Mahdi Ziaee Bashirzad; Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi; Mohamad Amin Younessi HERAVI; Reza Salarinia
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training, one and two sessions per day, on motor performance and gene expression of Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) tropomyosin kinase B and phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase ...
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Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training, one and two sessions per day, on motor performance and gene expression of Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) tropomyosin kinase B and phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase receptors in hippocampal rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: This experimental study was conducted on adult and young male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups (control group, healthy group with the first exercise protocol, healthy group with the second exercise protocol, SCI group, SCI group with the first exercise protocol, and SCI group with the second exercise protocol; 7 animals in each group). First, animals have been subjected to general anesthesia and SCI. After two weeks for recovery, two types of aerobic exercise programs were performed. After performing the exercises, Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) test and molecular tests were used to measure the expression of the NT4 gene from the hippocampus of the animals, using the qRT-PCR method. Results: The results showed that four weeks of one- and two-session aerobic exercises caused a significant increase in the gene expression of tropomyosin kinase B receptor and phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase compared to the spinal cord injury group. In addition, these training protocols have also played a role in improving movement in animals with spinal cord injury. Therefore, it can be a factor for axonal growth and neuronal survival in spinal cord injury recovery.Conclusion: The exercise protocols of this study are effective on tropomyosin kinase B and phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase receptors gene expression in addition to improving movement in animals with SCI, and can be a factor for axonal growth and neuronal survival in spinal cord injury recovery.
Exir Vizvari; Omid Gharavi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Considering the role of physical activity on some factors affecting metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on serum levels of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in men ...
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Background and Aim: Considering the role of physical activity on some factors affecting metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on serum levels of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in men with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test to post-test design, 24 men with metabolic syndrome, the age range of 40-50 years with a BMI=32.90±2.22 kg/m2 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and they were randomly divided into control and exercise groups. The training intervention included six weeks of moderate aerobic exercises (60-65% HRmax) and three times per week. Serum levels of adiponectin and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and Fasting glucose, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein were measured by enzymatic calorimetric method. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS24 software using repeated measures ANOVA at significant level were set at p≤0.05. Results: Six weeks of moderate aerobic exercise in men with metabolic syndrome caused a significant increase in serum levels of adiponectin (p=0.008) and the adiponectin/TNF-α ratio (p=0.003) as well as a significant decrease in TNF-α (p=0.01) also were observed. Moreover, serum levels of metabolic parameters including fasting glucose (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.003), high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (p=0.03) and BMI (p=0.04) showed a significant improvement at post test. The highest change in the adiponectin/TNF-α and the lowest change in high-density lipoprotein cholestrol were observed. Conclusion: It seems that moderate aerobic exercise by adjusting the parameters related to the metabolic syndrome disease and also reducing inflammation, can improve the symptoms of this disease.
Mojtaba Hokmabadi; Ali Younesian; Seyed Javad Ziaolhagh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Childhood obesity has worldwide increasing and has numerous effects on other body tissues, including the thyroid. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise with garlic and stevia supplementation on hormonal and histological changes in thyroid tissue ...
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Background and Aim: Childhood obesity has worldwide increasing and has numerous effects on other body tissues, including the thyroid. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise with garlic and stevia supplementation on hormonal and histological changes in thyroid tissue in obese rats fed with high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: Thirty five Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups of healthy control: obesity induction, obesity induction+garlic, obesity induction+stevia, obesity induction+aerobic exercise, obesity induction+garlic+aerobic exercise, and obesity induction+stevia+aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercises including 40 minutes training were performed eight to 15 m/min and five days per week, for eight weeks. Garlic and stevia extracts with a concentration of 250 mg/kg were added to the daily water intake. For structural studies the thyroid tissue and five cc of blood was transportd to the lab. for measuring the serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). . For statistical analysis the one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were used at the significant level of p<0.05. Results: Twelve weeks of high-fat diet in rats did not change the serum levels of TSH and T3 compared to the healthy control group (p<0.05). On the other hand, serum T4 levels of obese rats significantly increased compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Histological analysis, on the other hand, showed that obesity causes moderate to severe structural changes in thyroid tissue; but garlic supplementation, stevia and aerobic exercise, and a combination of garlic-stevia extract and aerobic exercise slightly reduce the effects of obesity. Conclusion: Induction of high-fat diet causes significant structural changes in the follicular, par follicular and colloidal sections of male Wistar rats; but the combination of aerobic exercise and garlic and stevia supplementation is mildly helpful in improving these side effects.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Stevia, Garlic, Obesity, Thyroid hormones.
Adel Donyaei; Fatemeh Sadat Taghiabadi; Farhad Gholami
Abstract
Background and Aim: The improper nutrition and increased sedentary behaviors increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular illness, hypertension, arterial stiffness, and diabetes. While physical activity as an intervention can be important in modulate these conditions. The aim of this ...
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Background and Aim: The improper nutrition and increased sedentary behaviors increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular illness, hypertension, arterial stiffness, and diabetes. While physical activity as an intervention can be important in modulate these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise before glucose ingestion on subsequent cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in active and inactive women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with two groups, 27 women were selected, including 15 members of the Shahrood women’s futsal team as an active group and 12 non-physical education students of the Shahrood university of technology as an inactive group with an age range of 18 to 35 years. Two groups participated in a cross-sectional students for separate 3 days (running with 25, 65, and 85% of the maximal reserve heart rate). At each session, CAVI was measured first using a vascular screening device. In the next step, running on a treadmill (with one of the three selected intensities) was performed and after 15 minutes, 75 g of glucose was ingested. Further 15 and 45 minutes after glucose Ingestion, the second and third stages, CAVI was measured. To analyze the data repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests at the significant level of p<0.05 were applied. Results: Although at the beginning of all three sessions, the CAVI of the inactive group was higher; glucose ingestion after exercise with two intensities of 25% (p=0.005) and 65% (p=0.01) caused a significant change in CAVI in the active group compared to the inactive group; this means that the reduction in CAVI following these two activities and glucose ingestion occurred in the active group. Conclusion: It seems that the response pattern of active and inactive women, especially at low intensities of exercise to glucose Ingestion after exercise could be different.
Somayeh Ramezani; Maghsoud Peeri; Mohammad Ali Azarbaijani; Firoozeh Dehghan
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise is a strong physiological stimulus that can affect the lung apoptosis by in fluencing a number of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, directly or indirectly. This study was designed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training alongside vitamin D ...
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Background and Aim: Exercise is a strong physiological stimulus that can affect the lung apoptosis by in fluencing a number of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, directly or indirectly. This study was designed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training alongside vitamin D supplementation on the expression of apoptosis genes BCL2, BAX, Caspase3 and BCL2/BAX ratio on lung cell apoptosis in male rats exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Materials and Methods: Fourty eight male rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n=8) including control, hydrogen peroxide (2H), hydrogen peroxide + vitamin D(2HD), hydrogen peroxide + aerobic exercise (2HE), hydrogen peroxide + vitamin D + aerobic exercise (2HDE), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) groups. For the purpose of inducing apoptosis, 2 mmol/kg of H2O2 was injected three times per week one hour prior to the exercise session. The rats were slaughtered 24 hours following the termination of the exercise sessions and the lung tissue was exposed and stored at -75°C. Then, the RT-PCR method was employed to examine the gene expressions of BAX, BCL2, Caspase3 and BCL2/BAX ratios. It is applied one and two- way analysis of variance and Thuky tests for analysis of data at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: BCL2 expression in the 2HE group (p=0.004) and 2HD (p=0.006) increased significantly compared to the control group. While the expression of BAX, BCL2/BAX ratio, Caspase3 in the 2HE and 2HD significantly (p < 0.05) was lower than the control group. On the other hand, 2HDE had a decline effect on BAX gene expression (p=0.03) and BCL2/BAX ratio (p=0.04), but did not show significant effect on expression of BCL2 and Caspase3 gene ( p>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that that one course of regular aerobic exercise in addition to consuming vitamin D might is likely to cause significant alteration on the expression of genes involved in apoptosis caused by H2O2 presence can be used as a complementary therapy along with other treatments for apoptosis in lung tissue.
Iman khakroo Abkenar; Farhad Rahmani-nia; Giovanni Lombardi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The results of the studies showed that the intensity and volume of aerobic exercise activities can make different responses to the immune system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercises on the signaling ...
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Background and Aim: The results of the studies showed that the intensity and volume of aerobic exercise activities can make different responses to the immune system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercises on the signaling pathway of the inflammatory NLRP3 complex or TLR4 and some inflammatory cytokines in young men. Materials and Methods: A randomized sampling method was used in which 60 subjects were selected based on their research. They were randomly divided into two groups (40 subjects) with a mean age of 24.4 ± 0.4 years and a BMI of 23.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2 and in the control group (20 persons) with a mean age of 22.8 ± 0.55 years and BMI of 23.0 ± 4.91 kg/m2. The training protocol for the moderate group performed up to 50 - 70 and for the high group up to 70 – 90 percent of maximum heart rate respectively. Using real time-PCR method, the expression of NLRP3, TLR4 genes and using the Elisa method IL-1β and IL-18 were measured. Also repeated measure ANOVA and the LSD post hoc- test were used to analyzing data at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: The results showed that acute aerobic exercise with moderate intensity had no significant effect on the expression of NLRP3 (p=0.20), TLR4 (p=0.80) genes and serum levels of IL-1β (p=0.15) and IL-18 (p=0.25) cytokines. While acute exercise with severity initiation of the activity of the inflammatory complex, with a significant increase in serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and, and expression of NLRP3 and TLR4 genes (p=0.01). Also moderate chronic aerobic exercise also significantly reduced the expression of NLRP3, TLR4 genes and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 cytokines (p=0.001). In the case of high chronic training, significant increases in expression of genes NLRP3, TLR4 and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 cytokines were observed (p=0.0001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that endurance chronic aerobic activity with moderate intensity is effective in decreasing the expression of the inflammasome and inflammation while acute aerobic activity with some intensities had no effect.
Azimeh Mohayyer Giglou; Babak Nakhostin Roohi; Lotfali Bolboli
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cardiac biomarkers can be considered as an indicatorto diagnose heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aerobic exercise with two different intensities on changes in myocardial injury indices including troponin ...
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Background and Aim: Cardiac biomarkers can be considered as an indicatorto diagnose heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aerobic exercise with two different intensities on changes in myocardial injury indices including troponin I (CTnI) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in non-athletic middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: Sixteen non-athletic and healthy middle-aged men (mean age 41.72 ± 6.71 years old, height 176.96 ± 5.77 cm and weight 74.77 ± 8.17 kg) were randomly selected forthisstudy in crossover design with 14 day wash out. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups (Moderate intensity group (MI): 8n and High intensity group (HI): 8n). Further, MI group and group HI, ran over a treadmill for thirty minutes with 60% VO2max and 75% VO2max respectively. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 4 hours after exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and independent t-test with significance level was set as pResults: The results indicated that CK-MB significantly increased immediately and four hours after exercise as compared tobaseline in both groups of MI (p<0.001) and HI (p<0.001). However, the increase in cTnI level was significant only after 4 hours after exercise in both groups (p<0.001). In addition, the magnitude of increase in CK-MB (p=0.003) and CTnI (p=0.001) was significantly higher in the HI group than in the MI group, 4 hours after the exercise. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, both moderate and high severity exercises increased the cardiac injury biomarkers, but it seems that high intensity exercise could reults in more damage tomyocardialtissue.
Samaneh Ebrahimpour; Khadijeh Irandoust
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ghrelin is a hormone that has the main role in energy regulation and obesity, so it would beimportant to have strategies for monitoring this substrate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect ofomega 3 supplement and aerobic exercises on plasma levels of ghrelin and ...
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Background and Aim: Ghrelin is a hormone that has the main role in energy regulation and obesity, so it would beimportant to have strategies for monitoring this substrate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect ofomega 3 supplement and aerobic exercises on plasma levels of ghrelin and appetite in obese women. Materials andMethods: Among all healthy Lahijan women, 60 non-athlete obese healthy subjects (35-45 yr.) were chosen voluntarily and randomly divided into four groups (aerobic, supplement +aerobic, supplement, control). Training + supplements group and training group were exerted 12-week aerobic program. As well as training + supplements and supplements groups also consumed omega-3 daily 2 capsules. The exercise groups jogged 4 d/wk. at 55% to 65% of maximal reserve heart rate. Plasma ghrelin, appetite, and anthropometrical characteristics were assessed 48 hours following and prior to training and at the end of luteal phase. Dependent t-test and One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. Results: the results indicated that ghrelin and appetite increased significantly in aerobic and supplement+aerobic groups (p=0.0001), while didn’t change in supplement and control groups. Conclusion: it was concluded that omega-3 supplement has no significant effect on ghrelin and appetite levels whereas aerobic exercise may increase ghrelin and appetite in obese women. This result probably proves this hypothesis that aerobic exercises lead to increased levels of ghrelin and increased calorie intake due to elevated energy expenditure.
Masoud Jamshidi Hossein Abadi; Ali Jamshidi Hossein Abadi; Naser Behpoor
Abstract
Background and Aim: During the last decades, the importance of amino acid supplementation has been recommended to improve exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on growth hormone, lactate and glucose responses to aerobic activity ...
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Background and Aim: During the last decades, the importance of amino acid supplementation has been recommended to improve exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on growth hormone, lactate and glucose responses to aerobic activity in boy students. Materials and Methods: Participants were included 10 athlete students with age: 18-16 years old. This research was a randomly semi-experimental double-blind study which established in a basic and two supplementation (0.1 gr per kg/body weight) and placebo (Starch) situations. The subjects participated in three phases of aerobic activity (running at intensity of 15th Borg scale equal to 80-70percent of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes. The first phase was done before receiving of supplementation and placebo and the second and third phases were done after receiving three days supplementation and placebo. Blood samples were collected during the first phase before and after aerobic test, but in the second and third phases after receiving three days supplementation and placebo immediately after aerobic running. For extraction of results the ANOVA with repeated measures and paired t-test were applied and the significant level set as p<0.05. Results: The result showed the significant increase in growth hormone after consuming supplementation with exercise (p=0.0001), but no significant change was observed for blood glucose (p=0.11) and blood lactate (p=0.09). Conclusion: Consumption (0.1 gr/kg) of Arginine supplementation indicated significant effect on growth hormone response to aerobic exercise.; but it was not true for both lactate and glucose serum. Therefore, it can be suggested the higher doses and longer periods for consumption of this supplement.
Javad Vakili; Leila Hosseinpour
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although the cardiovascular risk factors are critical in obese women, it is possible to control related problems using by fiseable exercise training and nutrition strerategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise training along ...
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Background and Aim: Although the cardiovascular risk factors are critical in obese women, it is possible to control related problems using by fiseable exercise training and nutrition strerategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise training along with green tea consumption on the some cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. Materials and Methods: 46 healthy obese women voluntarily participated in this study and divided randomly into 4 groups including aerobic training (n=13), green tea (n=11), aerobic training+green tea (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. Aerobic training program included aerobic exercises up to 60 minutes at 55%- 65% maximum reserve heart rate, three sessions per week which lasted for 8 weeks. Green tea group brewed 2.5 g green tea in every meal during 8 weeks. Aerobic training+green tea group performed aerobic exercises along with green tea consumption but the control group received no intervention. The blood samples were collected 48 h before and after 8 weeks of protocol in fasting status. The low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured using standard methods. To determine normal distribution of data, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnovtest; then it is applied the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe tests in significant level of p<0.05. Result: There were significant differences (p=0.0001) in hs-CRP variations between groups so that lesser value observed in the aerobic exercise+green tea group than green tea (p=0.001), aerobic training (p=0.03) and control (p=0.0001) groups. Also, it is observed significant differences in LDL-C variations between groups (p=0.009) so that its value had significant reduction in aerobic exercise+green tea (p=0.01) and aerobic exercise (p=0.03) groups than control group. On the other hand, the HDL-C variations was higher in the green tea group than control group (p=0.007), while there were no significantly differences between other groups. Moreover, although all experimental groups showed significant reduction (p=0.0001) in subcutaneous fat percent than control group; there were no significantly differences (p=0.20) in TG between groups. Conclusion: Perform of aerobic exercise along with green tea consumption will induce more improvement in cardiovascular risk factors of obese women because of its antioxidant anti-inflammatory effects of this supplement.
Mohammad Ebrahim Bahram; Mohammad Javad Pourvaghar; Hosein Mojtahedi; Ahmad Reza Movahadi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many studies show that there is close relationship between health and cardiovascular endurance indices so that regular exercises can improve these indices. The main purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on physiological parameters ...
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Background and Aim: Many studies show that there is close relationship between health and cardiovascular endurance indices so that regular exercises can improve these indices. The main purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on physiological parameters as cardiovascular endurance and body composition of high school boy students aged 15 to 18 in Kashan during 2012-2011. Materials and Methods: This stud considered as a quasi-empirical research including high school student boys in Kashan. Thirty students out of 120 were selected randomly and further divided into two equal groups including the experimental group (mean age 1.30±17.46 yr., weight 9.91±56.73 kg, height 4.92±168.73 cm, BMI 3.42±19.88 kg/m2) and the control group (mean age 1.18±17.53 yr., weight 11.96±60.06 kg, height 7.84±169.66 cm, BMI 3.51±20.79 kg/m2) respectively. Variables including maximum oxygen consumption, resting heart rate and body composition were measured. The exercise program included eight-weeks of aerobic exercise, three times per week, performed at 60 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate. During the protocol, the control group had no sport activity. For statistical analysis, the Kolmogrov-Smirinov normality test along with covariance analysis and Leven tests were used. Results: The result showed that aerobic exercise significantly improved cardiovascular endurance (increased maximum oxygen consumption, p=0.001(, decreased the resting heart rate (p=0.0001(, but had no significant effect on body composition (p=0.86(, body fat percent (p=0.16( and ideal body fat (p=0.31(. No significant difference was observed in the control group (p≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic exercise up to %70-%60 of maximal heart rate improved cardiovascular endurance indices. Moreover, no significant changes in the body fat of the participants were observed and this may be due to normal body composition. More research on fatty people are necessary for better understanding of the issue.
