Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Background and Aim: Metallothionein plays important role in control of apoptosis, heavy metals elimination from body, and trace element transportation from mother to fetus. The aim of current study was to investigate the effects of swimming endurance training on induction of liver hepatic metallothionein (MT) in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two pregnant rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups (control, swimming training, cadmium, and swimming training+ cadmium). Cadmium chloride was given orally (400 mg/kg in drinking water) from the first day of pregnancy until delivery. Training protocol was included 60 minutes swimming for 5 days a week during pregnancy. Liver tissues were removed two days after delivery. Liver MT levels and apoptotic index were determined by ELISA method and nonradioactive in situ end labeling method using TUNEL immunocytochemical technique, respectively. The ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used to analyze the data of study at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Swimming endurance training significantly decreased cadmium-induced apoptosis (p =0.005), but had no effect on liver MT levels. Conclusion: Although, swimming endurance training had no effect on liver MT levels, but decreased cadmium-induced apoptosis presumably via other mechanism than induction of liver MT. Thus, it was somewhat effective to contrast with cadmiuminduced cell death.
Keywords
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2. El, H., and Hammouda F., 2011. Interrelationships between cadmium, zinc and antioxidants in the liver of the rat exposed orally to relatively high doses of cadmium and Zinc. Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, vol. 74, pp. 2099-2104..
3. Florence, G., Serafim, A., Joao Bebianno, M., 2003. Antioxidant enzyme activity, metallothioneins and lipid peroxidation? Ecotoxiocology, vol. 12, pp. 417-426.
4. Ghaffar, S., Mohammadali, M., Roshangar, L., Mesgari, M., et al., 2008. The effects of aerobic exercise training on the age-related lipid peroxidation Schwann cell apoptosis and ultrastructural changes in the sciatic nerve of rats. Life Science, vol. 82, pp. 840-846.
5. Guo, G., Wu, F., Xie, F., Zhang, R., 2012. Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China. Journal of Environmental Science (China), vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 410-418.
6. Gurel, Z., Ozcelik, D., Dursun, S., 2007. Apoptotic rate and metallothionein levels in the tissues of cadmium- and copper-exposed rats. Biology and Trace Element Research, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 203-217.
7. Hashimoto, K., Hayashi, Y., Inuzuka, T., Hozumi, I., 2009. Exercise induces metallothioneins in mouse spinal cord. Neuroscience, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 244-251.
8. James C., Scott S., 2011. Cadmium. Fish Physiology, vol. 31, pp. 125-184.
9. Kantola, M., Purkunen, R., Kroger, P., Tooming, A., et al., 2000. Accumulation of cadmium, zinc, and copper in maternal blood and developmental placental tissue: differences between Finland, Estonia, and St. Petersburg. Environmental Research section, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 54-66.
10. Kawagoe, M., Hirasawa, F., Cun Wang, S., Liu, Y., et al., 2005. Orally administrated rare earth element cerium induces Metallothionein synthesis and increases glutathione in the mouse liver. Life Science, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 922-937.
11. Keith A., 2000. Zinc and health: Current status and future directions, function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes. Journal of Nutrition, vol. 130, pp. 1437-1446.
12. Kilic, G.A., Kutlu, M., 2010. Effects of exogenous metallothionein against Thallium-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 980-987.
13. Kim, S.H., Kim, H.B., Jang, M.H., Lim, B.V., et al., 2002. Treadmill exercise increases cell proliferation without altering of apoptosis in dentate gyrus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Science, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 1331-1340.
14. Kondoh, M., Kamada, K., Kuronaga, M., Higashimoto, M., et al., 2003. Antioxidant property of metallothionein in fasted mice. Toxicology Letters, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 301-306.
15. Lemarie, A., Lagadic-Gossmann, D., Morzadec, C., Allain, N., et al., 2004. Cadmium induces caspase-independent apoptosis in liver hep3b cells: role for calcium in signaling oxidative stressrelated impairment of mitochondria and relocation of endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factor.Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 36, pp. 1517-1531.
16. Li, Z., Gao, Y., Li, S., Chen, K., et al., 1997. The effect of endurance training and exhaustive exercise on metallothionein in rats. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 16-17.
17. Lijuan, S., Zhongbo, L., Shangyi, G., Jiankang, L., et al., 2010. Endurance exercise causes mitochondrial and oxidative stress in rat liver: Effects of a combination of mitochondrial targeting nutrients. Life Science, vol. 86, pp. 39-44.
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19. Mesna, O.J., Wilhelmsen, T.W., Andersen, R.A., 2000. Correlations between cadmium treatment, oxygen uptake and metallothionein response in liver and kidney from two mice strains. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 21-27.
20. Milena Penkowa, P.K., Charlotte K., Juan H., Mercedes G., et al., 2005. Exercise-induced Metallothionein expression in human skeletal muscle fibres. Experimental Physiology, vol. 90, pp. 477–486.
21. Mirdar, S., Arab, A., Hedayati, M., Hajizadeh, A., 2013. Evaluation of the effect of a swimming training program on levels of lung hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in pups of mother rats exposed to cadmium. Qom University Medicine Science Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 11-20.
22. Montazeri, F., Rahgozar, S., Ghaedi, K., 2011. Apoptosis and cytosolic organelles. Genetics in the 3rd Millennium, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2300-2312.
23. Pan, L., Zhang, H., 2006. Metallothionein, antioxidant enzymes and DNA strand breaks as biomarkers of Cd exposure in a marine crab, Charybdis Japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 67-75.
24. Podhorska-Okolow, M., Dziegiel, P., Dolinska-Krajewska, B., Dumanska, M., et al., 2006. Expression of metallothionein in renal tubules of rats exposed to acute and endurance exercise. Folia Histochemcal Cytobiology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 195-200.
25. Queira, J., 2010. Basic histology: A text and atlas. 12th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
26. Shu, S., Hsiun-ing, C., 2011. NO signaling in exercise training-induced anti-apoptotic effects in human neutrophils. Biochem and Biophys Res Commun, vol. 405, pp. 58–63.
27. Van Pelt L., 1977. Ketamine and Xylazine for surgical anesthesia in rats. Journal of American Veterinary Research And Medicine Association, vol. 171, no. 9, pp. 842.
28. Vogiatzis, A.K., Loumbourdis, N.S., 1999. A study of glycogen, lactate, total fats, protein, and glucose concentration in the liver of the Frog Rana Ridibunda, after exposure to cadmium for 30 days. Environmental Pollution, vol. 104, pp. 335-340.
29. Waalkes, M.P., 2003. Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutationt Research, vol. 533, no. 1-2, pp. 107-120.
30. Yudkovski, Y., Rogowska-Wrzesinska, A., Yankelevich, I., Shefer, E., et al., 2008. Quantitative immunochemical evaluation of fish metallothionein upon exposure to cadmium. Marine Environmental Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 427-436.
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