Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 MSc in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
2 Department of physical education and sport Sciences, Shahid bahonar university of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, and Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abstract
Background and Aim: A calorie restriction diet is one way of the ways to reduce calorie intake without malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with calorie restriction of high-fat or standard diet regimens on the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) in the liver of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: 48 rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8): control, high-intensity interval training, high-fat diet with caloric restriction, standard diet with caloric restriction, standard diet with caloric restriction + interval training, and fatty diet with caloric restriction + interval training were divided. High-intensity interval training was performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week with an intensity of 90 to 100% of the maximum speed in the form of running on a treadmill. Expression of SIRT1, ERRα and PDK4 genes in liver tissue was measured by Real-Time PCR method and one-way ANOVA statistical method was used to compare between groups. Results: Interval training led to a significant increase in ERRα gene expression compared to the control group (p=0.001). Fatty diet with calorie restriction significantly decreased SIRT1 gene expression compared to standard diet with calorie restriction (p=0.002). Also, eight weeks of standard diet with caloric restriction led to a significant increase in PDK4 gene expression compared to the control group (p=0.02). Conclusion: In the condition of calorie restriction, periodic exercise through the up regulation of ERRα gene expression may play a key role in increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, high-fat diet may have negative effects on the liver even under caloric restriction by reducing the expression of SIRT1, which plays an important role in the antioxidant capacity of the liver.
Keywords
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Cho, Y., Hazen, B.C., Russell, A.P., & Kralli, A. (2013). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1)-and estrogen-related receptor (ERR)-induced regulator in muscle 1 (Perm1) is a tissue-specific regulator of oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(35), 25207-25218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.489674
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Heydari, H., Ghiasi, R., Hamidian, G., Ghaderpour, S., & Keyhanmanesh, R. (2021). Voluntary exercise improves sperm parameters in high fat diet receiving rats through alteration in testicular oxidative stress, mir-34a/SIRT1/p53 and apoptosis. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation, 42(3), 253-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2020-0085
Higashida, K., Kim, S.H., Jung, S.R., Asaka, M., Holloszy, J.O., & Han, D.H. (2013). Effects of resveratrol and SIRT1 on PGC-1α activity and mitochondrial biogenesis: a reevaluation. PLoS Biology, 11(7), 1001603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001603
Høydal, M.A., Wisløff, U., Kemi, O.J., & Ellingsen, Ø. (2007). Running speed and maximal oxygen uptake in rats and mice: practical implications for exercise training. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 14(6), 753-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjr.0b013e3281eacef1
Huang, C.C., Wang, T., Tung, Y.T., & Lin, W.T. (2016). Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression levels in rats of different age. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 13(4), 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.14586
Huss, J.M., Torra, I.P., Staels, B., Giguere, V., & Kelly, D.P. (2004). Estrogen-related receptor α directs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling in the transcriptional control of energy metabolism in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 24(20), 9079-9091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.20.9079-9091.2004
Jeoung, N.H., & Harris, R.A. (2008). Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 deficiency lowers blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 295(1), 46-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00536.2007
Lanvin, O., Bianco, S., Kersual, N., Chalbos, D., & Vanacker, J.M. (2007). Potentiation of ICI182, 780 (Fulvestrant)-induced estrogen receptor-α degradation by the estrogen receptor-related receptor-α inverse agonist XCT790. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(39), 28328-28334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m704295200
Leite A.B., Lima H.N., de Oliveira Flores C., Oliveira C.A., Cunha L.E.C., … & Neves J.L. (2021). High-intensity interval training is more effective than continuous training to reduce inflammation markers in female rats with cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Life Sciences, 266,118880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118880
Lønbro, S., Wiggins, J.M., Wittenborn, T., Elming, P.B., Rice, L., Pampo, C., … & Horsman, M.R. (2019). Reliability of blood lactate as a measure of exercise intensity in different strains of mice during forced treadmill running. Plos One, 14(5), 0215584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215584
Lozano, I., Van der Werf, R., Bietiger, W., Seyfritz, E., Peronet, C., Pinget, M., … & Sigrist, S. (2016). High-fructose and high-fat diet-induced disorders in rats: impact on diabetes risk, hepatic and vascular complications. Nutrition & Metabolism, 13(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0074-1
Ma, L., Dong, W., Wang, R., Li, Y., Xu, B., Zhang, J., … & Wang, Y. (2015). Effect of caloric restriction on the SIRT1/mTOR signaling pathways in senile mice. Brain Research Bulletin, 116, 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.06.004
Ma, W.Q., Sun, X.J., Zhu, Y., & Liu, N.F. (2020). PDK4 promotes vascular calcification by interfering with autophagic activity and metabolic reprogramming. Cell Death & Disease, 11(11), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-03162-w
Majer, M., Popov, K.M., Harris, R.A., Bogardus, C., & Prochazka, M. (1998). Insulin downregulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) mRNA: potential mechanism contributing to increased lipid oxidation in insulin-resistant subjects. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 65(2), 181-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mgme.1998.2748
Mattagajasingh, I., Kim, C.S., Naqvi, A., Yamamori, T., Hoffman, T.A., Jung, S.B., … & Irani, K. (2007). SIRT1 promotes endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(37), 14855-14860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704329104
Mattson, M.P. (2005). Energy intake, meal frequency, and health: a neurobiological perspective. Annual Review of Nutrition, 25, 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092526
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