Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 M.A in Sport injury and Corrective Exercises, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Ph.D in Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
4 Professor of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of carrying backpack with different loads on the kinematic parameters during walking in elementary school students. Materials and Methods: Fifteen elementary school students with average age of 9.6±0.61 years were selected through convenient sampling method. Each Subject walked on the treadmill at a speed of 1.1 meters per second for 20 minutes while carrying backpacks under different conditions including 0, 10, 15 and %20 of their body weight. The gait was captured using a digital camera. Kinematic analysis was performed with Dartfish software. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures (P<0.05). Results: Results showed that there was a significant increase in the knee flection in conditions 15% (P=0.02) and 20% (P=0.03), significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion for conditions 15% (P=0.03) and 20 % (P=0.04), and significant increase in step length for condition 20% (P=0.02) with increasing backpack load. Ankle plantar flexion angle for conditions 10% (P=0.01), 15% (P=0.02) and 20% (P=0.03) and step frequency decreased significantly in condition 20% (P=0.03) with increasing backpack load. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems that carrying backpack with weighted 10 to 15 percent of body weight is appropriate for elementary school students.
Keywords
Bauer, D. H., & Freivalds, A. (2009). Backpack load limit recommendation for middle school students based on
physiological and psychophysical measurements. Journal Work, 32(3), 339-350.
Chow, D., & Kwod, M. (2006). The effect of load carriage on the gait of girls adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and normal controls. Engineering & Physics, 39(5), 703-707.
Daneshmandi, H., & Hoseini, H. (2009). National norm of backpack weight in Iranian students. Research in Sport Sciences, 8(4), 13-34.
Demura, T., & Demura, S. (2010). Relationship among Gait Parameters while Walking with Varying Loads. Journal of Physiological Anthropology,, 29(1), 29-34.
Ghamari Hovayda, S., Babakhani, F., Anbariyan, M., & Hajiloo, B. (2016). Effect of carrying backpack with different loads on electromyography activity of selected lower limb muscles during walking in elementary school students. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 23, 148. [Persian]
Hang, Y., & Bruggeman, G. (2010). Changes in gait patterns in 10 - years old boys with increasing loads when
walking on treadmill. Gait & Posture, 18(6), 990-996.
Hazel, M. & Clarkson, M. (2010). Musculoskeletal assessment joint motion and muscle testing (masculoskeletal Assessment). North American: lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hong, Y., Li, J. x., & Fong, d. (2008). Effect of prolonged walking with backpack loads on trunk muscle activity and fatigue in children. Journal of Electromyography and Kinsiology, 18(6), 990-996.
Hoseini, H. (2011). The effect of backpacks with load condition on EMG activity of rectos abdominous and erectero spinal muscles in primery school. Journal Olympic Magazine, 3, 56-59. [Persian]
Hoseini, S. H., Dastmanesh, S., & Daneshmandi, H. (2009). Investigating electromayography changes on trunk muscles of students while carrying scholar bags. Journal of Harakat, 5(21). [Persian]
Lucas-Cuevas, A. G., Perez-Soriano, P., & Bush, M. (2013). Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration
Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking. Journal of Human Kinetics, 24(2), 81-89.
Namazizade, M., Ebrahim, K. h., Sarreshteh, M., & Salehi, H. (2002). Cinematic effects of carrying backpack on walking and adolescents posture. Jornal of Harakat, 5, 23. [Persian]
Nielson, D. (2003). Effectiveness of a school based backpackpack health promotion program: Backpack intelligence. Work, 21(2), 113-123.
Ramprasad, M., Alias, J., & Rghuveer, A. (2010). Effect of backpack weight on postural angles in preadolescent children, Indian pediatrics, 47(7), 575-580.
Shamsoddini, A. R., Hollisaz, M. T., & Hafezi, R. (2010). Backpack weight and musculoskeletal symptoms in school students. Iranian Journal Public Health, 39(4), 120-125.
Singh, T., & Koh, M. (2009). Effects of backpack load position on spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean. Gait & Posture, 29(1), 49-53.
Whittfield, j., Legg, S., & Hedderly, D. (2005). schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms in new zealand secondary schools. Applied Ergonomics, 36(2), 193-198.
Whittfield, J., Legg, S., & Hedderley, D. (2001). The weight and use of school bags in new zealand secondary
schools. Journal of Ergonomics, 44(9), 819-824.
)