Mahtab Nasseh; Seyedehozra Mirkazemi; Faride Taghipour jahromi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Assessing the physical fitness of students is necessary to improve their mental and physical health. The present research was to design and develop the norm of physical fitness of boy and girl students of the second and first high school of South Khorasan province and its comparison ...
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Background and Aim: Assessing the physical fitness of students is necessary to improve their mental and physical health. The present research was to design and develop the norm of physical fitness of boy and girl students of the second and first high school of South Khorasan province and its comparison with the national norm. Materials and Methods: The current research was of the type of applied studies and based on the strategy, it can be considered as a type of descriptive research that was carried out in the field method. The statistical population of this research was all boy and girl students of high schools of south Khorasan province during the academic year of 2023-2024 (73283 person) that 392 people were selected as statistical sample based on Morgan’s sampling table by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Sit-up, pull-up, sitting and reaching hands, runs of 540 meters tests were applied. After measuring the records in each test, descriptive statistics were used to classify and adjust the data, to determine the central tendency and dispersion indicators, then, the standard norms were compiled using the levels under the natural curve and Z standard scores. Independent t-test was used to compare the average of the measured characteristics at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Girl students 13-17 years old in south Khorasan province showed significantly higher scores in abdominal muscle endurance; shoulder girdle muscle endurance, flexibility and cardio-respiratory endurance than the national norm, but, the boy students had higher scores in shoulder girdle muscle endurance and flexibility than the national norm. Conclusion: In terms of physical fitness, girls had a better condition than the national norm, but in boys, abdominal muscle endurance and cardio-respiratory endurance were weaker than the national norm, which requires proper planning to strengthen these characteristics.
Fahime Darvishi Soltan Abadi; Roya Askari; Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhk; Bahram Sadeghi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise training is important to reduce the physical performance disorders among mentally retarted children. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two combined exercise trainings (trampoline-racquet and rope skipping-racquet) on physical fitness indicators and ...
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Background and Aim: Exercise training is important to reduce the physical performance disorders among mentally retarted children. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two combined exercise trainings (trampoline-racquet and rope skipping-racquet) on physical fitness indicators and movement ability among mentally retarded children. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four mentally retarded male students, aged 8-15 y., with an IQ of 50 to 70 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control (each eight persons). One of the experimental groups performed trampoline-racquet training, and the second group performed rope-racquet training (eight-week, three sessions per week, 60 min in each session). The control group did not participate in the intervention exercise and followed the school’s regular training programs. Before and after the exercise trainings, physical fitness and mobility tests were taken from all subjects. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni’s tests were used for data analysis at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Both exercise trainings improved static balance with eyes closed, dynamic balance, abdominal muscle endurance, lower limb muscle power, and motor ability compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two training programs. Moreover, the static balance index of the left leg with eyes open and explosive power was significantly improved only in the rope skipping-rocket group compared to the trampoline-rocket and also the control group; while there was no significant differences between the indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and hand muscle power between the three groups. Conclusion: Studies suggest that exercise training programs can improve physical fitness and mobility in mentally retarded children.
Saeed Ilbeigi; Mohammad reza Ahmadi; Mohsen Mohammadnia Ahmadi; Hadi Moazzeni
Abstract
Background and Aim: Caffeine is a widely used physiological stimulant worldwide that athletes use to increase strength and delay fatigue, which is currently available in the form of energy drinks and dietary supplements. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue ...
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Background and Aim: Caffeine is a widely used physiological stimulant worldwide that athletes use to increase strength and delay fatigue, which is currently available in the form of energy drinks and dietary supplements. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue and caffeine supplementation on balance and some physical and skill fitness characteristics of young football players in Sarayan city. Materials and Methods: In this way, 24 football players with an age range of 18 to 25 years, at least four to five years of continuous activity were purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. All participants firstly performed the dynamic balance, explosive power (Sargent jump test), agility (Illinois test), and Moore–Christian shooting & passing performance test. Further, the experimental group received caffeine capsules (six mg/kg/day) and the control group received starch capsules (six mg/kg/day). Moreover, the Bangsbo protocol was performed with 42 of two-minute cycles to create simulated fatigue in football players. After the implementation of the fatigue protocol and similar to the pre-test, all the tests were repeated. The results were extracted using independent and dependent t-test at the significant level of p≤0.05. Results: Muscle fatigue significantly decreasing effect on dynamic balance (p=0.001), vertical jump (p=0.001), shooting skill (p=0.001), but no significantly changes were observed on agility (p=0.39) and passing skill (p=0.11), while caffeine had no effect on these changes. Conclusion: Consumption of six mg per kg of body weight caffeine may not have been effective and therefore, it seems that football players can improve their physical fitness characteristics from higher doses of caffeine instead of lower doses to be more effective. Further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion.
Mohmmad Esmaeil Azalpour; Saeed Ilbeigi; Fateme Chedani; Hossien Ghadimi; Mohammad Shariatzadeh Shariatzadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Update and standardized norms is necessary for continuous physical fitness evaluation of population and their health monitoring. The aim of this research was to investigate the state of physical fitness and develop a standard norm for men and women aged 18-60 years in Birjand. Materials ...
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Background and Aim: Update and standardized norms is necessary for continuous physical fitness evaluation of population and their health monitoring. The aim of this research was to investigate the state of physical fitness and develop a standard norm for men and women aged 18-60 years in Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the statistical population consisted of people aged 18-60 years living in Birjand. It was used the Cochran’s sampling scheme and it is applied based of cluster sampling. Four hundred Birjand’s men and women (200 persons per each sex group) in age groups of 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-60 years old selected as statistical sample. It is applied the floor push-ups, sit & reach, sit-ups, the 1-mile Rockport walk and hand grip tests for data collection. Fat percent was determined using Jackson & Pollock formula. We applied standardized scores for providing of physical fitness norm and it was used the independent-t and Mann-Whitney U tests at the siginificant level of p<0.05 for age group and sex comparisons. Results: After providing of physical fitness norm, it is recognized that men in the whole groups were taller in height, bigger in waist circumference, and lower in fat percent than women and differences slope of the waist and body fat indices were rising. Women had a lower VO2max than men in whole groups despite of 50-60 years old. On the other hand, men obtained better grip strength, and shoulder and abdomen endurance than women in whole groups. Besides, measured physical fitness characteristics have shown a decline slope in long life; while fat distribution in Birjand had a rising slope along with age and it showed biggest in 50-60 years old men and women groups. Conclusion: Men have better physical fitness than women and it was observed a sensible falling in physical fitness of participants parallel to their age rising. Based on comparing to the other locations, Birjand’s population were weaker in majority of the physical fitness status and it is necessary to design feasible motor paln for their improvements.
Dariush Sheikholeslami-Vatani; Golaleh Ghaderi Almaneh
Abstract
Background and Aims: Some studies have shown the effectiveness of exercise training on the side effects of MS patinas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training on balance, body fat percentage, muscle strength and endurance in men and women with MS disease. ...
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Background and Aims: Some studies have shown the effectiveness of exercise training on the side effects of MS patinas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training on balance, body fat percentage, muscle strength and endurance in men and women with MS disease. Materials and Methods: 18 MS patients with (mean of age: 29.4±7.9 years, weight: 69.7±14.4 kg) were selected by targeted sampling and then randomly assigned into two groups as experimental (n=10) and control (n=8). The experimental group performed resistance exercise for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, each session for 70 minutes with 50 - 80% of 1RM, while, the control group did not perform any regular exercise during course of the study. The stork test was used to evaluate the static balance. For measuring body fat percentage, muscle strength and muscular endurance, the Yuhasz test, one repetition maximum test and dynamic muscular endurance test were used, respectively. For statistical analysis, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure and Bonferroni post hoc test at level of 0.05 were used. Results: The results showed that after 12 weeks of resistance training, there were significant increase in muscle strength (p=0.0001), balance (p=0.002), muscular endurance (p=0.0001) in experimental group, while, body fat percentage significantly decreased (P=0.02). Moreover, there was also a significant difference between the two for 1RM after post test measurements based on experimental group. Conclusion: The finding of present study indicated that 12 weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training can improve the physical fitness indices of multiple sclerosis patients and provide a suitable prescription for improving the physical fitness of these patients.
Sayd Alireza Hosseini-Kakhk; Shahnaz Nasrabadi; Amir-Hosseine Haghighi; Akram Sharifi-Moghadam
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mentally retarded individuals have poor physical fitness and inappropriate body composition. The purpose of this study was toinvestigate of effect of combined exercise training program on body composition and physical fitness in mentally retarded girls.Material and Methods: twenty ...
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Background and Aim: Mentally retarded individuals have poor physical fitness and inappropriate body composition. The purpose of this study was toinvestigate of effect of combined exercise training program on body composition and physical fitness in mentally retarded girls.Material and Methods: twenty twosubjects from a private rehabilitation center (age: 22-30 years, intelligence quotients= 50-70) were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The training protocol included strength and aerobic training, eight weeks, three sessions per week, and each session 90 minutes. Part of resistance training included training with elastic bands and weight bearing resistance exercise (with respect of overload) and aerobic training included walking, jogging and rhythmic activities. Before and after training protocol body composition, general strength and aerobic power were measured. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent sample t-tests on gain scores, employing the SPSS statistical package program. The test significance level was taken as p<0.05.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in weight (t=0.48, p=0.63), BMI (t=1.35, p=0.19), lean body mass (t= -0.23, p=0.81), fat body mass (t=0.91, p=0.37), and VO2max in Mc Ardle step test (t=1.7, p=0.1) and shuttle run test (t=-1.14, p=0.26) between groups, whereas muscular strength significantly increased (t=-4.56, p=0.001) in training group. Conclusion: Combined resistance and aerobic training can improve muscular strength in mentally retarded girls, whereas probably have no significantly effect on body composition and aerobic power. It suggested that exercise training program consider as a part of daily activities and curriculum in rehabilitation centers, and these training designed with longer duration and more intensity and consideration dietary regimen.
Ali Bakhtiyari; Khosrow Ebrahim; Habib Aghaee; Abolfazl Yousefi
Abstract
Background and Aim: The physical fitness, form and the anatomy of the athletes have a significant role for their succession; therefore the present research aimed to describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profile of the Iranian’s national field hockey players. Materials and Methods: 29 ...
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Background and Aim: The physical fitness, form and the anatomy of the athletes have a significant role for their succession; therefore the present research aimed to describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profile of the Iranian’s national field hockey players. Materials and Methods: 29 players in the Iranian’s national team camp took part in the research voluntarily, with average age of 23.42±3.61 yr., height of 176.8±7.17 cm, weight of 71.62±8.32 kg. This group of players were consisted of four different positions; 4 goalkeepers, 10 defenders, 10 midfielders, and 5 strikers. The anthropometric characteristics including weight,BMI, sitting height, the arms’ length were measured by standard methods. Moreover, the physical fitness factors also were measured by following tests: 36 meters shuttle run, Illinois test, 10 × 20 meter, standing long jump, bending forward, 1600 meters, sit and reach, and Zig Zag jumps test. The statistical analysis was calculated using SPSS v.20 and MS Excel, through which the anthropometric and the physical fitness profile of the players in each position. Results: The BMI of other characteristics of the goalkeepers, defenders,midfielders, and strikers are as follow respectively; 23.11±2.41 kg/m2, 23.11±1.6 kg/m2, 23.21±1.7 kg/m2, 21.71±1 kg/m2; the sitting height 94±4.71 cm, 94.21±5.11 cm, 93.51±4.91 cm, 97.21±3.51 cm; the arms’ length 181.23±6.11 cm, 180.44±8.63 cm, 177.74±8.06 cm, 185.43±7.65 cm; the speed 5.29±0.28 sec, 5.02±0.11 sec, 4.99±0.22 sec, 5.11±0.09 sec; the agility 15.85±0.53 sec, 17.04±0.77 sec, 15.2±0.41 sec, 15.42±0.93 sec; the speed endurance 44.37±0.8 sec, 48.73±1.66 sec, 43.86±0.75 sec, 43.59±0.73 sec; the lower limb power 240.2±15.53 cm, 245.43±14.13 cm, 245.33±16.53 cm, 249.48±9.43 cm; the flexibility 36±5.93 cm, 35.58±5.43 cm, 32.61±7.70 cm, 27.42±10.82 cm; the cardiovascular endurance 392 sec, 357 sec, 342±0.02 sec, 368±0.02 sec; the abdominal muscles endurance 63.76±6.21 no, 61.78±4.35 no, 57.68±4.59 no 56.49±4.84 no; and the lower limb muscles endurance 136.79±10.65 no, 140.32±13.60 no, 142.52±5.50 no, 140.60±10.90 no. Conclusion: The anthropometric characteristics of the Iranian players holding different positions are at favorable level, although they have weaknesses regarding most of the physical fitness parameters.
Dariush Sheikholeslami-Vatani; Naseh Jahani
Abstract
Background and Aim: Being more obese due to reduce in physical activity has made discussing effective ways to increase children’s daily physical activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rope training on physical fitness parameters in 9-12 years old overweight/obese boys. ...
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Background and Aim: Being more obese due to reduce in physical activity has made discussing effective ways to increase children’s daily physical activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rope training on physical fitness parameters in 9-12 years old overweight/obese boys. Materials and Methods: The population of this study wereconsisted of all of the primary schools in sanandaj in 2012-2013. Using cluster sampling, 240 boys students aged 9-12 were selected based on the objectives of the study and among them 30 students were selected and divided into two groups of experimental and control (each group, n=15). The participants were overweight or obese. The training program was held 3 days a week for 8 weeks for the experimental group. The control group did not have any regular activity except the general physical education classes during these 8 weeks. Body composition,cardio-respiratory endurance, shoulder girdle muscle endurance and flexibility were measured as variables of this study. Collected data has been analyzed by Paired t-test and independent t-test statistical methods and significant level was set at p .0.05≥ Results: The resultd showed significant improvement in weight, body fat percent, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.0001), waist to hip ratio (p<0.03), muscle endurance (p<0.001), and flexibility (p<0.002) of the experimental group (but not control group). Moreover, the results indicated that it was between the two groups in favor of the experimental group, there were significant differences in all variables (p<0.05). Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that interval training of roping has a significant effect on overweight or obese 9-12 year-old male students’ physical fitness.
