Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to assess four weeks of high intensity aerobic interval training on aerobic performance in soccer players. Materials and Methods: 18 soccer players (weight: 67.77±5.7 kg, height: 174.22±5.33 cm, age: 21.88±2.24 years, percent body fat: 12.38±3.29 percent) were experienced in Azadegan competitions randomized and divided into two groups (training: 12 players, control: 6 players). Four weeks of high intensity aerobic interval training was performed three times a week at the end of the soccer training sessions. Training intervention consisted of interval training, comprising four bouts of four minutes work periods dribbling a soccer ball. Working intensity was at 90–95% of each player’s HRmax, with work periods separated by 3 min of jogging at 70% of HRmax. The values obtained before and after the training period were compared using Student’s paired and un-paired t –test and ANOVA Repeated Measure test. Results: The results showed that a 4 week training period caused a little increases in the VO2max and Tmax, but hematocrit and hemoglobin did not changed significantly. However, creatin phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase decreased significantly after training protocol. Conclusion: It is concluded that four weeks of high intensity aerobic interval training significantly affect muscular damage characteristics in soccer players.
Keywords
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28- Mosey, T., 2009. High intensity interval training in youth soccer players – using fitness testing results practically. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 49-51.
29-Mujika, I., Padilla, S., Geyssant, A., Chatard, J., 1997. Hematological responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Archives of Physiology and Biochemjstry, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 379-385.
30- Spodaryk, K., 1993. Haematological and iron-related parameters of male endurance and strength trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 66-70.
31- Szygula, Z., 1990. Erythrocyte system under the influence of physical exercise and training. Sports Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3. pp. 81-197.
32-Wilkinson, J., Martin, D., Adams, A., Liebman, M., 2002. Iron status in cyclists during high-intensity interval training and recovery. International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 544-548.
33- Wolfe, R.R., Jahoor, F., Miyoshi, H.,1988). Evaluation of the isotopic equilibration between lactate and pyruvate. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 254, no. 4, pp. 532–535.
2-Berger, N.J.A., Campbell, I.T., Wilkerson, D.P., Jones, A.M., 2006. Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on VO2 kinetics, VO2 peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 707–714.
3-Bexfield, N. A., Parcell, A. C., Nelson, W. B., Foote, K. M., et al. 2009. Adaptations to high-intensity intermittent exercise in rodents. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 749-754.
4-Bhagat, A., Gupta, S., Saxena, J., Tandon, H. C., Rastogi, D., Bhagat, H. 2006. Effect of antioxidant supplementation and exercise training on serum enzymes after acute exhaustive exercise. Indian Journal of physiology and pharmacology, vol.50, no.2, pp.191.
5- Bickham, D.C., Rossignol, P.F., 2004. Effects of high-intensity interval training on the accumulated oxygen deficit of endurance-trained runners. Journal of Exercise Physiology online, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 40-47.
6-Boyadjiev, N., Taralov, Z., 2000. Red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletes: a comparative analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 200-204.
7-Bravo, D.F., Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., et al. 2008. Sprint vs. interval training in football. International journal of sports medicine, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 668-674.
8-Byrnes, W.C., Clarkson, P.M., White, J.S., Hsieh, S.S., at al., 1985. Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.59, no.3, pp.710-715.
9-Chamari, K., Hachana, Y., Kaouech, F., Jeddi, R., et al. 2005. Endurance training and testing with the ball in young elite soccer players. British journal of sports medicine, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 24-28.
10-Clark, N.A., Edwards, A.M., Morton, R.H., Butterly, R.J. 2008. Season-to-season variations of physiological fitness within a squad of professional male soccer players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, no. 7, pp.157-165.
11-Czuba, M., Waskiewicz, Z., Zajac, A., Poprzecki, S., et al., 2011. The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic capacity and endurance performance in cyclists. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, no. 10, pp.175-183.
12- Denadai, B.S., Ortiz, M.J., Mello, M.T.D., 2004. Physiological indexes associated with aerobic performance in endurance runners: effects of race duration. Rev Bras Med Esporte, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 405-407.
13-Fontana, F.E., 2007. The effects of exercise intensity on decision making performance of experienced and inexperienced soccer players. University of Pittsburgh school of education. Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis.
14- Fowler, W.M., Chowdhury, S.R., Pearson, C.M., Gardner, G., et al., 1962. Changes in serum enzyme levels after exercise in trained and untrained subjects. Journal of applied physiology, vol.17, no.6, pp.943-946.
15-Green, H.J., Sutton, J.R., Coates, G., Ali, M., et al. 1991. Response of red cell and plasma volume to prolonged training in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.70, no.4, pp.1810-1815.
16- Han, S.W., Kim, C.S., 2011. Effects of high concentration oxygen intake on muscle damage and oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, vol. 15, no. 1,pp. 20-27.
17-Hanon, C., Leveque, J.M., Thomas, C., Vivier, L., 2008. Pacing strategy and VO2 kinetics during a 1500-m race. Pacing strategy and VO2 kinetics during a 1500-m race. International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 206–211.
18-Hellsten, Y., Apple, F.S., Sjodin, B., 1996. Effect of sprint cycle training on activities of antioxidant enzymes in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1484-1487.
19-Henderson, G.C., Horning, M.A., Lehman, S.L., Wolfel, E.E., et al., 2004. Pyruvate shuttling during rest and exercise before and after endurance training in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.97, no. 1, pp. 317-325.
20-Hoff, J., Wisloff, U., Engen, L. C, Kemi, O.J., et al., 2002. Soccer Specific Aerobic Endurance Training. Br J Sports Med, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 218–221.
21-Karakoc, Y., Duzova, H., Polat, A., Emre, M. H., et al., 2005. Effects of training period on haemorheological variables in regularly trained footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.39, no.2, pp.1-3.
22-Kim, H.J., Lee, Y.H., Kim, C.K., 2007. Biomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run. European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 443-447.
23-Laursen, P.B., Shing, C.M., Peake, J.M., Coombes, J.S., et al. 2002. Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol.34, no. 11, pp. 1801-1807.
24-Magalhães, J., Rebelo, A., Oliveira, E., Silva, J. R., et al., 2010. Impact of Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test versus soccer match on physiological, biochemical and neuromuscular parameters. European journal of applied physiology, vol.108, no.1, pp.39-48.
25-Magazanik, A., Weinstein, Y., Dlin, R. A., Derin, M., et al., 1988. Iron deficiency caused by 7 weeks of intensive physical exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, vol.57, no.2, pp.198-202.
26-Mchugh, M.P., 2003. Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sport, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 88-97.
27-Mcmillan, K., Helgerud, J., Macdonald, R., Hoff, J., 2005. Physiologcal Adaptations to Soccer Specific Endurance Training In Professional Youth Soccer Players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 273–277.
28- Mosey, T., 2009. High intensity interval training in youth soccer players – using fitness testing results practically. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 49-51.
29-Mujika, I., Padilla, S., Geyssant, A., Chatard, J., 1997. Hematological responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Archives of Physiology and Biochemjstry, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 379-385.
30- Spodaryk, K., 1993. Haematological and iron-related parameters of male endurance and strength trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 66-70.
31- Szygula, Z., 1990. Erythrocyte system under the influence of physical exercise and training. Sports Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3. pp. 81-197.
32-Wilkinson, J., Martin, D., Adams, A., Liebman, M., 2002. Iron status in cyclists during high-intensity interval training and recovery. International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 544-548.
33- Wolfe, R.R., Jahoor, F., Miyoshi, H.,1988). Evaluation of the isotopic equilibration between lactate and pyruvate. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 254, no. 4, pp. 532–535.
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