Elham Ghasemi; Javad Nakhzari Khodakheir
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Intense exercise is frequently associated with overtraining syndrome and symptoms such as fatigue, impaired immune function, and inflammation (1). In inflammatory conditions, particularly during intense activities that lead to increased oxidative stress and the production ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Intense exercise is frequently associated with overtraining syndrome and symptoms such as fatigue, impaired immune function, and inflammation (1). In inflammatory conditions, particularly during intense activities that lead to increased oxidative stress and the production of free radicals and acute phase proteins, various mediators are affected. This includes the heightened recruitment of neutrophils. As a result, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), increase. Conversely, the levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10 and Netrin-1, decrease. This condition exacerbates immune and inflammatory responses and further increases the risk of infectious diseases due to temporary impairment in various aspects of immune system function, such as decreased immunoglobulin secretion and performance decline after strenuous exercise. According to previous studies, acute bouts of exercise typically trigger inflammatory responses, whereas regular training induces adaptive anti-inflammatory effects (2, 9). However, what needs to be investigated is the effect of the intensity and duration of exercise on the extent of activation or stimulation of these inflammatory responses, especially in acute and intense activities. Regarding the cytokine responses to various types of exercise (continuous and interval), there are conflicting and contradictory findings. Some researchers suggest that during high-intensity interval activity, the intensity of the activity, by exacerbating blood flow restriction, leads to greater oxidative damage and inflammation, while some studies have shown that under normal temperature conditions, the volume and duration of exercise are the main and important factors in causing oxidative stress and inflammation (10, 11). Intense and acute exercise is likely to cause tissue damage—particularly in skeletal muscles—and may impair physical performance in active individuals by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. To counteract these effects, the use of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplements such as flavonoids has been recommended, as they may help limit the release of inflammatory markers and enhance athletic performance (14, 15).Quercetin, a prominent flavonoid found in many edible vegetables and fruits, possesses well-documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic properties. Its regulatory influence on cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α is also well established (17). Given the increasing interest among athletes in using natural supplements to boost performance following acute and intense exercise—and considering the conflicting findings in existing literature—this study aimed to compare the responses of Netrin-1, TNF-α, and IL-17 to a single session of continuous versus high-intensity interval exercise following short-term quercetin supplementation in physically active females.Materials and Methods: This study employed a practical and double-blinded quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements. Forty female students from the university of Zabol were purposefully selected based on inclusion criteria and physician approval. They were then randomly assigned to four equal groups: continuous + supplement, interval + supplement, continuous + placebo and interval + placebo. Participants in the supplement groups received two 500 mg capsules of Quercetin per day (a total of 1000 mg daily) for two weeks (15, 18). Those in the placebo groups consumed two dextrose capsules daily for the same duration.At the beginning and end of the two-week supplementation or placebo period, two acute exercise protocols were performed, including a continuous exercise session and a high-intensity interval exercise session. The high-intensity interval exercise consisted of five minutes of running on a treadmill at an intensity of 60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), followed by four intervals at 90% VO2max (with a duration of four minutes each) and active recovery between each interval at 60% VO2max (for three minutes). The continuous exercise consisted of 40 minutes of running on a treadmill at 60% VO2max. A 10-minute warm-up and cool-down protocol was followed at the beginning and end of each session (19). Blood samples were collected at four time points: at baseline and after the two-week supplementation/placebo period, both before and after the exercise sessions. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and LSD post-hoc tests, with statistical significance set at p≤0.05.Results: Both continuous and interval exercise protocols resulted in a significant decrease in Netrin-1 levels (p= 0.01 and p=0.001, respectively) and a significant increase in TNF-α levels (p=0.01 for both). In contrast, two weeks of quercetin supplementation was associated with a non-significant reduction in Netrin-1 (p=0.19 and p=0.32 for continuous and interval exercise, respectively) and a non-significant increase in TNF-α levels (p=0.54 and p=0.16, respectively).Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the continuous and interval exercise groups in terms of Netrin-1 (p=0.18) and TNF-α (p=0.42) levels. Lastly, IL-17 responses to both continuous and interval acute exercise sessions, before and after supplementation, showed no significant changes (p=0.14).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that both continuous and interval exercise led to an increase in TNF-α and a decrease in Netrin-1 levels in physically active females. However, following two weeks of Quercetin supplementation (1000 mg/day), a single session of continuous or high-intensity interval exercise resulted in a non-significant reduction in Netrin-1 and a non-significant increase in TNF-α. Notably, Quercetin appeared to improve the baseline levels of these markers and may have helped attenuate inflammation induced by acute exercise.Quercetin is known to modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, by reducing oxidative stress and the generation of free radicals, Quercetin may indirectly protect macromolecules—including proteins, lipid membranes, and muscle DNA—from exercise-induced damage. It also contributes to lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine production while enhancing anti-inflammatory markers such as Netrin-1.Ethical Considerations: This study wasapproved by the Research Ethics Committees of Sport Sciences Research Institute with the code IR.SSRC.REC.1402.068. All participants were informed about the study procedures and provided written informed consent.Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: The research followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was maintained.Funding: This article was supported by the University of Zabol and Grant No. 0324.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.
Mohammad Reza Yousefi; Fatemeh Esmaiili
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: In recent decades, the global prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased significantly, raising concerns due to its association with a higher risk of obesity in adulthood. Evidence indicates a strong correlation between the severity ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: In recent decades, the global prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased significantly, raising concerns due to its association with a higher risk of obesity in adulthood. Evidence indicates a strong correlation between the severity of childhood obesity and the development of metabolic disorders such as glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia during adolescence and later in life (1). Childhood obesity is also associated with an increased risk of several metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, which represents a major link between obesity and other metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) and aerobics training on serum Neureglin-4 levels and the metabolic profile in obese female elementary school students (2, 3). Materials and Methods: The statistical population consisted of obese girls elementary school aged 7-12 years in Ilam city, with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile. From this population, 30 participants were randomly selected and assigned to three groups: HIIR (I), aerobics training (II), and control group (III) (each group of 10 people). The HIIR program was conducted with an intensity of 60-70 percent of maximum heart rate in the first week, progressing to 90–100 percent in the final week. The aerobic training program was conducted at an intensity of 60–75 percent of maximum heart rate. Both interventions lasted for eight weeks, with three sessions per week. Insulin, glucose, and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured using an autoanalyzer with the photometric method, while serum Neuregulin-4 levels were assessed using an ELISA method. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Findings: Eight weeks of HIIR and aerobics exercise significantly increased serum levels of Neureglin-4 (p=0.01) and significantly decreased insulin (p=0.04), TG (p=0.01), and insulin resistance (p=0.006) in participants. However, serum glucose levels did not change significantly (p=0.85). Analysis of the physiological effects of HIIR and aerobics training on metabolic health indicators revealed that both trainings modalities led to significant improvements in several biomarkers. Based on the findings presented, both types of trainings increased Neureglin-4 levels compared to the control group. However, HIIR had a greater effect with an increase of 1.45 ng/mmol than aerobic training (0.32 ng/mmol), and according to the results of the Tukey post-hoc test, this difference is significant (p=0.01). Conclusion: The observed increase in Neuregulin-4 levels following training may be attributed to enhanced fat metabolism and weight reduction (34, 35). Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise induces the secretion of several lipolytic hormones and activation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, which increases fat metabolism in the body as a major source of energy (36). Meanwhile, high-intensity interval training has better metabolic responses, increasing metabolic pathways and mitochondrial activity in adipose tissue, which underlies fat burning in the body (37, 38). Furthermore, HIIR is often accompanied by significant energy expenditure, and this optimal fat burning contributes to increased circulating Neureglin-4 levels (39). The present study showed that HIIR effectively reduces weight in obese children. This finding indicates a decrease in fat mass in these individuals. Weight loss due to physical activity leads to increased adiponectin levels. Increased levels of this indicator improve glucose and lipid metabolism, increase insulin sensitivity, and reduce obesity-related diseases (35, 40). Increased levels of Neureglin-4 are associated with reduced plasma glucose, insulin, and TG levels. Moreover, higher circulating Neuregulin-4 levels help mitigate inflammation, improve insulin resistance, and prevent further weight gain (17). The HIIR and aerobics training can reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases in obese elementary school girls by improving metabolic status.Ethical Considerations: This study has received ethical approval from Ilam Azad University, code number EE/92.24.3.17666/scu.ac.ir. All participants were informed about the study procedures and provided written informed consent.Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: The research followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was maintained.Funding: This article is taken from the master’s thesis of Islamic Azad University, Ilam Branch and was completed using personal funds.Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.
Mehdi Mogharnasi; Mozhgan Hatami Farsi; Fatemeh Hajizadeh; Mojtaba Amirabadizadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Overweight and obesity are major global health concerns, associated with increased risks of various chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy (1). These conditions contribute to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which ...
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Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Overweight and obesity are major global health concerns, associated with increased risks of various chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy (1). These conditions contribute to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which can result in significant cellular damage (3). The body’s antioxidant defense system—particularly total antioxidant capacity (TAC)—plays a crucial role in counteracting such damage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potent ROS, serves as a reliable marker of oxidative stress (4, 6).In recent years, the use of herbal supplements, such as spirulina, alongside regular physical activity has been recommended to reduce oxidative stress and promote overall health. Spirulina, a nutrient-rich microalga, is recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical-scavenging properties, making it an effective supplement (8, 9). High-intensity interval training (HIIT), known for its time efficiency and its broad metabolic and physiological benefits, has grown in popularity. However, the intense nature of HIIT may also lead to increased ROS production, highlighting the need for antioxidant support to minimize potential oxidative damage (16).Despite the theoretical advantages of combining antioxidant supplementation with high-intensity exercise, limited research has examined the combined effects of HIIT and spirulina on oxidative and antioxidant markers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of six weeks of HIIT and spirulina supplementation on serum levels of H₂O₂ and TAC in overweight and obese adolescent girls. The objective was to reduce oxidative stress-induced tissue damage and improve body composition in this population.Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design. The study population consisted of overweight and obese girls (BMI: 25–35 kg/m²) residing in Khorameh, Iran. Thirty participants (mean age: 26.3 ± 12.3 years; mean weight: 75.29 ± 10.0 kg) were perposfully selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 10: control, exercise + supplement, and exercise + placebo. Inclusion criteria included an age range of 22–30 years, no regular physical activity in the past six months, no antioxidant supplement use, and no chronic diseases. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to continue, irregular attendance, or musculoskeletal injuries during the intervention.Anthropometric variables (weight, height, BMI, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were measured before and 24 hours after the intervention. Weight was assessed using a digital scale, height with a stadiometer, and body fat percentage was estimated using a Harpenden caliper and the Jackson-Pollock formula. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) was assessed using the Queen’s step test and its associated formula (18, 19).Participants in the exercise groups completed a six-week HIIT program, conducted three times per week. The protocol involved sprinting at 90% of maximum heart rate over a 40-meter course (20 meters back and forth). Each session lasted 24–26 minutes, including warm-up, intermittent exercises (30 seconds of high-intensity activity followed by 30 seconds of active rest), and cool-down. The number of repetitions increased progressed from four in the first week to six in the final week (22).In addition to exercise, the supplement group received two 500 mg spirulina capsules daily (taken one hour before lunch and dinner) for six weeks. The exercise + placebo group received visually identical capsules containing starch. The control group did not receive any intervention.Blood samples (5 ml) were collected after a 12-hour fast, 24-hour before and 48-hour after the intervention. Serum was separated via centrifugation and stored at -80°C. H2O2 and TAC levels were measured using respective kits (ZellBio, Germany) and an ELISA reader.Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and variance homogeneity was verified with Levene’s test. Between-group comparisons were conducted using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and the LSD post-hoc test, with a significance level of p<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.Findings: The results demonstrated significant reductions in H2O2 levels in the exercise + supplement (p=0.0001) and exercise + placebo (p=0.001) groups, alongside significant increases in TAC (p=0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). Weight (p=0.001 and p=0.01) and body fat percentage (p=0.0001 and p=0.001) decreased significantly in both exercise groups compared to the control group. The WHR showed a significant reduction only in the exercise + supplement group (p=0.01). Additionally, VO2max increased significantly in the exercise + supplement (p=0.03) and exercise + placebo (p=0.002) groups.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that six weeks of HIIT, with or without spirulina supplementation, significantly reduced serum H2O2 levels and increased TAC in overweight and obese girls. Both interventions also led to reductions in weight, body fat percentage, and BMI, while improving maximal aerobic capacity. The significant decrease in WHR in the exercise + supplement group underscores the enhanced effect of spirulina on body composition.HIIT likely enhances antioxidant defense by increasing the activity of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and improving electron transport chain function. Spirulina, with its antioxidant compounds like phycocyanin and beta-carotene, amplifies this effect (16). The reduction in free radical production and improvements in body composition may mitigate cellular damage caused by oxidative stress (24, 25).Further research is recommended to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, optimize exercise protocols, and determine ideal spirulina dosages. Future studies should also investigate additional oxidative stress biomarkers to broaden the understanding of these combined interventions.Overall, these findings highlight the potential of HIIT and spirulina supplementation as a synergistic and non-pharmacological strategy for enhancing metabolic health and managing obesity-related complications.Funding: The present article is derived from a Master’s thesis in exercise physiology, approved by the University of Birjand, and has not received funding from any governmental or private institution.Conflicts of interest: The authors of the article declare that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Fatemeh Derakhshani; Azam Zarneshan; Karim Azali Alamdari
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: There is evidence that components of the innate immune system, particularly the complement system, play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) (1, 2). The complement system, a key element of innate immunity (1), consists of blood proteins involved in inflammation and host ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: There is evidence that components of the innate immune system, particularly the complement system, play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) (1, 2). The complement system, a key element of innate immunity (1), consists of blood proteins involved in inflammation and host defense. C3 and C4 are potential diagnostic markers for autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Their activation is central to the complement system and contributes to neurodegeneration in MS (4, 7). Studies have shown that plasma levels of C3 and C4 are elevated in MS patients compared to healthy controls (2). In addition to pharmacological treatments, lifestyle modifications, such as physical activity, can effectively modulate the complement system without adverse effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined physical C3 and C4, the C3/C4 ratio and motor function in women with multiple sclerosis.Materials and Methods: The present study employed a pretest-posttest design involving 30 patients aged 30 to 40 years who were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) according to the McDonald 2010 criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n=15) that participated in an exercise program and a control group (n=15) that went about their normal daily activities. The inclusion criteria required an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of less than five, as determined by a neurological examination by a physician (20). Participants had to be able to move independently and voluntarily consent to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included inflammatory conditions such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular problems (including hypertension), kidney problems, asthma, potential neuropathic pain in the lower extremities, severe cognitive impairment, visual impairment, drug dependence (alcohol or smoking), comorbidities that could interfere with participation, recent MS relapses within the last eight weeks, pregnancy or regular exercise in the last six months (21). Blood samples and motor function assessments were taken 72 hours before and after the training protocol in a fasting state. C3 and C4 levels were measured using the turbidometry method. Motor function was assessed with the timed up and test (TUG) and the balance test (FTSST). The exercises protocol followed the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines for patients with MS (26). The program lasted 12 weeks, with sessions taking place three days a week and lasting approximately one hour each. It included: a) aerobic exercise at 40-60% of maximum heart rate (MHR), b) resistance exercises with a yellow band consisting of three sets of eight to fifteen repetitions, c) balance exercises in standing and dynamic positions, and d) seated stretching exercises with controlled breathing, based on methods from previous studies. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with the significance level of p<0.05.Findings: At baseline, an independent t-test showed that the initial characteristics of weight (experimental group: 65.41±11.70 kg; control group: 58.58±12.68 kg; p=0.72) and MS history (experimental group: 51.75±3.30 years; control group: 21.83±6.30 years; p=0.66) were similar in both groups. After 12 weeks of combined training, the experimental group showed a significant reduction in serum levels of complement C3 compared to the control group (p=0.01). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in complement C4 levels or the C3/C4 ratio (p>0.05). In addition, the experimental group showed significant improvements in motor performance, (fall risk and balance), as well as a significant reduction in walking times compared to the control group (p<0.05) (Table 1).Conclusion: The current evidence on the effects of exercise on complement components C3 and C4 in individuals with MS remains limited and somewhat conflicting. One review found that the C3 and C4 family proteins are the best studied. Complement proteins were found to be transiently activated immediately after acute exercise and remain elevated for up to 72 hours after strength training and ultra-endurance running. Conversely, prolonged exercise and higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with a decrease in C3 family proteins (32). The response of complement proteins depends on the type of exercise. Endurance exercise tends to decrease C3 and increase C4, while anaerobic (fast) exercise reduces C4(12). The observed decrease in C3 following combined training may be due to a reduction in inflammatory mediators that activate the complement cascade. Combined training (strength and endurance training) has been shown to improve motor function and reduce inflammation in women with MS (36). In contrast to acute exercise, exercise reduces inflammatory proteins that activate the complement system, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as cells such as monocytes that secrete these proteins (32). In this study, combined exercises were more effective in improving balance. Conversely, in studies that did not show significant improvements in balance, balance exercises alone were found to be insufficient (30). As for the effects of breathing exercises on the immune system, research in psychoneuroimmunology suggests that these exercises may alter immune markers and promote health by modulating the adrenocorticotropin-cortisol immune pathway (40). Overall, the combination of resistance, aerobic, balance, and breathing exercises appears to enhance both immunological and functional outcomes in individuals with MS. These findings support the recommendation of such multifaceted exercise programs as a beneficial non-pharmacological intervention for this population.Ethical considerations: Before starting the protocol, a consent form was signed by the subjects and an ethics ID number IR.AZARUNIV.REC.1402.014 was obtained.Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.
Horieh Karimi; Mahtab Moazami; Ali Yaghoubi; Sadegh Abbasian
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline (3, 4). The hallmark pathological features of AD include the accumulation of extracellular Amyloid ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline (3, 4). The hallmark pathological features of AD include the accumulation of extracellular Amyloid plaques composed of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles consisting of Tau proteins (5). Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise training, as well as aerobic training, can have beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function of the brain as well as reduces the destructive effects of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and depression (12). One of the mechanisms through which exercise may exert its neuroprotective effects is by reducing Tau protein levels. However, the findings regarding changes in Tau and other related molecular factors in response to exercise remain inconsistent (13). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of diets with and without caloric restriction along with continuous exercise on the expression of selected genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease in aged male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six aged male Wistar rats (26 months old) were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to four independent groups: the control group (n= 9), the continuous exercise group (n= 8), the continuous exercise with caloric restriction group (n=9), and the caloric restriction group (n=7). All rats were housed in standard polycarbonate cages (47 × 27 × 20 cm) provided by Nikan Industry Company (Iran), under controlled laboratory conditions: a 12-hour light/dark cycle, ambient temperature of 22 °C, and 50% relative humidity. The animals were fed a specialized rodent diet (Jovaneh Khorasan Company). Each rat received 10 g of food per 100 g of body weight daily, except for the caloric restriction groups, where the food amount was reduced by 30%. Over time, this restriction was gradually adjusted to approximately a 20% reduction in total caloric intake.The exercise protocol lasted six weeks, with five sessions per week. The duration of the training sessions was 10 minutes in the first week, 15 minutes in the second to fourth weeks, and 40 minutes in the fifth to sixth weeks. To ensure adaptation, all rats underwent a two-week familiarization period at a low treadmill speed (<6 m/min) prior to the start of the main protocol. The exercise regimen included a five-minute warm-up and five-minute cool-down at a moderate intensity (10 m/min) on a treadmill (26).Twenty-four hours after the final training session, brain tissues were harvested. The expression levels of Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and Tau genes in the cerebral cortex were measured using real-time PCR. Additionally, blood samples were collected to determine insulin levels using a commercial kit, and insulin resistance was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR).Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Although there were statistically significant changes reported in Tau gene expression (F=0.83, p=0.48) — note: this appears to be a discrepancy since F and p values are the same as for APP — no significant pairwise differences were observed between the groups, as follows: (p=0.99 between the continuous exercise and continuous-caloric restriction groups; p=0.14: between the continuous exercise and caloric restriction groups; p=0.05: between the continuous exercise and control groups; p=0.21: between the continuous exercise-caloric restriction and caloric restriction groups; p=0.08: between the continuous exercise-caloric restriction and control groups; and finally p=0.98: between the caloric restriction and control groups) (Table 1). In addition, no significant difference was found in insulin resistance between the continuous exercise group and the continuous exercise with caloric restriction group (F=3.67, p=0.90) (Table 1).Conclusion: In summary, six weeks of continuous exercise combined with caloric restriction (initially 30%, then reduced to approximately 20%) did not result in significant changes in Tau gene expression in the brain tissue of aged male rats. Similarly, no significant changes were observed in APP gene expression or insulin levels.These findings suggest that the combined intervention of caloric restriction and exercise may not be sufficient to alter the expression of key genes implicated in Alzheimer’s disease under the conditions tested. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in Alzheimer’s pathology, future studies should explore different intensities and durations of exercise, varying degrees of caloric restriction, and a broader range of genetic markers.Ethical Considerations: The current investigation was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent from all participants and ensuring their confidentiality throughout the research process.Compliance with ethical guideline: This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch (IR.NKUMS.REC.1402.058 IR.IAU.BOJNOURD.REC.1401.006).Funding: This study did not receive any funding from institutions.Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest in the current article.
Saeed Abedinzadeh; Ensieh Zahedi; Hamid Abbasi; Reza Sharifatpour
Abstract
Extended Absract Background and Aim: Children with Down syndrome (DS) demonstrate significant impairments in physical fitness components such as balance, muscle strength, and endurance compared to their healthy peers (4, 10). These deficits are largely attributed to factors such as hypotonia, joint ...
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Extended Absract Background and Aim: Children with Down syndrome (DS) demonstrate significant impairments in physical fitness components such as balance, muscle strength, and endurance compared to their healthy peers (4, 10). These deficits are largely attributed to factors such as hypotonia, joint laxity, and neurological impairments including delayed myelination and reduced neural density (3, 6). These limitations not only impact their ability to perform daily activities but also increase the risk of falls and related injuries (5). Although there is substantial evidence supporting the benefits of exercise interventions for individuals with intellectual disabilities, there is a paucity of research on the effects of rebound exercises-activities performed on mini-trampolines-on children with DS. Rebound exercises are posited to improve postural control, coordination, and muscle function due to their dynamic and engaging characteristics (12, 13). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week rebound exercise program on balance, muscle strength, and endurance in children with DS.Materials and Methods:This semi-experimental, applied study recruited 30 boys with DS, aged 7–12 years, with IQ scores between 50 and 70, from rehabilitation centers in Yazd, Iran. Participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group (n=15 each). Inclusion criteria included the ability to walk independently, absence of cardiovascular or orthopedic disorders, no prior regular physical activity, and parental consent. Exclusion criteria were missing more than three sessions, withdrawal of consent, or discovery of hidden medical conditions. The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Yazd University (IR.YAZD.REC.1403.032).Pre- and post-intervention assessments included static and dynamic balance (Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, 2005) (15), knee flexor and extensor muscle strength (manual muscle testing per Daniels et al., 2007) (16), and lower limb muscular endurance (one-minute squat test). All tests were administered by trained assessors. The experimental group participated in an 8-week rebound exercise protocol, conducted three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each sessions included a warm-up, progressive trampoline-based exercises (e.g., jumping, hopping, high knees), and cool-down, followed guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine and the Brockport Physical Fitness Test for individuals with disabilities (17). The control group maintained their usual daily activities without additional exercise. After the intervention, all measures were repeated.Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA to assess within- and between-group differences, with significance set at p≤0.05. G-Power software (version 3.1.9.7) was used to determine the minimum sample size (power=0.8, α=0.05, effect size=0.4), confirming that 24 participants were sufficient, though 30 were included for robustness (5).Findings: At baseline, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of age, or outcome measures. Following the 8-week intervention, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all primary outcomes compared to control group (Table 1). The results indicated a significant increase in static and dynamic balance, as well as lower limb strength and endurance in the exercise group. In other words, rebound exercises had a positive impact on these variables in children with DS. Static Balance: Participants in the experimental group showed a significant improvement in static balance scores compared to controls (p<0.001). Dynamic Balance: A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the intervention significantly improved dynamic balance, with greater improvements observed over time (F(1,28)=217.456, p<0.001) (Table 1).Hamstring Strength: A similar pattern was observed for hamstring muscle strength. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant increase from pre- to post-intervention in the experimental group (F(1,28)=27.325, p<0.001).Quadriceps Strength: For quadriceps strength, the analysis showed a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-test scores in the experimental group (F(1,28)=21.509, p<0.001). A significant between-group difference was also observed (F(1,28)=7.00, p=0.01). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that an 8-week rebound exercise program significantly enhances static and dynamic balance, lower limb muscle strength (hamstrings and quadriceps), and muscular endurance in children with DS. These improvements may reduce the risk of falls and contribute to greater independence and quality of life. Given the accessibility, safety, and enjoyment associated with trampoline-based activities, therapists and educators are encouraged to incorporate rebound exercises into physical activity programs for children with DS. Future studies might also investigate the benefits of combining rebound training with other therapeutic modalities to maximize outcomes across cognitive and psychosocial domains.Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yazd University (IR.YAZD.REC.1403.032). Informed consent was obtained from all parents or legal guardians.Compliance with Ethical Guideline: All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.Funding: No external funding was received for this study.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Saeed Ilbeigi; Marziyeh Saghebjoo; Behnam Salari; yeganeh feyzi
Abstract
Extended Absract Background and Aim: Physical activity and the use of antioxidant supplements are considered effective strategies for improving the balance between oxidative and antioxidative stress, thereby enhancing physical performance (19). In recent years, several pharmacological and medical ...
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Extended Absract Background and Aim: Physical activity and the use of antioxidant supplements are considered effective strategies for improving the balance between oxidative and antioxidative stress, thereby enhancing physical performance (19). In recent years, several pharmacological and medical studies have identified garlic, as a natural substance, has antioxidant properties (20). Due to these properties, garlic may help counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress caused by various diseases and reduce indicators of cell membrane damage (19).Given the increasing interest in natural and cost-effective sources of antioxidants for promoting health, further research in this area is warranted. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the effects of garlic supplementation on serum glutathione levels and selected markers of cellular damage in inactive individuals following a session of exhaustive exercise.Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on a statistical population comprising male students from Birjand University. All participants were healthy, physically inactive (i.e., had not engaged in regular physical activity for at least one year prior to the study), and non-smokers. A total of 10 volunteers (mean age: 25.6 ± 2.6 years) were recruited through public announcements. The study employed a counterbalanced crossover design, in which all participants received both the garlic supplement and the placebo in separate phases. Each participant attended three laboratory sessions. During the first session, after signing an informed consent form and completing a general health and demographic questionnaire, anthropometric characteristics were measured. These included weight, height, body mass index (BMI) (assessed via a body composition analyzer), and body fat percentage, which was estimated using skinfold measurements at three sites (thigh, triceps, abdomen, all on the right side) and calculated using a standard three-point formula (28).In general, after the first session, in the second and third sessions (test sessions) which were conducted two weeks apart, a blood sample was initially taken from the brachial vein in the sitting position (all initial samplings were performed at 8 AM in the fasting state). Then, the supplement or placebo was consumed once a day by the participants (1000 mg capsule containing garlic powder or flour as placebo) and after two weeks, they performed the Bruce exhausting activity (29, 30). In this study, two blood samples, each of five milliliters, were taken from the brachial vein of the participants in the sitting position in the fasting state, such that one blood sample was taken before taking the supplement; second stage of blood sampling for glutathione immediately after exhaustive exercise and for cell damage markers 24 h after exercise was conducted. Blood samples were analyzed for serum glutathione and markers of cell damage, including creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).Findings: As shown in Table 2, there were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics (age, weight, body fat percentage, and BMI) among the participants (p>0.05), indicating homogeneity of the sample.According to the statistical results in Table 1, garlic supplementation significantly affected the serum glutathione response. Following exhaustive exercise, serum glutathione levels decreased significantly more in the garlic group compared to the placebo group (p=0.001).On the other hand, the statistical results of the data showed that the LDH level both the garlic and placebo groups showed a significant increase post-exercise compared to pre-exercise levels (p=0.001); however, the between-group difference was not statistically significant (p=0.07). Similarly, CK levels also increased significantly after exercise in both groups (p=0.001), but the increase was not significantly different between the garlic and placebo groups (p=0.06). These findings indicate that garlic consumption did not prevent the post-exercise rise in CK levels, suggesting that the increase was primarily due to the exhaustive exercise protocol itself (Table 1).Conclusion: The present study indicates that acute garlic supplementation, likely due to its sulfur-containing compounds, may activate enzymes involved in glutathione synthesis and metabolism, thereby influencing the antioxidant response. Specifically, garlic may enhance glutathione utilization in response to exhaustive exercise, potentially through the activation of glutathione peptide metabolism.Ethical considerations: All ethical principles have been considered in this article. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and its implementation stages. They were also assured of the confidentiality of their information and could leave the study at any time and, if they wish, the results of the study will be made available to them. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants.Compliance with ethical guidelines: The authors of this article adhere to ethical rules and standards at all stages of the research, from design to publication of the article, in order to maintain scientific integrity, prevent fraud, and maintain scientific credibility.Funding: This research has not received any funding from government, public, commercial, or non-profit funding organizations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts
Marzieh Papisad; Abdollhamid Habibi; Saeid Shakerian; Mohammad Rami
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Sarcopenia is a prevalent age-related condition characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. This deterioration leads to significant health consequences, including impaired mobility, loss of independence, increased risk of ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Sarcopenia is a prevalent age-related condition characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. This deterioration leads to significant health consequences, including impaired mobility, loss of independence, increased risk of falls, fractures, and even mortality (3). From a pathophysiological standpoint, sarcopenia is associated with multiple interrelated mechanisms, such as reduced satellite cell activity, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, diminished muscle protein synthesis, and impaired neuromuscular signaling (1, 4). Several key proteins have been identified as crucial molecular indicators in the progression or reversal of sarcopenia. For instance, Paired Box 7 (PAX7) is essential for satellite cell activation and muscle regeneration, and its reduction signals impaired muscle repair associated with aging (5). Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a central regulator of chronic inflammation, contributes to muscle atrophy and exhibits elevated activity in aged muscle tissue (7). Forkhead box O (FOXO3) is another essential factor involved in regulating apoptosis, autophagy, and protein turnover (10, 11). Additionally, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) play a critical role at the neuromuscular junction, facilitating nerve-to-muscle signaling; their reduction compromises muscle contraction and strength (14). While pharmacological interventions have shown limited efficacy in managing sarcopenia, exercise—particularly resistance and endurance training—has emerged as a safe and effective strategy. Resistance training primarily enhances muscular strength, whereas endurance training exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves metabolic function (13, 17). Given these distinct but complementary mechanisms, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of six weeks of resistance versus endurance training on the levels of four key proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of female rats modeled with sarcopenia.Materials and Methods: This experimental laboratory study was conducted on 20 adult female Wistar rats (aged 12 ± 1 weeks, weight 200–250 g). All animals were housed under standard environmental conditions (controlled temperature, humidity, and lighting) with ad libitum access to food and water. The rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups: (1) healthy control, (2) sarcopenic control, (3) sarcopenia + resistance training, and (4) sarcopenia + endurance training. Sarcopenia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days. Resistance training consisted of ladder climbing at an 80° incline with a 110 cm height, while carrying a load equivalent to 60% of body weight attached to the tail. This was performed three times weekly for six weeks. Endurance training involved treadmill running at moderate intensity (60–70% of maximum speed capacity), with gradual increases over the six-week period. At the end of the intervention period, animals were anesthetized using appropriate agents and euthanized. The gastrocnemius muscle of the hind limbs was dissected for protein analysis. Western blotting was used to quantify PAX7, NF-κB, FOXO3, and nAChR protein levels. For statistical analysis, data normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and homogeneity of variances was confirmed using Levene’s test. Group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.05.Findings: Dexamethasone administration effectively induced sarcopenia in the model, as evidenced by significant reductions in body weight and decreased levels of PAX7 and nAChR, alongside marked increases in NF-κB and FOXO3. These alterations reflect activation of inflammatory and catabolic pathways, as well as impaired muscle regenerative capacity. Both resistance and endurance training significantly reversed these changes. PAX7 levels increased in both intervention groups, with endurance training producing a significantly greater enhancement, indicating more effective stimulation of satellite cells and muscle regeneration. NF-κB levels significantly decreased following endurance training, highlighting its potent anti-inflammatory effect. Conversely, FOXO3, which is associated with muscle degradation and cell death, was reduced in both exercise groups, with a greater reduction observed in the resistance training group, suggesting superior efficacy in inhibiting muscle catabolism. nAChR expression improved significantly in both training groups compared to the sarcopenic control, although no significant difference was found between resistance and endurance protocols. Conclusion: Overall, the results demonstrate that both resistance and endurance training confer beneficial effects on sarcopenia-related molecular pathways. Endurance training was more effective in stimulating muscle regeneration and attenuating inflammatory responses, whereas resistance training more strongly inhibited catabolic processes and supported neuromuscular stability. These differential adaptations highlight the potential for targeted exercise prescriptions to address specific pathophysiological aspects of sarcopenia.This study demonstrates that both resistance and endurance training exert significant, beneficial effects on molecular markers associated with sarcopenia. Endurance training enhances muscle regeneration and reduces inflammation through increased PAX7 and decreased NF-κB, whereas resistance training more effectively suppresses muscle degradation via reduction of FOXO3. These distinctions highlight the potential for either modality to be used independently or in combination, depending on therapeutic objectives. The findings underscore the value of targeted physical exercise as a non-pharmacological, cost-effective, and safe strategy for managing sarcopenia. Future studies with larger sample sizes, prolonged intervention periods, and comprehensive molecular analyses are warranted to further clarify the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced muscle adaptations and optimize individualized treatment protocols for sarcopenia.Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles in this research were meticulously adhered to by the researchers.Funding: The authors of this article declare that they have not received any financial support from any organization.Conflicts of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest in relation to this manuscript.
