Somayeh Payekari; Alireza Rahimi; Fariba Aghaei; Foad Feizollahi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an acquired metabolic disorder characterized by the deposition of triglycerides in the liver, caused by factors other than alcohol consumption(1). Currently, the treatment of NAFLD primarily involves physical activity(9) ...
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Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an acquired metabolic disorder characterized by the deposition of triglycerides in the liver, caused by factors other than alcohol consumption(1). Currently, the treatment of NAFLD primarily involves physical activity(9) and dietary supplements to reduce fat mass(16). Mitochondrial abnormalities, such as dysfunction in the electron transport chain and reduced beta-oxidation of fatty acids, contribute to fat accumulation in liver cells, leading to cellular damage and progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)(2). Exercise not only reduces liver inflammation but also enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, improving morphological dynamics and regeneration rates through biogenesis and mitophagy(10). Additionally, insect-based supplements, such as mealworms, have demonstrated strong immunostimulatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties(17). This supplement, rich in protein, has been reported to exhibit anti-obesity effects by activating PGC-1α. Furthermore, it has been shown to effectively reduce weight and fat mass by influencing the expression of genes involved in fat metabolism(18). in this study, the simultaneous effect of mealworm protein supplementation with aerobic exercise on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups including: 1- healthy, 2- patient, 3- patient+ supplement, 4- patient+ exercise, 5- patient+ supplement + exercise. The sick groups developed NAFLD with high fat and cholesterol diet. Interval endurance exercise was performed for eight weeks, including running on a treadmill for 30 minutes, five days a week with gradual overload. mealworm supplement gavage with a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight was performed on the same days as exercise. Tissue sampling of the soleus muscle was performed 48 hours after the last exercise and supplement session. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of ketamine and xylazine, and the soleus muscle tissue was immediately collected. Each tissue sample was placed in a microtube containing liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until gene expression analysis. RNA extraction was performed using the RNX-Plus method, and the quality and quantity of RNA were assessed via spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. The sequences of mRNAs corresponding to the genes PGC-1α, UCP1, Mfn1, and Drp1 were extracted using the NCBI database. Primers were designed using AllellD software and evaluated for specificity using BLAST. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-tests and two-way ANOVA at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.Results: The independent t-test results showed that in the diseased group, the expression of PGC-1α, UCP1, and Mfn1 genes significantly decreased compared to the healthy group, while the expression of Drp1 significantly increased (p = 0.0001). The two-way ANOVA results indicated that aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α (p = 0.0001), UCP1 (p = 0.0001), and Mfn1 (p = 0.0001), while significantly decreasing the expression of Drp1 (p = 0.0001) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. Additionally, statistical findings revealed that tenebrio molitor protein supplementation significantly increased the expression of UCP1 (p = 0.0001), PGC-1α (p = 0.0001), and Mfn1 (p = 0.0001), while significantly decreasing the expression of Drp1 (p = 0.0001) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. However, the two-way ANOVA results showed that the combination of aerobic exercise and menebrio tolitor protein supplementation did not have a significant effect on the expression of UCP1 (p = 0.537), PGC-1α (p = 0.361), or Drp1 (p = 0.881) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. Nevertheless, the simultaneous intervention of aerobic exercise and mealworm protein supplementation significantly increased the expression of Mfn1 (p = 0.0001) in the soleus muscle tissue of rats with NAFLD. Table 1. Results of two-way ANOVA comparing relative gene expression changes in the study groups *Significant effect of aerobic exercise on gene expression. **Significant effect of supplement on gene expression. ***Significant interaction effect (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and mealworm protein supplementation each independently led to a significant increase in the expression of PGC-1α, UCP1, and Mfn1 genes, as well as a significant decrease in the expression of Drp1 in the soleus muscle of rats with NAFLD. It appears that moderate-intensity interval aerobic exercise and mealworm extract supplementation, individually, can positively influence the levels of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fat metabolism, potentially aiding in the treatment of NAFLD. Further studies are recommended to explore the interactive effects of exercise and mealworm supplementation on mitochondrial capacity and fat metabolism, particularly in samples with obesity or type 2 diabetes associated with NAFLD.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, mealworm Larvae, mitochondrial biogenesis, Fatty LiverHical Considerations: All stages of animal care and euthanasia were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (1964).Funding: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch (Code: IR.IAU.K.REC.1403.029).Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest declared.
Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; setareh haghani; Sara Asghari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Beta-aminoisobutyric acid is a myokine that is produced and secreted by skeletal muscles. As a practical solution, exercise plays an important role in increasing beta-aminoisobutyric acid and improving insulin resistance and preventing obesity complications. The aim of the present ...
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Background and Aim: Beta-aminoisobutyric acid is a myokine that is produced and secreted by skeletal muscles. As a practical solution, exercise plays an important role in increasing beta-aminoisobutyric acid and improving insulin resistance and preventing obesity complications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing aerobic exercise on the serum level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, insulin resistance index and body fat percentage in obese young women. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design, 20 young obese and inactive women (mean age 32.2 ± 2.68 years and body mass index 31.1 ± 1.4 years) were randomly divided into control (n = 10) and exercise (n = 10) groups. An incremental aerobic exercise protocol was implemented for eight weeks, three days a week (with an intensity of 55 to 65% of heart rate reserve and a duration of 30 to 55 minutes). Blood samples were taken from the subjects before and after the intervention to measure insulin resistance and beta-aminoisobutyric acid. To analyze data using SPSS software version 26, ANCOVA and dependent t tests were used at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: After eight weeks of intensive aerobic training, beta-aminoisobutyric acid (p=0.001) increased significantly in the training group compared to the control group. Fat percentage (p=0.001) and insulin resistance index (p=0.001) decreased significantly in the training group compared to the control group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that increasing aerobic exercise by increasing beta-aminoisobutyric acid and reducing insulin resistance and body fat percentage is an effective solution in reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity.
Esmaeil Gholinezhad; Asghar Tofighi; Kazem Khodaei; Farhad Behzadi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance. The use of Galega officinalis (goat’s rue) and aerobic training may serve as beneficial strategies for disease management. The present study aimed to investigate ...
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Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance. The use of Galega officinalis (goat’s rue) and aerobic training may serve as beneficial strategies for disease management. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and Galega supplementation on glycemic indices, insulin resistance and sensitivity, and lipid profiles in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Forty women with type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomly assigned to four groups: aerobic exercise, Galega supplement, combined aerobic training and Galega supplement, and control. The exercise group performed 12 weeks of aerobic walking training (3 sessions/week) at 50–70% of heart rate reserve. The supplement group consumed 2 grams of Galega daily as an herbal infusion. The combined group underwent both interventions. Fasting serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile (measured via enzymatic colorimetry), and insulin (assessed by ELISA) were analyzed. Insulin resistance and sensitivity indices were calculated using standard formulas. Intergroup differences were analyzed via two-way mixed ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, while intragroup differences were evaluated using paired t-tests. Results: Significant reductions in insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile parameters, liver enzymes, and HOMA-IR, along with increases in HOMA-β, QUICKI, and McAuley indices, were observed in all three intervention groups compared to the control group (p≤0.05p≤0.05). Furthermore, the combined exercise and Galega group demonstrated greater reductions in insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and HOMA-IR, as well as a higher increase in QUICKI, compared to the exercise-only and supplement-only groups (p≤0.05p≤0.05). Conclusion: Both aerobic exercise and Galega supplementation, either alone or in combination, improved glycemic indices, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance/sensitivity markers in women with type 2 diabetes. However, the combined intervention exhibited superior efficacy in enhancing glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.
Mahdi Ziaee Bashirzad; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; Mohamad Amin Younessi Heravi; Reza Salarinia
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Spinal cord injuries result in the loss of sensation and voluntary movement in the lower limbs (1). Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a neurotrophin receptor, was named after the oncogene that led to its discovery (2). Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Spinal cord injuries result in the loss of sensation and voluntary movement in the lower limbs (1). Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a neurotrophin receptor, was named after the oncogene that led to its discovery (2). Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a group of multifunctional enzymes involved in various metabolic processes that regulate cellular physiology (3).Aerobic exercise has been proposed as a promising noninvasive strategy for maintaining motor and respiratory muscle flexibility following spinal cord injury (4). This study aimed to examine the effects of four weeks of aerobic training, with one or two sessions per day, on motor performance and hippocampal TrkB and PI3K gene expression in rats with spinal cord injury.Materials and Methods: Forty-two male rats (age: 10–12 weeks, weight: 225–275 g) were randomly divided into six equal groups as: healthy control group, healthy control group + first training protocol, healthy control group + second training protocol, spinal cord injury group, spinal cord injury group + first training protocol, and spinal cord injury group + second training protocol. Seven rats were included in each group (5). All groups, except the healthy control group, underwent general anesthesia and spinal cord injury (SCI). Anesthesia was induced via intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (75 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (10 mg/kg body weight).After marking the incision site, a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision was made along the spine. The superficial and deep fascia were dissected, and the muscles adjacent to the T9–T11 vertebrae were retracted. Laminectomy was performed at the T11 vertebra using a dental burr attached to a small drill. The spinal cord was then injured by delivering a 25 mm drop of a 10-gram weight via a hollow cylinder while the vertebrae were stabilized using a stereotaxic device. The muscles and fascia were immediately sutured using absorbable suture (No. 4-0). The healthy groups underwent laminectomy only without spinal cord injury (6).After two weeks of recovery, all rats performed two types of aerobic exercise with one and two training sessions per day for four weeks. After the training period, motor and molecular tests were performed to measure changes in hippocampal TrkB and PI3K receptor gene expression. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare changes between groups at a significance level of p<0.05.Results: The results of TrkB receptor gene expression among the groups show that a significant increase in gene expression was observed in the healthy control + one training session per day group compared to the healthy control group and in the healthy control + two training sessions per day group compared to the control group. However, the increase in gene expression in one training session per day compared to the two training sessions per day group was not significantly different. TrkB gene expression in the spinal cord injury model was significantly reduced compared to the control group. This decrease in expression was observed in both spinal cord injury + one and two training sessions per day groups compared to the control group. In addition, TrkB gene expression showed a significant increase in the spinal cord injury + one and two training sessions per day groups compared to the spinal cord injury group. On the other hand, significant changes in gene expression were observed between the spinal cord injury + one training session per day group and the spinal cord injury + two training sessions per day group. PI3K receptor gene expression in the healthy control group was significantly increased compared to the spinal cord injury groups. This was while the changes in the healthy control group showed a significant decrease compared to the healthy control + one and two training sessions per day groups. A significant decrease was observed between the spinal cord injury group and the spinal cord injury + one training session per day group and spinal cord injury + two training sessions per day group. There was no significant difference in gene expression between the spinal cord injury + one training session per day group and spinal cord injury + two training sessions per day group. Similarly, no difference was observed between the healthy control group + one training session per day group and the healthy control + two training sessions per day group. Conclusion: Exercise protocols, particularly those performed twice daily, not only enhance motor function in animals with spinal cord injury but also positively influence TrkB and PI3K receptor gene expression. These effects may contribute to axonal growth and neuronal survival, playing a crucial role in spinal cord injury recovery.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Spinal cord injury.Ethical ConsiderationsThis study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences with the ethics code IR.NKUMS.REC.1402.058.Compliance with ethical guidelineEthical guidelines for working with laboratory animals were strictly followed, including provisions for adequate food, water, and appropriate housing conditions. Ethical considerations were also observed in the humane euthanasia of the mice.FundingThis research is based on a doctoral thesis from Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, and was conducted without any financial support.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
Zahra Yavarpanah; Ali Hasani; Masumeh Ghorbani
Abstract
Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Type ॥ diabetes is characterized by several pathophysiological components, including insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, obesity, increased glucagon secretion, and dyslipidemia (2). Multiple complications of diabetes, especially peripheral and central ...
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Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: Type ॥ diabetes is characterized by several pathophysiological components, including insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, obesity, increased glucagon secretion, and dyslipidemia (2). Multiple complications of diabetes, especially peripheral and central arterial stiffness, are concerning for diabetic patients (4). Various methods are used to measure arterial stiffness the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a new metric that estimates the stiffness of the entire artery from the aortic origin to the ankle and is able to indicate the risk of atherosclerosis (9). Research has shown that CAVI increases linearly with aging in healthy individuals, and this index has been reported to be higher in diabetic patients compared to healthy counterparts (11). The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is another index used to assess peripheral arterial stiffness. C-reactive protein (CRP), as an inflammatory marker, can directly affect the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This protein is recognized as the most sensitive and strongest inflammatory indicator and predictor of cardiovascular disease in diabetics. Since the use of supplements and exercise training to improve arterial stiffness, eliminate metabolic disorders, and treat diabetes has become widespread, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and synbiotic supplementation on arterial stiffness and CRP levels in postmenopausal women with type ॥ diabetes.Materials and Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental, single-blind study with a pre-test and post-test design. In this semi-experimental study, 39 women with type ॥ diabetes were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic exercise + placebo, aerobic exercise + synbiotic supplement, and synbiotic supplement. The exercise program was performed with an intensity of 40 to 70 heart rate reserve, progressively increasing over 12 weeks (23). The subjects in the supplement group consumed one capsule of the synbiotic Bacant (1×109 CFU) one hour after lunch (22). The research indicators including CAVI, ABI, CRP, fasting blood sugar, plasma insulin level, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage were measured 48 hours before and after the intervention. For anthropometric measurements and body composition (weight, BMI, body fat percentage), the In Body 230 body composition measuring device made in Korea was used. The height of the subjects was measured in centimeters using a height gauge. Blood samples for measuring CRP, fasting blood sugar, and plasma insulin levels were collected after at least 10 hours of fasting. A five cc blood sample was drawn from the brachial vein while the subjects were seated, by a laboratory expert. Then, the samples were placed at room temperature for 20 minutes allow clotting. Subsequently, the tubes containing the samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 3000 rpm, and the separated serum was stored in a separate microtube at a temperature of -80 degrees celsius. CRP levels were measured using an ELISA method with a special kit from Monobind company, made in China, with a sensitivity of 0.2 μg/ml. Plasma insulin levels were measured by sandwich ELISA using an ELISA reader manufactured in the United States. Blood sugar levels were calculated using an enzymatic-calorimetric method, employing the glucose oxidase enzyme method using a kit from Pars Azmoun company and using a biochemistry autoanalyzer. Additionally, the arterial stiffness test was performed under standard conditions (room temperature 22°C with minimizing stimuli) using the Vasera-VS-2000 system (Fukuda Denshi Company, Japan) between 9 am and 12 AM. A paired t-test was used for intragroup comparison, whileone-way analysis of variance was used to compare changes between-group at a significance level of p<0.05.Findings: After the intervention, ABI significantly increased in both the aerobic exercise + placebo group (p=0.03) and the aerobic exercise + synbiotic supplement group (p=0.02) compared to the pre-test. Additionally, the CAVI showed significant decrease in the aerobic exercise + placebo group (p=0.002) and the aerobic exercise + synbiotic supplement group (p=0.02). CRP levels decreased significantly in all three groups: aerobic exercise + placebo (p=0.001), aerobic exercise + synbiotic supplement (p=0.0001), and the synbiotic supplement group (p=0.002). However, the levels of fasting serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index, body mass index and body fat percentage did not change significantly among the three groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, ABI (p=0.29), CAVI (p=0.30), CRP (p=0.48), and insulin (p=0.73) indices did not differ significantly between the groups.Conclusion: The most important findings of the present study are the lack of significant differences in CRP index between the groups in the between-group comparison, alongside a significant decrease in: aerobic exercise + placebo, aerobic exercise + synbiotic supplement, and synbiotic supplement groups in the within-group comparison. According to the results of this study, 12 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with synbiotic supplement consumption can improve arterial stiffness indices such as ABI and CAVI, as well as the inflammatory index CRP. Given these findings, it is recommended that patients with type ॥ diabetes engage in aerobic exercise combined with synbiotic supplement consumption. Considering the known effects of these two interventions separately, their simultaneous effectiveness on the inflammatory status of patients with type ॥ diabetes can be important from a therapeutic and medical perspective, highlighting the need for further future research in these fields. Additionally, it appears that aerobic exercise and synbiotic consumption may effectively improve arterial stiffness and CRP indices in postmenopausal women with type ॥ diabetes.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Synbiotic supplement, Type ॥ diabetes, Arterial stiffness and C-reactive protein.Ethical ConsiderationsAll ethical principles in this research were meticulously adhered to by the researchers .Compliance with ethical guidelineTo conduct the research, the consent form was completed by the participants after they were fully informed about the research process, including its risks and benefits.FundingThe authors of this article declare that they have not received any financial support from any organization.Conflicts of interestThe authors report no conflicts of interest in relation to this manuscript.
Exir Vizvari; Omid Gharavi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Considering the role of physical activity on some factors affecting metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on serum levels of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in men ...
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Background and Aim: Considering the role of physical activity on some factors affecting metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on serum levels of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in men with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test to post-test design, 24 men with metabolic syndrome, the age range of 40-50 years with a BMI=32.90±2.22 kg/m2 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and they were randomly divided into control and exercise groups. The training intervention included six weeks of moderate aerobic exercises (60-65% HRmax) and three times per week. Serum levels of adiponectin and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and Fasting glucose, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein were measured by enzymatic calorimetric method. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS24 software using repeated measures ANOVA at significant level were set at p≤0.05. Results: Six weeks of moderate aerobic exercise in men with metabolic syndrome caused a significant increase in serum levels of adiponectin (p=0.008) and the adiponectin/TNF-α ratio (p=0.003) as well as a significant decrease in TNF-α (p=0.01) also were observed. Moreover, serum levels of metabolic parameters including fasting glucose (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.003), high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (p=0.03) and BMI (p=0.04) showed a significant improvement at post test. The highest change in the adiponectin/TNF-α and the lowest change in high-density lipoprotein cholestrol were observed. Conclusion: It seems that moderate aerobic exercise by adjusting the parameters related to the metabolic syndrome disease and also reducing inflammation, can improve the symptoms of this disease.
Mojtaba Hokmabadi; Ali Younesian; Seyed Javad Ziaolhagh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Childhood obesity has worldwide increasing and has numerous effects on other body tissues, including the thyroid. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise with garlic and stevia supplementation on hormonal and histological changes in thyroid tissue ...
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Background and Aim: Childhood obesity has worldwide increasing and has numerous effects on other body tissues, including the thyroid. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise with garlic and stevia supplementation on hormonal and histological changes in thyroid tissue in obese rats fed with high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: Thirty five Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups of healthy control: obesity induction, obesity induction+garlic, obesity induction+stevia, obesity induction+aerobic exercise, obesity induction+garlic+aerobic exercise, and obesity induction+stevia+aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercises including 40 minutes training were performed eight to 15 m/min and five days per week, for eight weeks. Garlic and stevia extracts with a concentration of 250 mg/kg were added to the daily water intake. For structural studies the thyroid tissue and five cc of blood was transportd to the lab. for measuring the serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). . For statistical analysis the one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were used at the significant level of p<0.05. Results: Twelve weeks of high-fat diet in rats did not change the serum levels of TSH and T3 compared to the healthy control group (p<0.05). On the other hand, serum T4 levels of obese rats significantly increased compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Histological analysis, on the other hand, showed that obesity causes moderate to severe structural changes in thyroid tissue; but garlic supplementation, stevia and aerobic exercise, and a combination of garlic-stevia extract and aerobic exercise slightly reduce the effects of obesity. Conclusion: Induction of high-fat diet causes significant structural changes in the follicular, par follicular and colloidal sections of male Wistar rats; but the combination of aerobic exercise and garlic and stevia supplementation is mildly helpful in improving these side effects.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Stevia, Garlic, Obesity, Thyroid hormones.
Adel Donyaei; Fatemeh Sadat Taghiabadi; Farhad Gholami
Abstract
Background and Aim: The improper nutrition and increased sedentary behaviors increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular illness, hypertension, arterial stiffness, and diabetes. While physical activity as an intervention can be important in modulate these conditions. The aim of this ...
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Background and Aim: The improper nutrition and increased sedentary behaviors increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular illness, hypertension, arterial stiffness, and diabetes. While physical activity as an intervention can be important in modulate these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise before glucose ingestion on subsequent cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in active and inactive women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with two groups, 27 women were selected, including 15 members of the Shahrood women’s futsal team as an active group and 12 non-physical education students of the Shahrood university of technology as an inactive group with an age range of 18 to 35 years. Two groups participated in a cross-sectional students for separate 3 days (running with 25, 65, and 85% of the maximal reserve heart rate). At each session, CAVI was measured first using a vascular screening device. In the next step, running on a treadmill (with one of the three selected intensities) was performed and after 15 minutes, 75 g of glucose was ingested. Further 15 and 45 minutes after glucose Ingestion, the second and third stages, CAVI was measured. To analyze the data repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests at the significant level of p<0.05 were applied. Results: Although at the beginning of all three sessions, the CAVI of the inactive group was higher; glucose ingestion after exercise with two intensities of 25% (p=0.005) and 65% (p=0.01) caused a significant change in CAVI in the active group compared to the inactive group; this means that the reduction in CAVI following these two activities and glucose ingestion occurred in the active group. Conclusion: It seems that the response pattern of active and inactive women, especially at low intensities of exercise to glucose Ingestion after exercise could be different.
Somayeh Ramezani; Maghsoud Peeri; Mohammad Ali Azarbaijani; Firoozeh Dehghan
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise is a strong physiological stimulus that can affect the lung apoptosis by in fluencing a number of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, directly or indirectly. This study was designed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training alongside vitamin D ...
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Background and Aim: Exercise is a strong physiological stimulus that can affect the lung apoptosis by in fluencing a number of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, directly or indirectly. This study was designed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training alongside vitamin D supplementation on the expression of apoptosis genes BCL2, BAX, Caspase3 and BCL2/BAX ratio on lung cell apoptosis in male rats exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Materials and Methods: Fourty eight male rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n=8) including control, hydrogen peroxide (2H), hydrogen peroxide + vitamin D(2HD), hydrogen peroxide + aerobic exercise (2HE), hydrogen peroxide + vitamin D + aerobic exercise (2HDE), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) groups. For the purpose of inducing apoptosis, 2 mmol/kg of H2O2 was injected three times per week one hour prior to the exercise session. The rats were slaughtered 24 hours following the termination of the exercise sessions and the lung tissue was exposed and stored at -75°C. Then, the RT-PCR method was employed to examine the gene expressions of BAX, BCL2, Caspase3 and BCL2/BAX ratios. It is applied one and two- way analysis of variance and Thuky tests for analysis of data at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: BCL2 expression in the 2HE group (p=0.004) and 2HD (p=0.006) increased significantly compared to the control group. While the expression of BAX, BCL2/BAX ratio, Caspase3 in the 2HE and 2HD significantly (p < 0.05) was lower than the control group. On the other hand, 2HDE had a decline effect on BAX gene expression (p=0.03) and BCL2/BAX ratio (p=0.04), but did not show significant effect on expression of BCL2 and Caspase3 gene ( p>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that that one course of regular aerobic exercise in addition to consuming vitamin D might is likely to cause significant alteration on the expression of genes involved in apoptosis caused by H2O2 presence can be used as a complementary therapy along with other treatments for apoptosis in lung tissue.
Iman khakroo Abkenar; Farhad Rahmani-nia; Giovanni Lombardi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The results of the studies showed that the intensity and volume of aerobic exercise activities can make different responses to the immune system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercises on the signaling ...
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Background and Aim: The results of the studies showed that the intensity and volume of aerobic exercise activities can make different responses to the immune system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercises on the signaling pathway of the inflammatory NLRP3 complex or TLR4 and some inflammatory cytokines in young men. Materials and Methods: A randomized sampling method was used in which 60 subjects were selected based on their research. They were randomly divided into two groups (40 subjects) with a mean age of 24.4 ± 0.4 years and a BMI of 23.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2 and in the control group (20 persons) with a mean age of 22.8 ± 0.55 years and BMI of 23.0 ± 4.91 kg/m2. The training protocol for the moderate group performed up to 50 - 70 and for the high group up to 70 – 90 percent of maximum heart rate respectively. Using real time-PCR method, the expression of NLRP3, TLR4 genes and using the Elisa method IL-1β and IL-18 were measured. Also repeated measure ANOVA and the LSD post hoc- test were used to analyzing data at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: The results showed that acute aerobic exercise with moderate intensity had no significant effect on the expression of NLRP3 (p=0.20), TLR4 (p=0.80) genes and serum levels of IL-1β (p=0.15) and IL-18 (p=0.25) cytokines. While acute exercise with severity initiation of the activity of the inflammatory complex, with a significant increase in serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and, and expression of NLRP3 and TLR4 genes (p=0.01). Also moderate chronic aerobic exercise also significantly reduced the expression of NLRP3, TLR4 genes and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 cytokines (p=0.001). In the case of high chronic training, significant increases in expression of genes NLRP3, TLR4 and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 cytokines were observed (p=0.0001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that endurance chronic aerobic activity with moderate intensity is effective in decreasing the expression of the inflammasome and inflammation while acute aerobic activity with some intensities had no effect.
Azimeh Mohayyer Giglou; Babak Nakhostin Roohi; Lotfali Bolboli
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cardiac biomarkers can be considered as an indicatorto diagnose heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aerobic exercise with two different intensities on changes in myocardial injury indices including troponin ...
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Background and Aim: Cardiac biomarkers can be considered as an indicatorto diagnose heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aerobic exercise with two different intensities on changes in myocardial injury indices including troponin I (CTnI) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in non-athletic middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: Sixteen non-athletic and healthy middle-aged men (mean age 41.72 ± 6.71 years old, height 176.96 ± 5.77 cm and weight 74.77 ± 8.17 kg) were randomly selected forthisstudy in crossover design with 14 day wash out. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups (Moderate intensity group (MI): 8n and High intensity group (HI): 8n). Further, MI group and group HI, ran over a treadmill for thirty minutes with 60% VO2max and 75% VO2max respectively. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 4 hours after exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and independent t-test with significance level was set as pResults: The results indicated that CK-MB significantly increased immediately and four hours after exercise as compared tobaseline in both groups of MI (p<0.001) and HI (p<0.001). However, the increase in cTnI level was significant only after 4 hours after exercise in both groups (p<0.001). In addition, the magnitude of increase in CK-MB (p=0.003) and CTnI (p=0.001) was significantly higher in the HI group than in the MI group, 4 hours after the exercise. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, both moderate and high severity exercises increased the cardiac injury biomarkers, but it seems that high intensity exercise could reults in more damage tomyocardialtissue.
Samaneh Ebrahimpour; Khadijeh Irandoust
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ghrelin is a hormone that has the main role in energy regulation and obesity, so it would beimportant to have strategies for monitoring this substrate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect ofomega 3 supplement and aerobic exercises on plasma levels of ghrelin and ...
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Background and Aim: Ghrelin is a hormone that has the main role in energy regulation and obesity, so it would beimportant to have strategies for monitoring this substrate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect ofomega 3 supplement and aerobic exercises on plasma levels of ghrelin and appetite in obese women. Materials andMethods: Among all healthy Lahijan women, 60 non-athlete obese healthy subjects (35-45 yr.) were chosen voluntarily and randomly divided into four groups (aerobic, supplement +aerobic, supplement, control). Training + supplements group and training group were exerted 12-week aerobic program. As well as training + supplements and supplements groups also consumed omega-3 daily 2 capsules. The exercise groups jogged 4 d/wk. at 55% to 65% of maximal reserve heart rate. Plasma ghrelin, appetite, and anthropometrical characteristics were assessed 48 hours following and prior to training and at the end of luteal phase. Dependent t-test and One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. Results: the results indicated that ghrelin and appetite increased significantly in aerobic and supplement+aerobic groups (p=0.0001), while didn’t change in supplement and control groups. Conclusion: it was concluded that omega-3 supplement has no significant effect on ghrelin and appetite levels whereas aerobic exercise may increase ghrelin and appetite in obese women. This result probably proves this hypothesis that aerobic exercises lead to increased levels of ghrelin and increased calorie intake due to elevated energy expenditure.
Masoud Jamshidi Hossein Abadi; Ali Jamshidi Hossein Abadi; Naser Behpoor
Abstract
Background and Aim: During the last decades, the importance of amino acid supplementation has been recommended to improve exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on growth hormone, lactate and glucose responses to aerobic activity ...
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Background and Aim: During the last decades, the importance of amino acid supplementation has been recommended to improve exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on growth hormone, lactate and glucose responses to aerobic activity in boy students. Materials and Methods: Participants were included 10 athlete students with age: 18-16 years old. This research was a randomly semi-experimental double-blind study which established in a basic and two supplementation (0.1 gr per kg/body weight) and placebo (Starch) situations. The subjects participated in three phases of aerobic activity (running at intensity of 15th Borg scale equal to 80-70percent of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes. The first phase was done before receiving of supplementation and placebo and the second and third phases were done after receiving three days supplementation and placebo. Blood samples were collected during the first phase before and after aerobic test, but in the second and third phases after receiving three days supplementation and placebo immediately after aerobic running. For extraction of results the ANOVA with repeated measures and paired t-test were applied and the significant level set as p<0.05. Results: The result showed the significant increase in growth hormone after consuming supplementation with exercise (p=0.0001), but no significant change was observed for blood glucose (p=0.11) and blood lactate (p=0.09). Conclusion: Consumption (0.1 gr/kg) of Arginine supplementation indicated significant effect on growth hormone response to aerobic exercise.; but it was not true for both lactate and glucose serum. Therefore, it can be suggested the higher doses and longer periods for consumption of this supplement.
Javad Vakili; Leila Hosseinpour
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although the cardiovascular risk factors are critical in obese women, it is possible to control related problems using by fiseable exercise training and nutrition strerategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise training along ...
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Background and Aim: Although the cardiovascular risk factors are critical in obese women, it is possible to control related problems using by fiseable exercise training and nutrition strerategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise training along with green tea consumption on the some cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. Materials and Methods: 46 healthy obese women voluntarily participated in this study and divided randomly into 4 groups including aerobic training (n=13), green tea (n=11), aerobic training+green tea (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. Aerobic training program included aerobic exercises up to 60 minutes at 55%- 65% maximum reserve heart rate, three sessions per week which lasted for 8 weeks. Green tea group brewed 2.5 g green tea in every meal during 8 weeks. Aerobic training+green tea group performed aerobic exercises along with green tea consumption but the control group received no intervention. The blood samples were collected 48 h before and after 8 weeks of protocol in fasting status. The low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured using standard methods. To determine normal distribution of data, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnovtest; then it is applied the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe tests in significant level of p<0.05. Result: There were significant differences (p=0.0001) in hs-CRP variations between groups so that lesser value observed in the aerobic exercise+green tea group than green tea (p=0.001), aerobic training (p=0.03) and control (p=0.0001) groups. Also, it is observed significant differences in LDL-C variations between groups (p=0.009) so that its value had significant reduction in aerobic exercise+green tea (p=0.01) and aerobic exercise (p=0.03) groups than control group. On the other hand, the HDL-C variations was higher in the green tea group than control group (p=0.007), while there were no significantly differences between other groups. Moreover, although all experimental groups showed significant reduction (p=0.0001) in subcutaneous fat percent than control group; there were no significantly differences (p=0.20) in TG between groups. Conclusion: Perform of aerobic exercise along with green tea consumption will induce more improvement in cardiovascular risk factors of obese women because of its antioxidant anti-inflammatory effects of this supplement.
Mohammad Ebrahim Bahram; Mohammad Javad Pourvaghar; Hosein Mojtahedi; Ahmad Reza Movahadi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many studies show that there is close relationship between health and cardiovascular endurance indices so that regular exercises can improve these indices. The main purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on physiological parameters ...
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Background and Aim: Many studies show that there is close relationship between health and cardiovascular endurance indices so that regular exercises can improve these indices. The main purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on physiological parameters as cardiovascular endurance and body composition of high school boy students aged 15 to 18 in Kashan during 2012-2011. Materials and Methods: This stud considered as a quasi-empirical research including high school student boys in Kashan. Thirty students out of 120 were selected randomly and further divided into two equal groups including the experimental group (mean age 1.30±17.46 yr., weight 9.91±56.73 kg, height 4.92±168.73 cm, BMI 3.42±19.88 kg/m2) and the control group (mean age 1.18±17.53 yr., weight 11.96±60.06 kg, height 7.84±169.66 cm, BMI 3.51±20.79 kg/m2) respectively. Variables including maximum oxygen consumption, resting heart rate and body composition were measured. The exercise program included eight-weeks of aerobic exercise, three times per week, performed at 60 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate. During the protocol, the control group had no sport activity. For statistical analysis, the Kolmogrov-Smirinov normality test along with covariance analysis and Leven tests were used. Results: The result showed that aerobic exercise significantly improved cardiovascular endurance (increased maximum oxygen consumption, p=0.001(, decreased the resting heart rate (p=0.0001(, but had no significant effect on body composition (p=0.86(, body fat percent (p=0.16( and ideal body fat (p=0.31(. No significant difference was observed in the control group (p≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic exercise up to %70-%60 of maximal heart rate improved cardiovascular endurance indices. Moreover, no significant changes in the body fat of the participants were observed and this may be due to normal body composition. More research on fatty people are necessary for better understanding of the issue.
