Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar; Mohammadreza Kordi; Parisa Pournemati; Sara Farajnia; Nima Gharadaghi; Mohammadreza Rahmati
Abstract
Background and Aim: It is mentioned a critical role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in mitochondrial biogenesis, and for irisin in angiogenesis, myogenesis and health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion ...
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Background and Aim: It is mentioned a critical role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in mitochondrial biogenesis, and for irisin in angiogenesis, myogenesis and health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion (CWI) post repeated sprint activity (RSA) on irisin & PGC-1α. Materials and Methods: Among 50 soccer players recruited from Tehran premier league, 20 men (age 23.5±1.67 yrs) were selected randomly to this study and after the RSA, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14°C) and 10 others set on a chair passively. Blood sampling was taken before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 hours. Serum irisin & PGC-1α were assessed through ELIZA kit of ZelBio, Germany. Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine data normality and to determine possibly differences between means in each group and in different times, analysis of variance test with repeated measures was applied at the significant level of p≤0.05. Results: The time factor had a significant effect on PGC-1α levels [F(3,51)=6.52, p=0.001, pη2=0.27], but the group effect [F(1,17)=0.79, p=0.38] and time - group interaction [F(3,51)=1.53, p=0.21] was not significant. PGC-1α had a significant increases after the RSA in both groups (p=0.004), but its changes were not significant after CWI or rest (p=1.00). In addition, PGC-1α changes was not significant after 24h (p=1.00). Moreover, the time factor had a significant effect on irisin levels [F(3,51)=15.38, p<0.001, pη2=0.47], but the group effect [F(1,17)=0.48, p=0.49] and the time – group interaction [F(3,51)=1.91, p=0.14] were nor significant. In other hand, irisin had a significant increases after the RSA in both groups (p<0.001), but its changes were not significant after CWI or rest (p=0.06). Further, the changes of irisin was not significant after 24h (p=1.00). Conclusion: It seems that the RSA could improve cellular processes through PGC-1α & irisin elevation.
Javad Tolouei Azar; Yousef Saberi; Asghar Tofigi; Bahloul Ghorbanian
Abstract
Background and Aim: Physical activity depending on its intensity and duration could have an effective impact on disrupting or improving the immune system. Moreover, using the herbal supplement along with exercise, regulates the secretion of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and has a positive impact ...
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Background and Aim: Physical activity depending on its intensity and duration could have an effective impact on disrupting or improving the immune system. Moreover, using the herbal supplement along with exercise, regulates the secretion of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and has a positive impact on the immune system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of aerobic training and Sesamin supplementation on serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) in trained men. Materials and Methods: 40 male subjects (20-25 years old) were randomly divided into 4 groups as placebo, aerobic training, aerobic training + Sesamin and Sesamin (n=10). The aerobic training protocol was performed as 30-35 minutes, 4 days a week for 10 weeks. Sesamin supplement in form of gelatin capsule was used by supplemented sesamin groups at dose of 50 mg per week. The placebo group also consumed capsules containing starch. Measurement of IL-6 and IL-1β were done using Elisa method. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at PResults: The results of ANCOVA test showed that after removing the effect of pre-test, only aerobic exercise showed significantly reduced the IL-6 (p=0.008, F=7.99) and IL-1β (p=0.04, F= 4.23). However, the effects of supplements and the interaction between exercise and supplementation did not indicate any significant change (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that taking Sesamin supplements does not have any significant effects on the immune system in trained men; while exercise-induced adaptations could modulate inflammatory factors (such as IL-6 and IL-1β) as compared to Sesamin supplementation. Totally, more extensive research with considering more factors are needed to clear results.
elham yosefi mand; Mohammad Reza Hamedinia; Amirhossein Haghighi; Mitra Khademosharie
Abstract
Background and Aim: The regulation of energy balance in humans is a complex and ambiguous issue. Various studies have shown the relationship between physical activity and creating a negative energy balance in the body. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the different exercise types on ...
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Background and Aim: The regulation of energy balance in humans is a complex and ambiguous issue. Various studies have shown the relationship between physical activity and creating a negative energy balance in the body. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the different exercise types on appetite, calorie intake, calorie consumption and food liking in girl students. Materials and Methods: Based of this semi-experimental study,10 girl students were randomly and voluntarily chosen among all university students. The subjects performed two protocols of swimming and running (80% of the maximum heart rate up to exhaustion), and one protocol of resistance training (80% of a maximum repetition up to exhaustion) during three sessions. Appetite, calorie intake and food intake were recorded by a standard questionnaire. Energy intake also was recorded by 24-hour physical activity form. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and LSD tests were applied to analyze the data at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: The tendency to food had a significant increase immediately after the resistance training compared to running (p= 0.001). Feeling hungry had a significant increase (p = 0.001) compared to running training immediately after swimming training, while the feeling of satiety and the ability to eat at four times, did not showed any significant difference between the three types of exercise (p < 0.05). Moreover, between the effect of one session of swimming, running, and exhaustive circular resistance training there was no significant difference in the tendency to food, calorie intake and calorie consumption (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between different training activities in terms of calorie intake, calorie consumption and appetite. This means that regardless of the type of activity, exercise can causes a negative caloric balance; a change that probably cannot be compensate during short term.
Fatemeh Zoalfaghari; Amir Hossein Haghighi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Body composition is closely related to health and exercise performence. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the substrate metabolism and mechanical efficiency during running on a treadmill in lean, obese and normal-weight girls. Materials and Methods: For this ...
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Background and Aim: Body composition is closely related to health and exercise performence. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the substrate metabolism and mechanical efficiency during running on a treadmill in lean, obese and normal-weight girls. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 9 lean girls (body fat 19.17 ± 3.56 percent), 9 obese girls (body fat 42.29 ± 4.42 percent) and 9 normal-weight girls (body fat 27.23 ± 3.58 percent) volunteered in the research project. The exercise plan was to run on a treadmill with an intensity of 75% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes. The fat and carbohydrates oxidation, energy expenditure and mechanical efficiency of the subjects were measured with a gas analyzer system duing 30 minutes in the baseline and 30 minutes during activity. Then, the collected data were analyzed using multivariate variance analysis and LSD tests at the level of p < 0.05. Results: During the activity phase, the fat and carbohydrate oxidation and mechanical efficiency of the obese subjects were significantly higher as compare to lean and normal individuals (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.04 respectively). Moreover, absolute energy expenditure during the exercise at the obese subjects was significantly higher than lean subjects (p=0.02). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study obese girls, compared to lean and normal weight ones, indicated higher substrate metabolism and net mechanical efficiency.
Shima Mojtahedi; Arezu Tbrizi; Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise can causes neurogenesis in the brain of adult mammals. Until now few studies investigated how the effect of exercise on neurogenesis. The aim of the present study was examine the effect of the running time on cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Materials ...
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Background and Aim: Exercise can causes neurogenesis in the brain of adult mammals. Until now few studies investigated how the effect of exercise on neurogenesis. The aim of the present study was examine the effect of the running time on cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen adult male rats following one week of familiarization with treadmill were randomly divided into three groups including of control group (n=6), 30-min running group (n=6) and 60-min running group (n=6). The animals in running groups were subjected to daily 30-min and 60-min treadmill exercise sessions with velocity of 12 meter per minute for 14 consecutive days. At the last 10 days, animals received daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in a specific dose to label dividing cells. After 48 hours of the last session of running, the animals were sacrificed and their brain was removed for immunohistochemichal analysis. The one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test was used to analyze the data at the significant level of p<0.05. Results: The number of Brdu+ cells increased significantly both after running for 30 (p=0.001) and 60 (p=0.001) minutes; so that these changes were significantly higher after the 60-min than to the 30-min running (p=0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that running regardless of time traveled per day increases cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult male rats; so that the longer the time, the greater the rate of cell proliferation.
Elma Tabari; Hamid Mohebbi
Abstract
Background and Aim: It is well recognized that mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) are the key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. This study investigated whether 12 weeks of interval training with high (HIIT) and moderate ...
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Background and Aim: It is well recognized that mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) are the key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. This study investigated whether 12 weeks of interval training with high (HIIT) and moderate (MIIT) intensity influences the key regulatory molecules of mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM and NRF-1( of skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty male rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 180±20 g) were divided into two groups: high fat diet (HFD) including 32 rats, and standard diet (C) including 8 rats. After inducing type 2 diabetes via Streptozotocin, 8 diabetic rats (D) and 8 rats in group C were sacrificed and the remaining 24 rats were randomly assigned to three groups including diabetic control (DC), MIIT, and HIIT. The MIIT protocol includes 13 bouts of 4-minute activity with an equivalent intensity of 60-65% VO2max and the HIIT protocol includes 10 bouts of 4-minute activity with the equivalent intensity of 85-90% VO2max with 2 minute active rest periods that was performed for 12 weeks, and 5 sessions per week. Western blotting was used to measure the levels of TFAM and NRF1 proteins; and the parametric and non-parametric tests were used to analyze the data at the p≤0.05 level. Results: The results showed that TFAM and RNF-1 protein levels were significantly decreased in the D group compared to the C group (p<0.01). Indeed, exercise training resulted in an insignificant increase in protein levels of NRF-1 compared to the DC group (p>0.05); while HIIT and MIIT had no significant effect on protein levels of TFAM (p>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the HIIT and MIIT programs improve mitochondrial respiration but have no effect on mitochondrial biogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats. However, further research is needed for definite results.
Gabrial Pouzesh Jadidi; Farnaz Seifi-Skishahr; Lotfali Bolboli; Karim Azali Alamdari; Amenh Pourrahim Ghouroghch
Abstract
Background and Aim: Imbalance of some microRNAs and its cell apoptosis has an important role in myocardial infarction. Based on the role of curcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on myocardial infarction, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these types ...
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Background and Aim: Imbalance of some microRNAs and its cell apoptosis has an important role in myocardial infarction. Based on the role of curcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on myocardial infarction, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these types of training and supplementation on left ventricular gene expression levels of miR-133 and miR-1 in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rat model. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as: HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin and control groups, following induction of MI via intraperitoneal injection of isopretrenol (100 mg/kg/day) within two consecutive days. The HIIT protocol was performed during eight weeks (five sessions per week), each session was consisted of 10 bouts of running occasions (each for four min) at 85 - 90% of vVo2max with two min rest intervals at 50 to 60% of vVO2max. Moreover, Curcumin (15 mg/kg) was administered daily via gavage. The gene expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR method and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of p<0.05. Results: Although, in all three intervention groups of HIIT, curcumin and HIIT+curcumin, the cardiomyocytes miR-1 gene expression level was significantly lower (p=0.001), while miR-133 expression level was higher (p=0.001) than control group. However, gene expression in both variables after HIIT+curcumin showed more changes than curcumin group (p=0.006 and p=0.01 respectively). Conclusion: Probably, curcumin supplementation along with HIIT training after myocardial infarction is associated with improvement of cardiac function; but due to research limitations, more research is needed.
Elham Naseri; Roya Askari; Alireza Hosseni kakhk; Halimeh Vahdatpoor
Abstract
Background and Aim: Physical activity and some antioxidants such as vitamins E and C are effective factors on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of concurrent training and consumption of vitamins E and C on the acute response of serum immunoglobulin ...
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Background and Aim: Physical activity and some antioxidants such as vitamins E and C are effective factors on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of concurrent training and consumption of vitamins E and C on the acute response of serum immunoglobulin and cortisol to an exhaustive aerobic activity in inactive women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study. 24 women were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=12) including concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) + vitamin supplement (E and C); and concurrent training (endurance and resistance) + placebo groups. Blood sampling was taken before and after a session of exhaustive aerobic activity (activity with an intensity of 75% of the maximum reserve heart rate on the treadmill) and after four weeks of concurrent activity along with supplementation. The concurrent exercise+vitamin supplement (E and C) group performed four weeks of concurrent exercise (three exercise sessions per week) with a 30-day vitamin E and C supplement (500 mg vitamin C and 200 mg vitamin C) was administered twice daily. Serum cortisol and immunoglobulins were measured by gamma and nephelometric methods, respectively. To compare the changes before and after a session of exhausting activity of the two groups, analysis of covariance was used. Moreover, to determine the difference between groups of variables after four stages of measurement, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests also were used at a significance level of p˂0.05. Results: After the intervention, in the vitamin supplement (E and C) group there was a significant increase in IgM (p=0.03) and IgA (p=0.004). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in IgG (p=0.007) compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, the significant difference in cortisol (p=0.13), upper body muscle strength (p=0.31), lower body muscle strength (p=0.53), upper body muscle endurance (p=0.66), and maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.12) of two concurrent exercise-vitamin supplements (E and C) and concurrent exercise + placebo didn’t observed; while the lower body muscle endurance of the complement group showed significantly increased (p=0.003). Conclusion: consumption of vitamins C and E along with concurrent endurance and resistance training (four weeks) have optimal effects on the safety and physical fitness of inactive women. Vitamins C and E can also improve acute changes in serum immunoglobulins and cortisol levels after debilitating activity.
Niloofar Rezaee; Farhad Rahmani-Nia; Maryam Delfan; Reza Ghahremani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia occurring in the diabetic condition can cause apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway with higher cell death protein expression. Probiotics are viable microorganisms which confer health benefits to the host and have anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. Also, there ...
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Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia occurring in the diabetic condition can cause apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway with higher cell death protein expression. Probiotics are viable microorganisms which confer health benefits to the host and have anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. Also, there are some evidences that exercise may affect the signaling pathways of skeletal muscle apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the aerobic exercise training and probiotic supplementation effects on blood glucose levels and caspase-3 gene expression of the soleus muscle in diabetic rats-induced by streptozotocin. Materials and Methods: 40male Wistar rats (weight: 250-270 gr; age: eight weeks) were selected and divided into five groups: control+normal (N), control+diabetic (CD), diabetic+probiotics (SCD), diabetic+aerobic training (TD), and TD+probiotics (STD). Rats were made diabetic using streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). The rats in the training groups aerobically exercised using a treadmill at intensity of 60-65% of maximum speed for five weeks and five days per week and received probiotics (2 gr) in drinking tap water (supplemented groups). 48 hours after the last training session, the animals were sacrificed, then the soleus muscle was dissected to evaluate the gene expression of caspase-3 (using the Real Time PCR) and plasma glucose (by the glucose oxidase method). T-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe’s post hoc tests were applied for statistical analysis at significance level of p≤0.05. Results: The results indicated that fasting blood sugar was significantly lower in the TD+probiotics group compared to the other groups (p=0.008). On the other hand, gene expression of caspase-3 was a significantly decreased in diabetic+aerobic training and TD+probiotics (p=0.01) groups. Conclusion: It appears that aerobic exercise training with the use of probiotics prevents apoptosis in the muscle with the down-regulation of blood glucose.
Abbas Rezaee; Masoud Rahimi; Majid Jalili; Farzad Nazem
Volume 11, Issue 26 , June 2023, , Pages 8-19
Abstract
Background and Aim: Accurate and fast estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as an indicator of cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) by regression equations without exercise tests in large populations is of great importance in the field of health and sport sciences. Therefore, the aim of this study ...
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Background and Aim: Accurate and fast estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as an indicator of cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) by regression equations without exercise tests in large populations is of great importance in the field of health and sport sciences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-validation of the non-native non-exercise (N-EX) regression equations in estimating VO2max of healthy and adolescent boys using the standard method of respiratory gas analysis. Material and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study in which 349 healthy boys children and adolescents (age: 12.49±2.72 year, BMI: 20.13±4.70 kg/m2 and VO2max: 41.50±6.47 ml/kg/min) were participated. VO2max was measured on a treadmill by the respiratory gas analysis in modified Bruce exercise test (criterion method) and then estimated by three non-native N-EX regression equations. To evaluate the cross-validation the validity of the N-EX regression equations, Pearson correlation, paired sample t-test and Bland-Altman agreement were used for extraction of results. Results: A significant correlation was observed between VO2max measured by criterion method and N-EX equations (R=0.63 - 0.73, p
Amir Mohtashami; Marziyeh Saghebjoo; Farhad Rahmani-nia
Abstract
Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) plays a major role in developing muscle mass and strength. This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of modified German volume resistance training (MGVRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and non-linear resistance training (NLRT) on ...
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Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) plays a major role in developing muscle mass and strength. This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of modified German volume resistance training (MGVRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and non-linear resistance training (NLRT) on the serum levels of myostatin (Mstn), follistatin (FLS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and muscle mass and strength in male athletes. Materials and Methods: Forty young men bodybuilders were randomly assigned into equal groups, including MGVRT, HIRT, NLRT, and control. Training protocols were performed for eight weeks (three times a week). Selected biochemical variables, muscle mass, and strength were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. For statistical analyses the analysis of covariance, repeated-measures analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests were and significance level was set as p≤0.05. Results: The Mstn and FLS protein levels significantly decreased and increased, respectively in all three experimental groups compared with the control group. Moreover, the NF-κB level was significantly lower in the MGVRT and HIRT groups than NLRT and control groups. Furthermore, the arm and thigh circumference and muscular strength in the chest press and squat movements significantly increased in all three experimental groups as compared with the control group where the increase in arm circumference in the MGVRT group was significantly higher than in the HIRT and NLRT groups and as the same the muscular strength in the HIRT group was significantly higher than in the MGVRT and NLRT groups. Conclusion: All three RT protocols lead to improve biochemical, anthropometric, and functional indices in male athletes, but the MGVRT and HIRT protocols led to more increase in muscular hypertrophy and maximum strength, respectively. However, further studies are needed on the relationship between RT protocols with muscle mass and strength, and the biochemical parameters associated with them.
Mohammad Rami; Samane Rahdar; Maryam Azimpour; Kayvan Khoramipour
Abstract
Background and Aim: Diabetes can causes disturbances in glucose homeostasis and negative changes in the heart muscle. Since physical activity in people with diabetes may affect the heart tissue, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on content ...
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Background and Aim: Diabetes can causes disturbances in glucose homeostasis and negative changes in the heart muscle. Since physical activity in people with diabetes may affect the heart tissue, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on content of FOXO3, PI3K and AKT proteins in the heart tissue of Wistar rats with type two diabetes. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: diabetes - control, diabetes - exercise, control – healthy, and exercise - healthy. After two months of high-fat diet and induction of diabetes by Streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in diabetes-control and diabetes-exercise groups, the animals in diabetes-exercise and exercise-healthy groups performed the HIIT protocol based on a percentage of Vmax achieved, that it was with two-minutes intervals and increasing number of intervals for eight weeks and five sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue was extracted and the content of FOXO3, PI3K and AKT proteins were assessed using Western blotting. In addition, a histological study was performed at the tissue level using hematoxylin and Eosin staining. To analyze the data one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests were used at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The content of FOXO3 protein in diabetic groups significantly increased compared to healthy groups (p=0.001). In addition, the content of PI3K and AKT proteins in diabetes-control group also significantly decreased compared to healthy groups (p=0.001 and p=0.009, respectively), while the content of these two proteins significantly increased after training (p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively). Moreover, at the tissue level of heart, the thickness and length of cardiac myocytes significantly increased due to diabetes (p=0.001); while after HIIT, this pathological hypertrophy reduced (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Finally, it can be stated that although the use of this training method did not show a change in the amount of FOXO3 protein, but it was able to increase the amount of PI3K and AKT proteins and improve the pathological hypertrophy caused by diabetes.
Bakhtyar Tartibian; Bagher Rezaei; Mortaza Tayebi
Abstract
Background and Aim: It seems that the use of nutritional supplements can affect the secretion of anabolic and catabolic hormones during exercise-recovery process. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in free acid form (HMB-FA) on ...
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Background and Aim: It seems that the use of nutritional supplements can affect the secretion of anabolic and catabolic hormones during exercise-recovery process. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in free acid form (HMB-FA) on hormonal responses and recovery in the wrestling-specific protocol (WSP) in wrestlers for one night and one day. Materials and Methods: Twenty male wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into two groups: supplement-exercise (n=10) and placebo-exercise (n=10) groups. Each of the groups received a supplement or placebo at 3 g/day. The subjects repeated the WSP five times, each consisting of four sections. To measure serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol (Cort), IGF-1/Cort ratio blood samples were taken before and after taking the supplement, immediately after the first repetition of the WSP, immediately after the third repetition of the WSP and immediately after the fifth repetition of the WSP. The perceived recovery status (PRS) was assessed immediately before the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth repetitions of the WSP. Results were extracted using analysis of covariance and analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that serum levels of IGF-1 after supplementation (p=0.001) and after the first (p=0.004), third (p=0.004) and fifth (p=0.01) of the WSP were significantly higher in HMB-FA group than placebo group. Moreover, serum levels of IGF-1/Cort after supplementation (p=0.001) and after the first (p=0.001), third (p=0.003) and fifth (p=0.001) of the WSP were significantly increased in the HMB-FA group as compare to the placebo group. However, cortisol indicated a higher increase in the placebo group than HMB-FA group after supplementation (p=0.006) and also after first (p=0.002), third (p=0.008) and fifth (p=0.002) of WSP. On the other hand, PRS in the placebo group showed a greater decrease than the HMB-FA group before the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth of WSP (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that HMB-FA supplementation improves hormonal responses during the simulated wrestling protocol.
Zahra Seddighi khovidak; Daruosh Moflehi; Soheil Aminizadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: A calorie restriction diet is one way of the ways to reduce calorie intake without malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with calorie restriction of high-fat or standard diet regimens on the expression ...
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Background and Aim: A calorie restriction diet is one way of the ways to reduce calorie intake without malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with calorie restriction of high-fat or standard diet regimens on the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) in the liver of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: 48 rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8): control, high-intensity interval training, high-fat diet with caloric restriction, standard diet with caloric restriction, standard diet with caloric restriction + interval training, and fatty diet with caloric restriction + interval training were divided. High-intensity interval training was performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week with an intensity of 90 to 100% of the maximum speed in the form of running on a treadmill. Expression of SIRT1, ERRα and PDK4 genes in liver tissue was measured by Real-Time PCR method and one-way ANOVA statistical method was used to compare between groups. Results: Interval training led to a significant increase in ERRα gene expression compared to the control group (p=0.001). Fatty diet with calorie restriction significantly decreased SIRT1 gene expression compared to standard diet with calorie restriction (p=0.002). Also, eight weeks of standard diet with caloric restriction led to a significant increase in PDK4 gene expression compared to the control group (p=0.02). Conclusion: In the condition of calorie restriction, periodic exercise through the up regulation of ERRα gene expression may play a key role in increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, high-fat diet may have negative effects on the liver even under caloric restriction by reducing the expression of SIRT1, which plays an important role in the antioxidant capacity of the liver.
Seyed Morteza Hosseini; Hamid Mohebbi; Hossein Ghafoori; Mohammad Hosseine Rezadoost
Abstract
Background and Aim: The study of lipid formation and degradation in response to dietary and exercise stimuli may provide a better perspective for preventing and treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of diet, exercise, and hypoxia on the molecular ...
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Background and Aim: The study of lipid formation and degradation in response to dietary and exercise stimuli may provide a better perspective for preventing and treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of diet, exercise, and hypoxia on the molecular mechanisms related to lipid metabolism. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats aged approximately five weeks with an average weight of 165.9±9.94 grams were randomly divided into four groups including normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+exercise in normoxia (HFD+NE), and high-fat diet+exercise in hypoxia (HFD+HE). The maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) was determined under normoxic conditions (at an altitude of approximately 50 m) and hypoxic-hypobaric conditions (at an altitude of approximately 3000 m). Following this, considering overload, exercise sessions were conducted three times a week for a duration of 12 weeks at intensities ranging from 68 to 80 percent of MAV. At the end, tissue samples were collected to measure changes in the expression of Srebf1, Chreb and Atgl genes. Gene expression was measured using Real-Time PCR method and data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that in all groups receiving a HFD, liver fat content and expression of Srebf1 and Chreb, genes were increased; whereas the increase in Srebf1 and Chreb was greater in the HFD+HE group than in the other groups. Moreover, Atgl gene expression was lower in the HFD group than in other groups. Conclusion: A HFD apparently increases liver fat content by increasing lipogenesis and decreasing lipolysis. Exercise is thought to regulate the increase in liver fat content in rats on HFD by increasing the expression of lipolysis genes. Training probably plays a lesser role than diet in altering lipogenic genes expression than nutrition. Hypoxic training had no additional effect on reducing liver fat content.
Banipal Tataro; Afshar Jafari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Based on conflicting findings regarding fat oxidation induced by high-power (sprint) exercise with less than 3-4 bouts/day, the present study investigated the effect of a single and two-bout 20-second Wingate-based exercise (20-sec WBE) on excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC), respiratory ...
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Background and Aim: Based on conflicting findings regarding fat oxidation induced by high-power (sprint) exercise with less than 3-4 bouts/day, the present study investigated the effect of a single and two-bout 20-second Wingate-based exercise (20-sec WBE) on excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and fat/carbohydrate oxidation rate in overweight/obese men. Materials and Methods: Fourteen middle-aged (mean 35.8±3.1 years) obese and overweight males (body mass index>25 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in a semi-experimental, within-subject, crossover study design (with a single week washout). Respiratory gas data were measured before, during, and 30 minutes after one- and two-bout 20-second high-power (sprint) 20-sec WBE. Warm-up in both protocols and interval in the two-20 sec WBE protocol consisted of 30 sec WBE (at speed 60-70 RPM) with an exercise-to-recovery ratio 1:1 with or without a quarter of 7.5 percent of body weight that continued cycling at 60 RPM with no resistance for three minutes. The data were analyzed using paired-t and repeated ANOVA tests at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: The energy cost during exercise and recovery, EPOC rate, and total carbohydrate oxidation in the two-bout protocol were significantly higher than in the one-bout protocol. However, the instantaneous and the total accumulated fat oxidation differences (from the beginning to the end of the 30-minute recovery) were not significant between the two protocols. However, no significant difference were found in RER between the two protocols. Conclusion: Increasing EPOC and daily energy expenditure after only a single- or two-Wingate-based sprint exercise (20-40 sec/day) may be a suitable strategy to improve fat oxidation for those overweight/obese people who do not have spare time to exercise.
Fakhreddin Izadimanesh; Amir Hossein Haghighi; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhk; Majid Asadi- shekaari; Hamid Marefati
Abstract
Background and Aim: Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training on the expression of C/EBPβ and ...
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Background and Aim: Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training on the expression of C/EBPβ and mTOR genes related to autophagy in the frontal cortex of methamphetamine-dependent rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8) of saline, primary methamphetamine, secondary methamphetamine, and methamphetamine-training. Methamphetamine was injected in the amount of five mg/kg for 21 days. The exhausted endurance test and the average maximum speed of the rats were calculated in order to design the training program as it included 24 minutes of running with an intensity of 60-65% of the maximum speed on the treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week). At the end, to evaluate gene expression changes, C/EBPβ-mTOR indices were extracted from the frontal cortex tissue of the rats. The results were extracted using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Methamphetamine injection in the primary and secondary methamphetamine groups indicated a significant increase in C/EBPβ gene expression compared to the saline group (p=0.001 and p=0.005, respectively), but in the group early methamphetamine showed a significant decrease in mTOR gene expression compared to the saline group (p=0.04). Moreover, moderate intensity continuous training in the methamphetamine-exercise group indicated a significant decrease in C/EBPβ gene expression compared to the primary methamphetamine group (p=0.04), but as compared to the primary and secondary methamphetamine groups showed significantly increased mTOR gene expression. Conclusion: Methamphetamine injection could probably increases the expression of C/EBPβ autophagic gene in the frontal cortex of the brain; while continuous exercises with moderate intensity, as a preventive strategy, can moderate and regulate autophagy caused by methamphetamine, through increasing mTOR gene expression in the brain.
Masoud Jamshidi Hossein Abadi; Ali Jamshidi Hossein Abadi; Naser Behpoor
Abstract
Background and Aim: During the last decades, the importance of amino acid supplementation has been recommended to improve exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on growth hormone, lactate and glucose responses to aerobic activity ...
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Background and Aim: During the last decades, the importance of amino acid supplementation has been recommended to improve exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on growth hormone, lactate and glucose responses to aerobic activity in boy students. Materials and Methods: Participants were included 10 athlete students with age: 18-16 years old. This research was a randomly semi-experimental double-blind study which established in a basic and two supplementation (0.1 gr per kg/body weight) and placebo (Starch) situations. The subjects participated in three phases of aerobic activity (running at intensity of 15th Borg scale equal to 80-70percent of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes. The first phase was done before receiving of supplementation and placebo and the second and third phases were done after receiving three days supplementation and placebo. Blood samples were collected during the first phase before and after aerobic test, but in the second and third phases after receiving three days supplementation and placebo immediately after aerobic running. For extraction of results the ANOVA with repeated measures and paired t-test were applied and the significant level set as p<0.05. Results: The result showed the significant increase in growth hormone after consuming supplementation with exercise (p=0.0001), but no significant change was observed for blood glucose (p=0.11) and blood lactate (p=0.09). Conclusion: Consumption (0.1 gr/kg) of Arginine supplementation indicated significant effect on growth hormone response to aerobic exercise.; but it was not true for both lactate and glucose serum. Therefore, it can be suggested the higher doses and longer periods for consumption of this supplement.
Himan Ebrahimi; Ramin Balouchi; Rasoul Eslami; Mahdi Shahrokhi
Abstract
Bachground and Aim: Low back pain is one of the most common health problems in communications across the world, especially in industrialized countries; hence it would be necessary to find some ways to prevent and treat the low back pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of core stabilization ...
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Bachground and Aim: Low back pain is one of the most common health problems in communications across the world, especially in industrialized countries; hence it would be necessary to find some ways to prevent and treat the low back pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of core stabilization exercises on disability and abdominal and back muscle strength in patients with chronic low back pain caused by disc herniation. Materials and Methods: 30 male and female patients with chronic low back pain caused referred to physical therapy clinics purposefully selected and randomly were divided into two groups as experimental and control. The experimental group was received core stabilization exercises and conventional treatment; but thecontrol group received only conventional treatment for 8-weeks. The Oswestry questionnaire was used to assess the variables of disability, moreover, the Straight leg raising test for abdominal muscle strength and dynamometer test for back muscle strength also were used. Analysis of covariance was used to test data and the significance level was considered as p≤0.05. Results: The result indicated that 8-weeks of core stabilization exercises significantly reduced the disability (p=0.001). Moreover, increase in abdominal muscle strength (p=0.001) and back muscles strength were significantly higher (p=0.001) in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Prescribing core stabilization exercises by taking the necessary precautions, can be effective to reduce disability and improving muscle strength in patients with chronic low back pain caused by disc herniation.
Shadmehr Mirdar Harijani; Hossein Ali asgharzade Oliaei; Gholamreza Hamidian; Narges Musavi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Both cell proliferation and apoptosis are required for proper development of the neonatal parenchyma of the liver. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of swimming endurance training and silymarin supplementation during pregnancy on maternal cadmium – induced apoptosis ...
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Background and Aim: Both cell proliferation and apoptosis are required for proper development of the neonatal parenchyma of the liver. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of swimming endurance training and silymarin supplementation during pregnancy on maternal cadmium – induced apoptosis in hepatocytes of neonates. Materials and Methods: 72 pregnant Wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into 9 groups. Cadmium chloride was given orally (400 mg/kg in drinking water) from the first day of pregnancy. Training protocol was included 60 minutes swimming for 5 days per week during pregnancy. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously three times a week. Liver tissue was removed two days after born and apoptotic index also determined by nonradioactive in situ end labeling method using TUNEL immunocytochemical technique. The ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used to analyze the collected data at p≤ 0.05. Results: Apoptotic index of hepatocytes were decreased significantly in cadmium- silymarin and cadmium- silymarin-training groups (p<0.001). Swimming training caused no significant changes in apoptotic index of hepatocytes (p=0.83). Conclusion: Swimming endurance training during pregnancy probably have no effect on maternal cadmium – induced of apoptosis in hepatocytes of neonates, however, silymarin could reduce it.
Shadmehr Mirdar; Narges Musavi; Gholamreza Hamidian; Mehdi Hedayati
Abstract
Background and Aim: Metallothionein plays important role in control of apoptosis, heavy metals elimination from body, and trace element transportation from mother to fetus. The aim of current study was to investigate the effects of swimming endurance training on induction of liver hepatic metallothionein ...
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Background and Aim: Metallothionein plays important role in control of apoptosis, heavy metals elimination from body, and trace element transportation from mother to fetus. The aim of current study was to investigate the effects of swimming endurance training on induction of liver hepatic metallothionein (MT) in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two pregnant rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups (control, swimming training, cadmium, and swimming training+ cadmium). Cadmium chloride was given orally (400 mg/kg in drinking water) from the first day of pregnancy until delivery. Training protocol was included 60 minutes swimming for 5 days a week during pregnancy. Liver tissues were removed two days after delivery. Liver MT levels and apoptotic index were determined by ELISA method and nonradioactive in situ end labeling method using TUNEL immunocytochemical technique, respectively. The ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used to analyze the data of study at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Swimming endurance training significantly decreased cadmium-induced apoptosis (p =0.005), but had no effect on liver MT levels. Conclusion: Although, swimming endurance training had no effect on liver MT levels, but decreased cadmium-induced apoptosis presumably via other mechanism than induction of liver MT. Thus, it was somewhat effective to contrast with cadmiuminduced cell death.
Saeed Mirzaei; Ziya Fallah Mohammadi; Ali Yaghoubi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training at different durations on plasma heat shock protein 27 in male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult Wistar male rats (eight weeks old, 189 ± 10g weight) were used for this study. Animals ...
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Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training at different durations on plasma heat shock protein 27 in male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult Wistar male rats (eight weeks old, 189 ± 10g weight) were used for this study. Animals were divided into 4 groups including control, 30 min/session training, 60 min/session, and 90 min/session training groups. The training was included of treadmill exercise at 20 m/min (0% grade) in five days/week for eight weeks. Subjects were sacrificed 72 h after the last session of exercise for measurement of heat shock protein 27 levels in the plasma. Heat shock protein 27 content in the plasma was determined with EIA kit and ELISA system data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD at P≤0/05. Results: Findings showed that plasma concentrations of heat shock protein 27 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in 60 min/session training group. Conclusion: This study show that chronic mild-duration exercise could yield to greater levels in heat shock protein 27 plasma concentrations compared to the less or more durations.
farzad nazem; abbas salehikia; Seyed Mohammad Marandi; Seyed Jamal Moshtaghian; Arsham Rashid Kaboli
Abstract
Background and Aim: There is a little information available regarding the effect of resistance and combined training on biomechanical response of bone in osteoporosis condition. This study evaluated the effect of combined training compared to resistance training on bone formation markers and femoral ...
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Background and Aim: There is a little information available regarding the effect of resistance and combined training on biomechanical response of bone in osteoporosis condition. This study evaluated the effect of combined training compared to resistance training on bone formation markers and femoral mechanical strength of steoporotic male Rats. Materials and Methods: Among forty male Wistar rats, 8 rats were selected as healthy group, then osteoporosis were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 20% alcohol during 3 weeks for other rats. Osteoporotic rats were divided into 4 groups as: baseline, resistance, combined and control. The resistance training protocol consisted of 8 series of climbing activity on the vertical ladder with weights tied to animal tail. Combined group completed the both of resistance and endurance protocol (60 min/day, 12 m/min speed). After completing 12 weeks of exercise trainings (5 days a week), the blood samples were collected and serum levels of osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase was measured by ELISA method. Execised left femurs were examined by three point bending test to obtain the maximum force and stiffness. The data were analyzed by one way-ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. A p-value (0.05) was set for data statistical analysis. Results: Two groups of the combined and resistance training showed a significantly increased on all measured parameters versus to control group (p<0.05). The effect of combined training on serum of bone specific alkaline phosphatase (p=0.04) and bone mechanical strength (P=0.0001) was more significant than resistance training. Conclusion: Perhaps the combined training provides more protection against of osteoporosis compared to resistance training.
Hamed Esmaeili; Mehrdad Anbarian
Abstract
Background and Aim: Running-induced fatigue is associated with alterations in running mechanics. Mechanisms ofthese alterations are not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of running-induced fatigue onsome of lower limb muscles activity during stance phase of running. Materials ...
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Background and Aim: Running-induced fatigue is associated with alterations in running mechanics. Mechanisms ofthese alterations are not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of running-induced fatigue onsome of lower limb muscles activity during stance phase of running. Materials and Methods: Twenty male runnersparticipated in this study. Subjects along a 14m runway ran 6 times before and after the fatigue protocol. Surfaceelectromyographic activity of Tibilalis anterior (Ta), Medial gastrocnemius (Mg), Lateral gastrocnemius (Lg), Soleus(Sol), Vastus lateralis (Vl) and Biceps femoris (Bf) was recorded before and after the fatigue protocol. Percentage ofmuscular activity, co-contraction index and time to peak muscle activity was calculated during stance phase of running.Data was analyzes using paired t-test at significant level of pabsorption phase, Mg (p=0.02) and Bf (p=0.02) activity, and Vl-Bf (p=0.02), Vl-Lg (p=0.001) and Ta-Mg (p=0.01) co-contraction index decreased after fatigue. In propulsion phase, after fatigue, Ta (p=0.001) activity decreased while activity of Mg muscle (p=0.01) was increased. In this phase Ta-Mg (p=0.0001) and Ta-Sol (p=0.005) co-contraction index decreased after fatigue. In pre-activation phase, fatigue increased Ta (p=0.01) and Bf (p=0.0001) activity. Also, fatigue increased time to peak activity of Bf, Gm and Gl muscles (p=0.001). Conclusion: Fatigue can make alterations in running muscular mechanism indicating neural system attempt to reduce injury risk during fatigue. Therefore, in order to prevent running related injuries, we recommend considering percentage of muscular activity timing in novice runners.
Mehdi Mogharnasi; Farhad Shahamat-Nashtifani; Mohsen Foadoddini; Maryam Banparvari; Javad Bayat; Mehran Hosseini
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous studies indicated that bovine colostrum (BC) has antioxidant activity, but the beneficial effects of BC on strenuous exercise oxidative damage is remaining unclear. Thus, this study examined the effects of BC on exercise-induced muscle damage in rats. Materials and Methods: ...
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Background and Aim: Previous studies indicated that bovine colostrum (BC) has antioxidant activity, but the beneficial effects of BC on strenuous exercise oxidative damage is remaining unclear. Thus, this study examined the effects of BC on exercise-induced muscle damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats randomly divided into 6 equal groups as: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (aerobic exercise), Group 3 (anaerobic exercise), Group 4 (supplements without exercise), Group 5 (supplements with aerobic exercise), Group 6 (supplements with anaerobic exercise). After pretreating of BC, the blood sample from each group was taken in order to measure the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine Kinase (CK). The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test and significant level was set at p<0.05. Results: The plasma levels of LDH (P=0.010) and CK (P=0.006) significantly increased in anaerobic exercise group in comparison with control group. There was no significant difference between aerobic exercise group with the control (P=0.86). The mice were supplemented with exercise and anaerobic exercise extreme (Group 6) was significantly lower CK And LDH levels compared to anaerobic exercise group without supplementation (group 3) had (P=0.001). The results revealed that BC pretreatment significantly prevented LDH and CK increasing induced by strenuous exercise oxidative damage in rats. Conclusion: colostrum supplement due to its antioxidant properties can be considered as a sports supplement and recommended to reduce muscle damage.
