(7), e22748.
Rhind, S. G., Castellani, J. W., Brenner, I. K., Shephard, R. J., Zamecnik, J., Montain, S. J., … & Shek, P. N. (2001). Intracellular monocyte and serum cytokine expression is modulated by exhausting exercise and cold exposure. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281(1), R66-R75.
Robson-Ansley, A. P., Cockburn, E., Walshe, I., Stevenson, E., & Nimmo, M. (2010). The effect of exercise on plasma soluble IL-6 receptor concentration: a dichotomous response. Exercise Immunology Review, 16, 56-76.
Scheller, J., Ohnesorge, N., & Rose‐John, S. (2006). Interleukin‐6 trans‐signalling in chronic inflammation and cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 63(5), 321-329.
Serrano, A. L., Baeza-Raja, B., Perdiguero, E., Jardí, M., & Muñoz-Cánoves, P. (2008). Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell Metabolism, 7(1), 33-44.
Stacey, D. L., Gibala, M. J., Martin Ginis, K. A., & Timmons, B. W. (2010). Effects of recovery method after exercise on performance, immune changes, and psychological outcomes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(10), 656-665.
Vaile, J., O'Hagan, C., Stefanovic, B., Walker, M., Gill, N., & Askew, C. D. (2011). Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(10), 825-829.