Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- Mohmmad Esmaeil Azalpour 1
- Saeed Ilbeigi 2
- Fateme Chedani 3
- Hossien Ghadimi 3
- Mohammad Shariatzadeh Shariatzadeh 4
1 Sport Sciences Research Institue, Ministry of Sciences, Research and Technology, Teharan, Iran & Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3 MSc, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
4 Sport Sciences Research Institue, Ministry of Sciences, Research and Technology, Teharan, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Update and standardized norms is necessary for continuous physical fitness evaluation of population and their health monitoring. The aim of this research was to investigate the state of physical fitness and develop a standard norm for men and women aged 18-60 years in Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the statistical population consisted of people aged 18-60 years living in Birjand. It was used the Cochran’s sampling scheme and it is applied based of cluster sampling. Four hundred Birjand’s men and women (200 persons per each sex group) in age groups of 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-60 years old selected as statistical sample. It is applied the floor push-ups, sit & reach, sit-ups, the 1-mile Rockport walk and hand grip tests for data collection. Fat percent was determined using Jackson & Pollock formula. We applied standardized scores for providing of physical fitness norm and it was used the independent-t and Mann-Whitney U tests at the siginificant level of p<0.05 for age group and sex comparisons. Results: After providing of physical fitness norm, it is recognized that men in the whole groups were taller in height, bigger in waist circumference, and lower in fat percent than women and differences slope of the waist and body fat indices were rising. Women had a lower VO2max than men in whole groups despite of 50-60 years old. On the other hand, men obtained better grip strength, and shoulder and abdomen endurance than women in whole groups. Besides, measured physical fitness characteristics have shown a decline slope in long life; while fat distribution in Birjand had a rising slope along with age and it showed biggest in 50-60 years old men and women groups. Conclusion: Men have better physical fitness than women and it was observed a sensible falling in physical fitness of participants parallel to their age rising. Based on comparing to the other locations, Birjand’s population were weaker in majority of the physical fitness status and it is necessary to design feasible motor paln for their improvements.
Keywords
Afzalpour, M. E., & Mirkazemi, S. A. (2002). Physical fitness assessment and preparing norm of student of Birjand University. Olympic Journal, 21, 95-104. [Persian]
Alijani, A. (2008). Exercise science. 1th Edition, Research Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Publication, Tehran. [Persian]
Arazi, H., Hosseini, R., Akhlaghi, S., & Mohammadi, F. (2016). The status of body mass index and physical fitness in staff of relief and rescue organization in Guilan province. Tabari Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(1), 59-67. [Persian]
Askari Bagheabadi, A. (2016). Providing and description of norm’s 15-69 years old women in Kerman city. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Kerman. [Persian]
Azadbakht, L., Mirmiran, P., Mohammadi Nacrabadi, F., & Azizi, F. (2001). A correlation at study on obesity in Tehran’s adults: Tehran Lipid Study. Proceeding of the Second Congress on Prevention of non- Contagions Diseases. Tehran, Iran, 131. [Persian]
Birkenhead, K., Lovell, G., Barr, S. I., & Solomon, C. (2018). Changes in physical activity across the lifetime of current ultra-endurance exercisers. Journal of Physical Activity Research, 3(1), 11-19.
Dawes, J. J., Orr, R. M., Flores, R. R., Lockie, R. G., Kornhauser, C., & Holmes, R. (2017). A physical fitness profile of state highway patrol officers by gender and age. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 29(1), 16.
Dogra, S., Clarke, J. M., & Copeland, J. L. (2017). Prolonged sedentary time and physical fitness among Canadian men and women aged 60 to 69. Health Reports, 28(2), 3.
Gharakhanlou, R., & Rajabi, H. (2003). Basic concepts in the science of exercise and physical fitness (Teaching No. 7). 1th Edition, Publications of the Committee on Disabled Persons. [Persian]
Gharakhanlou, R., Kordi, M. R., Gaeini, A. A., Alizadeh, M. H., & Vaez Mousavi, M. K., (2011). Physical fitness, skill and psychological evaluation. 2th Edition, Hatmi Publication, Tehran. [Persian]
Gholamnia Shirvani, Z., Ghofranipour, F., Gharakhanlou, R., & Yaghmaei, F. (2016). Effectiveness of theory-based multimedia software on exercise behavior and physical activity among women: The women and active life study. Payesh, 1 (5), 549-558. [Persian]
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012). Physical activity series working group. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380(9838), 247-257.
Härkönen, R., Piirtomaa, M., & Alaranta, H. (1993). Grip strength and hand position of the dynamometer in 204 Finnish adults. Journal of Hand Surgery, 18(1), 129-132.
Hasani Noghani, S. (2011). Formulation of exams and physical fitness norm of islamic azad university of Rasht branch. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. [Persian]
Heimer, S., Mišigoj-Durakovic, M., Ružic, L., Matkovic, B., Prskalo, I., Beri, S., & Tonkovic-Lojovic, M. (2004). Fitness level of adult economically active population in the republic of Croatia estimated by EUROFIT system. Collegium Antropologicum, 28(1), 223-233.
Hojati, Z., & Alipour, V. (2014). Relationship between physical activity and health-related anthropometric indices in female university staff. Hormozgan Medical Journal, 18(2), 167-159. [Persian]
Hosseini Kakhak, S. A., Safar, M., & Hamedinia, M. R. (2010). Physical fitness factors related tomale adolescents in Sabzevar. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 18(1), 66-55. [Persian]
Hsu, W. H., Chen, C. L., Kuo, L. T., Fan, C. H., Lee, M. S., & Hsu, R. W. W. (2014). The relationship between health-related fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women from Southern Taiwan. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 1573.
Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition, 40(3), 497-504.
Jafari, H., Shafipour, V. A. G., Rastgarnia, N., & Mohammadpour, R. R. E. (2009). The relation between BMI with exercise test in individuals with cardiac ischemic pains. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 18(68), 64-69. [Persian]
Jalili, M. (2007). Anthropometry and grip power. Scientific Journal of Medical System Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 25(3), 336-330. [Persian]
Kashef, M. M., & Altmann, J. (2011). A cost model for hybrid clouds. In International Workshop on Grid Economics and Business Models Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 46-6.
Kordi, M. R., Fallahi, A., & Sangari, M. (2010). Health-related physical fitness and normative data in healthy women, Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 39(4), 87. [Persian]
Kyröläinen, H., Häkkinen, K., Kautiainen, H., Santtila, M., Pihlainen, K., & Häkkinen, A. (2008). Physical fitness, BMI and sickness absence in male military personnel. Occupational Medicine, 58(4), 251-256.
Lott, Y. (2018). Does flexibility help employees switch off from work? Flexible working-time arrangements and cognitive work-to-home spillover for women and men in Germany. Social Indicators Research, 1-24.
Mak, K. K., Ho, S. Y., Lo, W. S., Thomas, G. N., McManus, A. M., & Daym J. R. (2010). Health-related physical fitness and weight status in Hong Kong adolescents. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 88.
Mansouri, J., Fathei, M., & Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R. (2017). The effect of ageing and overweight on biological movement indexes and cardiovascular risk factors firefighters of Mashhad. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal, 9(3), 70-82. [Persian]
Mehdi Zadeh, F. (2017). Formulation and updating of the norm of physical fitness of 15-65 year old women in different parts of Mazandaran province. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - Sport Physiology, Mazandaran University. [Persian]
Mehrabani, F., & Mehrabani, J. (2016). Evaluation of the level of physical activity, physical fitness, obesity, and musculoskeletal abnormalities in university students. Tabari Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(3), 33-43. [Persian]
Minasian, V., Marandi, M., Mojtahedi, H., & Ghasemi, G. H. (2012). Assessment of physical fitness factors related to health of men aged 50-65 in Isfahan and comparing them with existing norms. Journal of Sport Biological Sciences, 4(14), 111-127. [Persian]
Mirkazemi, S. A., Hemmati-nezhad, M. A., & Ramazani-nezhad, R. (2001). Preparing physical fitness norm in secondary school’s first new system of Birjand and its comparison to available norms. Harkat, 8, 119-126. [Persian]
Moharramzadeh, M., & Mohammadzadeh, H. (2000). Study of physical fitness level of Students’ Urmia university and preparing exam norm. Harkat, 4, 103-117. [Persian]
Negaresh, R., Ranjbar, R., Gharibvand, M. M., Habibi, A., & Mokhtarzade, M. (2017). Effect of 8-week resistance training on hypertrophy, strength, and myostatin concentration in old and young men. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(1), 56-67. [Persian]
Pate, R. R., Wang, C. Y., Dowda, M., Farrell, S. W., O’Neill, J. R. (2006). Cardiorespiratory fitness levels among us youth12 to 19 years of age. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 160(2), 1005-12.
Póvoas, S. C., Castagna, C., Resende, C., Coelho, E. F., Silva, P., Santos, R., ... & Krustrup, P. (2018). Effects of a short-term recreational team handball-based Programme on physical fitness and cardiovascular and metabolic health of 33-55-year-old men: a pilot study. BioMed Research International, 2018, 11.
Rachmi, C. N., Li, M., & Baur, L. A. (2017). Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: Prevalence and risk factors—A literature review. Public Health, 147, 20-29.
Rajabi, H. (2006). The assessment of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in Iranian university students and formulation of related national norms. Journal of the Sport Science Research Center, 3(9), 15-28. [Persian]
Ramsay, S. E., Whincup, P. H., & Wannamethee, S. G. (2006). The relations of body composition and adiposity measures to health and physical disability in elderly men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 459-469.
Rodgers, A., Woodward, A., Swinburn, B., & Dietz, W. H. (2018). Prevalence trends tell us what did not precipitate the US obesity epidemic. The Lancet Public Health, 3(4), e162-e163.
Salem, Z., Sheikh Fathollahi, M., & Sajjadi, A. (2001). An epidemiological study on obesity and central obesity among adults above 30 yerse old in Refsanjan. Proceeding of the Second Congress on Prevention of non- Contagions Diseases, Tehran, Iran, 105. [Persian]
Salianeh, M. A., Rezaei, M. A. (2004). Investigating the physical fitness status of NAJA employees and determining the norm according to the approved categories and age groups. Journal of Police Human Development, 1(4), 23-53. [Persian]
Salmani, D., & Hossein, A. (2000). Assessment of physical fitness and motor performance of rescue forces in Qom province. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. [Persian]
Sperrin, M., Marshall, A. D., Higgins, V., Renehan, A. G., & Buchan, I. E. (2106). Body mass index relates weight to height differently in women and older adults: serial cross-sectional surveys in England (1992–2011). Journal of Public Health, 38(3), 607-613.
Suwa, M., Imoto, T., Kida, A., Yokochi, T., Iwase, M., & Kozawa, K. (2018). Association of body flexibility and carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese middle-aged men: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 8(1), e019370.
Tian, Y., Jiang, C., Wang, M., Cai, R., Zhang, Y., He, Z., & He, Z. (2016). BMI, leisure-time physical activity, and physical fitness in adults in China: results from a series of national surveys, 2000–14. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4(6), 487-497.
Valipour Dehnou, V., & Motamedi, R. (2018). Assessing and comparing of balance and flexibility among elderly men and women in the age group of 60-79 years. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 2018, 13(2), 210-221. [Persian]
Zaker Dolatabadi, S. A., Soltani, M., & Fathi, M. (2016). Comparison of functional factors of active and passive male personnel of north Khorasan police command. North Khorasan Law Enforcement Knowledge, 3(9), 126-115. [Persian]
Ziaie, V., Fallah, J., Rezaei, M., & Bayat, A. (2007). Relationship between body mass index and physical fitness among 513 medical students. Journal of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 65(8), 84-79. [Persian]
Zolaktaf, W. (2008). Organizing the evaluation of physical education lessons (1) publicly by standardizing physical fitness tests and preparing norms. Research Report, University of Isfahan. [Persian]
)