Hamide Nakhayi; Mehdi Mogharnasi; Mohammad Esmaeil Afzalpour; Mohammadali Sardar
Abstract
Background and Aim: NAFLD disease is strongly associated with insulin resistance in the liver and surrounding tissues, such as skeletal muscles and fat tissue, and regular physical exercise can be effective on human health and disease prevention and even treatment. The aim of the present study was to ...
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Background and Aim: NAFLD disease is strongly associated with insulin resistance in the liver and surrounding tissues, such as skeletal muscles and fat tissue, and regular physical exercise can be effective on human health and disease prevention and even treatment. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of intense intermittent exercise and continuous aerobic exercise on the serum levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and fetoin A and insulin sensitivity in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver caused by a high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: The research method was experimental. 40 male desert rats aged 6-8 weeks with a weight between 150 and 180 grams were prepared and randomly divided into four groups (10 rats in each group) including intense intermittent exercise (80-95% of consumption). Moderate endurance exercise (50-60% of dietary intake), control (fatty liver disease) and healthy control (standard diet). were divided Sports training for 8 weeks and 5 sessions a week, for any income. For the results, statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey were used at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: Intense intermittent training (P=0.008) and moderate continuous training (P=0.033) decreased the serum level of Fetoin-A, and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Intense intermittent training (P=0.008) and moderate continuous training (P=0.003) increased serum glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Intense intermittent training (P=0.007) and moderate continuous training (P=0.013) increased insulin sensitivity and there was no significant difference between the two training effects (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intense intermittent and continuous aerobic exercises improved fetoin A levels, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor serum levels, and insulin sensitivity; In addition, both types of exercise have the same effect.
Marzieh Papisad; Abdollhamid Habibi; Saeid Shakerian; Mohammad Rami
Abstract
Background & Aim: A disturbance in muscle tissue renewal as the largest tissue in the body has been observed in sarcopenia. So, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance training and continuous training on the gastrocnemius protein content of PAX7, NF-KB, FOXO3, ...
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Background & Aim: A disturbance in muscle tissue renewal as the largest tissue in the body has been observed in sarcopenia. So, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance training and continuous training on the gastrocnemius protein content of PAX7, NF-KB, FOXO3, and nAChRs in the female sarcopenia model rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 adult male rats were divided into four groups: healthy sedentary (HS, n=5), sarcopenia sedentary (SS, n=5), sarcopenia RT (RT, n=5), and sarcopenia CT (CT, n=5). Rats injected with dexamethasone for 10 days as a model of aging and sarcopenia. Six weeks of moderate intensity resistance training and moderate intensity continuous training were performed for the intervention groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc test with a significant level of p≤0.05 was used to analyze data. Results: The protein content of PAX7 and nAChR significantly increased (p=0.001), as well as the protein content of NF-KB and FOXO3 significantly decreased (p=0.001) by resistance training and continuous training compared to the SS group. In addition, there was a significant increase and decrease in the protein content of PAX7 and NF-KB, respectively in the continuous training group compared to the resistance training group, and a significant decrease in FOXO3 protein content in the RT group compared to the continuous training group p≤0.05. Conclusion: Given that the levels of PAX7, NF-KB, FOXO3, and nAChR proteins improved after implementing both types of exercise protocols, it is likely that using both types of exercise protocols as part of a medical control program for sarcopenia patients could be a promising non-pharmacological solution.
Fakhreddin Izadimanesh; Amir Hossein Haghighi; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhk; Majid Asadi- shekaari; Hamid Marefati
Abstract
Background and Aim: Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training on the expression of C/EBPβ and ...
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Background and Aim: Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training on the expression of C/EBPβ and mTOR genes related to autophagy in the frontal cortex of methamphetamine-dependent rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8) of saline, primary methamphetamine, secondary methamphetamine, and methamphetamine-training. Methamphetamine was injected in the amount of five mg/kg for 21 days. The exhausted endurance test and the average maximum speed of the rats were calculated in order to design the training program as it included 24 minutes of running with an intensity of 60-65% of the maximum speed on the treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week). At the end, to evaluate gene expression changes, C/EBPβ-mTOR indices were extracted from the frontal cortex tissue of the rats. The results were extracted using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Methamphetamine injection in the primary and secondary methamphetamine groups indicated a significant increase in C/EBPβ gene expression compared to the saline group (p=0.001 and p=0.005, respectively), but in the group early methamphetamine showed a significant decrease in mTOR gene expression compared to the saline group (p=0.04). Moreover, moderate intensity continuous training in the methamphetamine-exercise group indicated a significant decrease in C/EBPβ gene expression compared to the primary methamphetamine group (p=0.04), but as compared to the primary and secondary methamphetamine groups showed significantly increased mTOR gene expression. Conclusion: Methamphetamine injection could probably increases the expression of C/EBPβ autophagic gene in the frontal cortex of the brain; while continuous exercises with moderate intensity, as a preventive strategy, can moderate and regulate autophagy caused by methamphetamine, through increasing mTOR gene expression in the brain.
Ali-Reza Ghamari; Mehran Ghahramani; Nahid Mohammadi javid
Abstract
Background and Aim: An inactive lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of obesity, increased insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases while nutritional interventions along with the implementation of exercise programs, can be considered as a modify controlling of these impairments. The ...
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Background and Aim: An inactive lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of obesity, increased insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases while nutritional interventions along with the implementation of exercise programs, can be considered as a modify controlling of these impairments. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity interval (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous (MICT) training along with peppermint extract consumption on body composition and serum level of Nesfatin-1 in overweight men. Materials and Methods: Forty eight non-athletes healthy overweight men 25 to 35 years old, body mass index of 25 to 30 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into six groups including: 1) placebo, 2) peppermint, 3) MICT + placebo, 4) HIIT + placebo, 5) MICT + peppermint, and 6) HIIT + peppermint (n=8 in each group). Interventions were performed for six weeks. MICT and HIIT protocols were implemented with an intensity of 60-75% and 90-100% of the maximum heart rate of the reserve, respectively, with repetition of three sessions a week, and the supplement groups also consumed 50 microliters of peppermint essential oil in combination with 500 ml of water. Data were analyzed through SPSS18 using a mixed-design analysis of variance in a six groups and two times at p≤0.05 level. Results: The MICT and HIIT (both) significantly reduced the percentage of body fat in overweight men (p<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the amount of lean body mass and Nesfatin-1 (p>0.05). Conclusion: Six-week of intervention with consumption of peppermint essential oil (with consumed dose) separately and in combination with MICT and HIIT were not enough for improvement of Nesfatin-1 and lean body mass in overweight men.
Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors beta and gamma (PPARβ and PPARγ) are stimulator of genes expression involved in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-oxidant defense, thus gene expression and activity of this substance can be one of beneficial mechanisms in ...
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Background and Aim: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors beta and gamma (PPARβ and PPARγ) are stimulator of genes expression involved in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-oxidant defense, thus gene expression and activity of this substance can be one of beneficial mechanisms in prevention of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and low intensity continuous training (LICT) after high fat diet (HFD) on PPARβ and PPARγ genes expression in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study involved two phases of fattening (13 weeks) and training (12 weeks, 5 sessions per week). After fattening phase, subjects assigned into three groups as: control, HIIT and LICT. Analysis of PPARβ and PPARγ genes expression was done using polymerase chain reaction technique after trainings. Results were obtained using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests in level of P≤0.05. Results: The PPARβ and PPAR γ genes expression were different between control group with HIIT (P=0.008) and LICT (P=0.008) and between HIIT with LICT (P=0.008); so that higher levels of PPARβ and PPAR γ genes expression observed in HIIT group and lower levels were in control group. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that regular HIIT and LICT through elevation of PPARβ and PPARγ genes expression may be effective in reduction of heart attack risk and HIIT are more effective than LICT.
Karim Azali Alamdari
Abstract
Background and Aim: Intracellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) is more precise than other inflammatory indices e.g. C reactive protein (CRP) in predicting the future cardiovascular diseases. However, the roles of different types of exercise training on serum ICAM-1 level and also body inflammatory and ...
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Background and Aim: Intracellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) is more precise than other inflammatory indices e.g. C reactive protein (CRP) in predicting the future cardiovascular diseases. However, the roles of different types of exercise training on serum ICAM-1 level and also body inflammatory and metabolic states are not fully elucidated in patient with metabolic syndrome (Mets). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training on serum ICAM-1, CRP and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: thirty-four male patient with Mets were randomly divided into three groups including high intensity interval training (n=12), moderate-intensity continuous training (n=12) and Control (n=10). The fasting blood sampling and some other variable measurements were measured at baseline and also after (at 9 am) eight weeks of continuous (at 60-70% of RHR) and interval l (at 70-75% of RHR) training protocols (3 running sessions/week). Blood glucose and lipids were measured using ParsAzmoon company enzymatic kits and serum ICAM-1 and CRP levels also detected with Cusabio company ELIZA kits. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and paired samples T tests at 95% Statistical significance level. Results: Both the continuous and interval training protocols decreased blood ICAM-1 (p=0.001, p=0.02), CRP (p=0.001, p=0.02), triglyceride (p=0.001, p=0.001), fasting blood sugar (p=0.001, p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001, p=0.04), overall Mets z score (p=0.001, p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.03, p=0.008) respectively, while HDL was significantly increased (p=0.001, p=0.01). However, with regard to HDL (p=0.005), waist circumference (p=0.001) and Mets Z score (p=0.001), moderate-intensity continuous training showed significantly more effectiveness than high intensity interval training. Conclusion: In spite of the equal effectiveness of both training protocols upon serum ICAM-1 and CRP, continuous training had more pronounced effects on waist circumference, blood HDL and overall severity of Mets which makes this protocol a better candidate to be prescribed for patients with Mets.
Hossein TaheriChadorneshin; Seyed-Hosein Abtahi-Eivary; Hossein Shirvani; Mohammad-Reza Yousefi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while these two factores are affected by exercise and vitamin E. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E succinate supplementation along with continuous and interval exercise ...
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Background and Aim: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while these two factores are affected by exercise and vitamin E. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E succinate supplementation along with continuous and interval exercise trainings on VEGF and H2O2 in rat brain. Material and Methods: Fifty-six Albino Wistar rats (12 years old, 250 to 300 gr) were randomly divided into 7 groups: control (C), vehicle (V), supplements (S), continuous training (CT), continuous training + supplement (CT+S), interval training (IT), interval training + supplementation (IT+S). Rat brain was dissected after 6 weeks of continuous (80% VO2max) and interval exercise training (95 to 100% VO2max) along with vitamin E supplementation (60 mg/kg body weight/day). The content of VEGF and H2O2 were measured using sandwich ELISA and colorimetric assay, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc comparison at pResults: Brain H2O2 (p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively) level and VEGF (p=0.007 and p=0.001, respectively) increased significantly in both of CT and IT groups compare to C group; while the IT resulted in a greater increase in H2O2 and VEGF than those of CT (p=0.02 for both of H2O2 and VEGF). However, vitamin E supplementation had no significant effect on H2O2 (p=0.59, p=0.99 and p=0.51, respectively) and brain VEGF (p=0.99, p=0.99 and p=0.67, respectively) in S, CT + S and IT + S groups. Furthermore, the results showed a positive correlation between BDNF and H2O2 (r=0.73, p=0.001). Conclusion: Performing of exercise training with maximal sprint can result in greater increase in some factors involved in angiogenesis than continuous training; however vitamin E succinate supplementation has not effect on these angiogenic gains.
Asieh Mirzaaghajani; Hasan Alikhani; Zahra Hojjati; Mohammadali Gharaat
Abstract
Background and Aim: Since the use of interval training could be affected on aerobic performance, the effects of twotypes of continuous and high intensity interval training on aerobic performance in elite rowers were discussed in thepresent study. Materials and Methods: Among sixty elite male rowers that ...
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Background and Aim: Since the use of interval training could be affected on aerobic performance, the effects of twotypes of continuous and high intensity interval training on aerobic performance in elite rowers were discussed in thepresent study. Materials and Methods: Among sixty elite male rowers that participated in inter-country rowingchampionship, eighteen rowers (who selected as Iran national team members) divided randomly into two groups(continuous training and high intensity interval training). Rowing ergometer (Concept 2 model) and gas analyzer device was used, moreover simultaneously physiological factors measured (VO2max and VVo2max with gas analayzer, Tmax with chronometer). The training protocol in continuous group was consisted of 10 km rowing for three weeks (10 sessions per week) with 70-75% of maximum heart rate. High intensity interval (HIIT) group was done 8 sessions of continuous training per week plus 2 sessions of HIIT (including 6 sets X 1 minute ergo performance X 100% VVo2max). To analyze data, t-test was used to compare the differences within and between groups and the level of significance was set as prespectively) and VVo2max (p=0.02, p=0.004 respectively) in post-test. Moreover, the Tmax was increased in the HIIT group significantly (p=0.001). The results of independent t-test in VO2max (p= 0.52), VVo2max (p=0.42) and Tmax (p=0.14) did not show any significant differences. Conclusion: These findings showed although both types of training schedules improved VO2max and VVo2max; however improvement rate after HIIT training was no significantly higher. With accounting of only 20 percent of high intensity interval training sessions, a definitive statement about comparing the two types of exercises, further study needs.
