Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 M.Sc. in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
4 M.Sc. in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
Abstract
Background and Aim: Caffeine is a widely used physiological stimulant worldwide that athletes use to increase strength and delay fatigue, which is currently available in the form of energy drinks and dietary supplements. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue and caffeine supplementation on balance and some physical and skill fitness characteristics of young football players in Sarayan city. Materials and Methods: In this way, 24 football players with an age range of 18 to 25 years, at least four to five years of continuous activity were purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. All participants firstly performed the dynamic balance, explosive power (Sargent jump test), agility (Illinois test), and Moore–Christian shooting & passing performance test. Further, the experimental group received caffeine capsules (six mg/kg/day) and the control group received starch capsules (six mg/kg/day). Moreover, the Bangsbo protocol was performed with 42 of two-minute cycles to create simulated fatigue in football players. After the implementation of the fatigue protocol and similar to the pre-test, all the tests were repeated. The results were extracted using independent and dependent t-test at the significant level of p≤0.05. Results: Muscle fatigue significantly decreasing effect on dynamic balance (p=0.001), vertical jump (p=0.001), shooting skill (p=0.001), but no significantly changes were observed on agility (p=0.39) and passing skill (p=0.11), while caffeine had no effect on these changes. Conclusion: Consumption of six mg per kg of body weight caffeine may not have been effective and therefore, it seems that football players can improve their physical fitness characteristics from higher doses of caffeine instead of lower doses to be more effective. Further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion.
Keywords
Assad, A., Aghayari, A., & Salehi, A. (2013). The effect of two plyometric deep jump training methods on the explosive power of male volleyball students in Abhar city. Journal of Physical Education, 1(1), 49-61. [In Persian]
Babakhani, F., Olad Ghobadi, K., & Fattahi, F. (2015). The effect of central muscle fatigue on the balance and endurance of women athletes. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 20(4), 65-72. [In Persian]
Bangsbo, J. (1994). The physiology of soccer-with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 619, 1-155.
Bishop, N.C., Gleeson, M., Nicholas, C.W., & Ali, A. (2002). Influence of carbohydrate supplementation on plasma cytokine and neutrophil degranulation responses to high intensity intermittent exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 12(2), 145-156.
Bressel, E., Yonker, J.C., Kras, J., & Heath, E. (2007). Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 42-46.
DeIuliis, D.T. (2011). World cup or world war? War metaphors in newspaper coverage of the 2010 World Cup.
Enriquez, A., Sklaar, J., Viirre, E., & Chase, B. (2009). Effects of caffeine on postural stability. The International Tinnitus Journal, 15(2), 161-3.
Forati, H., Hojjati, Z., & Rahmani-Nia, F. (2014). The effect of acute caffeine consumption on muscle strength and endurance of amateur male football players. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 2(4), 68-77. [In Persian]
Foskett, A., Ali, A., & Gant, N. (2009). Caffeine enhances cognitive function and skill performance during simulated soccer activity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 19(4), 410.
Gasemi, E., Afzalpour, M.E., & Saghebjoo, M. (2012). The effect of short-term supplementation of green tea on total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation of young women after a session of intense resistance training. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 30(202), 1276-1267. [In Persian]
Gharakhanlou, R., & Afzalpour, M.E. (2002). The identification of current football situation and talent identification norms in football. First symposium on Science and football, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
Haghighi, A.H., Zafaranieh, A., & Hosseini Kakhk, S.A. (2015). The effect of caffeine consumption on some skill indicators and physical fitness of the best table tennis players. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 3(5), 34-44. [In Persian]
Hoffman, J.R., Kang, J., Ratamess, N.A., Jennings, P.F., Mangine, G.T., & Faigenbaum, A.D. (2007). Effect of nutritionally enriched coffee consumption on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(2), 456-459.
Jacobson M. (2009). The Effects of sports drinks containing caffeine and carbohydrate on soccer-specific skill performance during match-induced fatigue. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education. FIFA.
Jordan, J.B., Korgaokar, A., Farley, R.S., Coons, J.M., & Caputo, J.L. (2014). Caffeine supplementation and reactive agility in elite youth soccer players. Pediatric Exercise Science, 26(2), 168-176.
Lorino, A.J., Lloyd, L.K., Crixell, S.H., & Walker, J.L. (2006). The effects of caffeine on athletic agility. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(4), 851-854.
Martinez, N., Campbell, B., Franek, M., Buchanan, L., & Colquhoun, R. (2016). The effect of acute pre-workout supplementation on power and strength performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), 29.
Mehdipour, B.A. (2015). The effect of caffeine consumption on physical, cardiovascular and lactic acid levels in female table tennis athletes. Master Thesis of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran. [In Persian]
Mir Moazi, M., Sadeghi, H., Jafari, M., & Lotfi, L. (2018). The effect of fatigue from an intense training session on the static and dynamic balance of kata kata and elite man committee. Sports Biomechanics, 4(1), 31-42.
Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2005). Fatigue in soccer: a brief review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 593-599.
Nazem, F., Samadian, B. (2009). The effect of caffeine consumption on anaerobic power, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and calcium ion in plasma of young football players during maximal and intermittent ergometric activity. Olympic Quarterly, 17(4), 134-123. [In Persian]
Parnow, A., Gharakhanlou, R., & Shalamzari, S. (2011). Futsal Physiology. 1th Edition. Iran. Tehran. ElM VA Harekat Publisher. [In Persian]
Paton, C.D., Hopkins, W.G., & Vollebregt, L. (2001). Little effect of caffeine ingestion on repeated sprints in team-sport athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), 822-825.
Ranjbar, R., Kurdi, M.R., & Gaeini, A.A. (2009). The effect of caffeine consumption on anaerobic power, fatigue index and blood lactate levels of male student-athletes. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 1(1), 136-123. [In Persian]
Russell, M., Benton, D., & Kingsley, M. (2011). The effects of fatigue on soccer skills performed during a soccer match simulation. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(2), 221-233.
Saati Rasouli, M. (2018). Effects of caffeine benzoate on ST segment and ST interval changes in normal electrocardiograms. Master's Thesis, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. [In Persian]
Sanders, D.J. (2015). The effect of caffeine supplementation on muscular power in recreationally trained college aged males. MSc Thesis, University of Rhode Island.
Silver, M.D. (2001). Use of ergogenic aids by athletes. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic, 9(1), 61-70.
Simoneau, M., Bégin, F., & Teasdale, N. (2006). The effects of moderate fatigue on dynamic balance control and attentional demands. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 3(1), 1.
Smith, M.R., Coutts, A.J., Merlini, M., Deprez, D., Lenoir, M., & Marcora, S.M. (2016). Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific physical and technical performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(2), 267-276.
Stone, K.J., Oliver, J.L. (2009). The effect of 45 minutes of soccer-specific exercise on the performance of soccer skills. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(2), 163-175.
Tan, Z.S., Burns, S.F., Pan, J.W., & Kong, P.W. (2020). Effect of caffeine ingestion on free-throw performance in college basketball players. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 18(2), 62-67.
Tucker, M.A., Hargreaves, J.M., Clarke, J.C., Dale, D.L., & Blackwell, G.J. (2013). The effect of caffeine on maximal oxygen uptake and vertical jump performance in male basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(2), 382-387.
Varzmiar, N., & Behbood, N. (2013). The effect of caffeine consumption on fatigue index and blood pressure in male aerobic and anaerobic athletes. Journal of Research in Sports Life Sciences, 3(10), 57-66.
)