Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 MSc in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran.
3 PhD of Exercise Physiology, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fetuin-A is a liver-secreted cytokine that has been linked to a number of diseases correlated to obesity and its related metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type II diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of Fetuin-A, insulin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance in young obese women. Materials and Methods: Twenty obese women randomly divided into two groups including experimental (mean age 32.5±4.14 years, and body mass index 33.18±6.12 Kg/m2) and control (mean age 35.45±2.33 years, and body mass index 31.58±1.65 Kg/m2) groups. Subjects in experimental group participated in the eight weeks of HIIT including one minute of running interval up to 90-95 percent of maximal heart rate and 1-3 minutes of rest interval up to 50-60 percent of maximal heart rate, 20 minutes per session, and three sessions per week. Blood factors and body composition indices were assessed before and after training protocol. Statistical analysis was done by the covariance and paired t-test at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: Based on the covariance analysis, the changes in serum levels of Fetuin-A (p=0.04), insulin (p=0.03), weight (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.005), body fat percent (p=0.0001), and waist circumference (p=0.002) were significantly decreased after HIIT compared to control group. Conclusion: It seems that decreased level of Fetuin-A following HIIT do not play a role in improving insulin resistance in young sedentary obese women.
Keywords
Abedi, B., & Ekhvat, A. (2016). The effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic women. Journal of Sport Biological Sciences, 8(3), 411-25.
Akima, H., Takahashi, H., Kuno, S., Masuda, K., Masuda, T., Shimojo, H., … & I. Katsuta, S. (1999). Early phase adaptations of muscle use and strength to isokinetic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(4), 588-594.
Aroner, S. A., St-Jules, D. E., Mukamal, K. J., Katz, R., Shlipak, M. G., Criqui, … & Jensen, M. K. (2016). Fetuin-A, glycemic status, and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 248, 224-9.
Bhattacharya, S., Kundu, R., Dasgupta, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Mechanism of lipid induced insulin resistance: An overview. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 27(1), 12-19.
Blüher, M., Rudich, A., Klöting, N., Golan, R., Henkin, Y., Rubin, Schwarzfuchs, D., … & Shai, I. (2012). Two patterns of adipokine and other biomarker dynamics in a long-term weight loss intervention. Diabetes Care, 35(2), 342-9.
Blumenthal, J. B., Gitterman, A., Ryan, A. S., & Prior, S. J. (2017). Effects of exercise training and weight loss on plasma fetuin-A levels and insulin sensitivity in overweight older men. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2017, 1492581.
Brix, J. M., Stingl, H., Höllerl, F., Schernthaner, G. H., Kopp, H. P., & Schernthaner, G. (2010). Elevated Fetuin-A concentrations in morbid obesity decrease after dramatic weight loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(11), 4877-4881.
Camacho, R. C., Donahue, E. P., James, F. D., Berglund, E. D., & Wasserman, D. H. (2006). Energy state of the liver during short-term and exhaustive exercise in C57BL/6J mice. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and
Metabolism, 290(3), E405-E408.
Choi, K. M., Han, K. A., Ahn, H. J., Lee, S. Y., Hwang, S. Y., Kim, B. H., … & Min, K. W. (2013). The effects of caloric restriction on Fetuin-A and cardiovascular risk factors in rats and humans: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Endocrinology, 79(3), 356-363.
Dabrowska, A. M., Tarach, J. S., Wojtysiak-Duma, B., & Duma, D. (2015). Fetuin-A (AHSG) and its usefulness in clinical practice. Review of the literature. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 159(3), 352-359.
Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharya, S., Biswas, A., Majumdar, S. S., Mukhopadhyay, S., … & Bhattacharya, S. (2010). NF-κB mediates lipid-induced fetuin-A expression in hepatocytes that impairs adipocyte function effecting insulin resistance. Biochemical Journal, 429(3), 451-462.
El Ansari, W., Khalil, K., Crone, D., & Stock, C. (2014). Physical activity and gender differences: correlates of compliance with recommended levels of five forms of physical activity among students at nine universities in Libya. Central European Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 98-105.
Fullerton, M. D., Galic, S., Marcinko, K., Sikkema, S., Pulinilkunnil, T., Chen, Z.-P., … & Steinberg, G. R. (2013). Single phosphorylation sites in Acc1 and Acc2 regulate lipid homeostasis and the insulin-sensitizing effects of metformin. Nature Medicine, 19(12), 1649-54.
Galic, S., Fullerton, M. D., Schertzer, J. D., Sikkema, S., Marcinko, K., Walkley, C. R., … & Steinberg,G. R. (2011). Hematopoietic AMPK β1 reduces mouse adipose tissue macrophage inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(12), 4903-4915.
Gibala, M. J. (2007). High-intensity interval training, a time-efficient strategy for health promotion? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(4), 211-213.
Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., MacDonald, M. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2012). Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. Journal of Physiology, 590(5), 1077-1084.
Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Ludzki, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2013). Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women. Obesity, 21(11), 2249-55.
Grace, F., Herbert, P., Elliott, A. D., Richards, J., Beaumont, A., & Sculthorpe, N. F. (2018). High intensity interval training (HIIT) improves resting blood pressure, metabolic (MET) capacity and heart rate reserve without compromising cardiac function in sedentary aging men. Experimental Gerontology, 109, 75-81.
Hagströmer, M., Oja, P., & Sjöström, M. (2006). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutrition, 9(6), 755-62.
Hennige, A. M., Staiger, H., Wicke, C., Machicao, F., Fritsche, A., Häring, H.-U., & Stefan, N. (2008). Fetuin-A induces cytokine expression and suppresses adiponectin production. PloS One, 3(3), e1765.
Heydari, M., Freund, J., & Boutcher, S. H. (2012). The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. Journal of Obesity, 2012, 1-8.
Ix, J. H., Katz, R., de Boer, I. H., Kestenbaum, B. R., Peralta, C. A., Jenny, N. S., … & Shlipak, M. J. (2012). Fetuin-A is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification in Community-Living Persons: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Clinical Chemistry, 58(5), 887–895.
Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M. L., Ward, A. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12(3),175-81.
Jung, C. H., Kim, B. Y., Kim, C. H., Kang, S. K., Jung, S. H., & Mok, J. O. (2013). Associations of serum fetuin-A levels with insulin resistance and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 10(5), 459-467.
Kang, Y. E., Kim, J. M., Joung, K. H., Lee, J. H., You, B. R., Choi, M. J., … & Kim, H. J. (2016). The Roles of Adipokines, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance in Modest Obesity and Early Metabolic Dysfunction. Plos One, 11(4), e0154003.
Kanter, R., & Caballero, B. (2012). Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Advances in Nutrition, 3(4), 491-498.
Ketteler, M., Bongartz, P., Westenfeld, R., Wildberger, J. E., Mahnken, A. H., Böhm, R., & Floege, J. (2003). Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 361(9360), 827-833.
Kinlen, D., Cody, D., & O’Shea, D. (2018). Complications of obesity. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 111(7), 437-443.
Koh, H.-J., Hirshman, M. F., He, H., Li, Y., Manabe, Y., Balschi, J. A., & Goodyear, L. J. (2007). Adrenaline is a critical mediator of acute exercise-induced AMP-activated protein kinase activation in adipocytes. Biochemical Journal, 403(3), 473-481.
Kraemer, W. J., & Fleck, S. J. (2007). Optimizing strenght training: disigning nonlinear periodization work out/ chapter 7 assessment. 1st ed. Mike Bahrke JPHMT, editor. United State: Human Kinetics.
Lau, D. C., Douketis, J. D., Morrison, K. M., Hramiak, I. M., Sharma, & A. M., Ur, E. (2007). 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176(8), S1-13.
Lee, S., Norheim, F., Gulseth, H. L., Langleite, T. M., Kolnes, K. J., Tangen, D.S., … & Drevon, C. A. (2017). Interaction between plasma fetuin-A and free fatty acids predicts changes in insulin sensitivity in response to long-term exercise. Physiological Reports, 5 (5), e13183.
Malin, S. K., Del Rincon, J. P., Huang, H., & Kirwan, J. P. (2014). Exercise-induced lowering of fetuin-A may increase hepatic insulin sensitivity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 46(11), 2085.
Malin, S. K., Mulya, A., Fealy, C. E., Haus, J. M., Pagadala, M. R., Scelsi, A. R., … & Kirwan, J. P. (2013). Fetuin-A is linked to improved glucose tolerance after short-term exercise training in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(7), 988-994.
Mathews, S. T., Chellam, N., Srinivas, P. R., Cintron, V. J., Leon, M. A., Goustin, A. S., & Grunberger, G. (2000). α2-HSG, a specific inhibitor of insulin receptor autophosphorylation, interacts with the insulin receptor. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 164(1-2), 87-98.
Mathews, S. T., Singh, G. P., Ranalletta, M., Cintron, V. J., Qiang, X., Goustin, A. S., … & Grunberger, G. (2002). Improved insulin sensitivity and resistance to weight gain in mice null for the Ahsg gene. Diabetes, 51(8), 2450-8.
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). Plasma fetuin-a triggers inflammatory changes in macrophages and adipocytes by acting as an adaptor protein between NEFA and TLR-4. Diabetologia, 59(4), 859–60.
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Pal, D., Dasgupta, S., Kundu, R., Maitra, S., Das, G., Mukhopadhyay, S., … & Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid-induced insulin resistance. Nature Medicine, 18(8), 1279-85.
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Reinehr, T., & Roth, C. L. (2008). Fetuin-A and its relation to metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease in obese children before and after weight loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93(11), 4479-4485.
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Blüher, M., Rudich, A., Klöting, N., Golan, R., Henkin, Y., Rubin, Schwarzfuchs, D., … & Shai, I. (2012). Two patterns of adipokine and other biomarker dynamics in a long-term weight loss intervention. Diabetes Care, 35(2), 342-9.
Blumenthal, J. B., Gitterman, A., Ryan, A. S., & Prior, S. J. (2017). Effects of exercise training and weight loss on plasma fetuin-A levels and insulin sensitivity in overweight older men. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2017, 1492581.
Brix, J. M., Stingl, H., Höllerl, F., Schernthaner, G. H., Kopp, H. P., & Schernthaner, G. (2010). Elevated Fetuin-A concentrations in morbid obesity decrease after dramatic weight loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(11), 4877-4881.
Camacho, R. C., Donahue, E. P., James, F. D., Berglund, E. D., & Wasserman, D. H. (2006). Energy state of the liver during short-term and exhaustive exercise in C57BL/6J mice. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and
Metabolism, 290(3), E405-E408.
Choi, K. M., Han, K. A., Ahn, H. J., Lee, S. Y., Hwang, S. Y., Kim, B. H., … & Min, K. W. (2013). The effects of caloric restriction on Fetuin-A and cardiovascular risk factors in rats and humans: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Endocrinology, 79(3), 356-363.
Dabrowska, A. M., Tarach, J. S., Wojtysiak-Duma, B., & Duma, D. (2015). Fetuin-A (AHSG) and its usefulness in clinical practice. Review of the literature. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 159(3), 352-359.
Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharya, S., Biswas, A., Majumdar, S. S., Mukhopadhyay, S., … & Bhattacharya, S. (2010). NF-κB mediates lipid-induced fetuin-A expression in hepatocytes that impairs adipocyte function effecting insulin resistance. Biochemical Journal, 429(3), 451-462.
El Ansari, W., Khalil, K., Crone, D., & Stock, C. (2014). Physical activity and gender differences: correlates of compliance with recommended levels of five forms of physical activity among students at nine universities in Libya. Central European Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 98-105.
Fullerton, M. D., Galic, S., Marcinko, K., Sikkema, S., Pulinilkunnil, T., Chen, Z.-P., … & Steinberg, G. R. (2013). Single phosphorylation sites in Acc1 and Acc2 regulate lipid homeostasis and the insulin-sensitizing effects of metformin. Nature Medicine, 19(12), 1649-54.
Galic, S., Fullerton, M. D., Schertzer, J. D., Sikkema, S., Marcinko, K., Walkley, C. R., … & Steinberg,G. R. (2011). Hematopoietic AMPK β1 reduces mouse adipose tissue macrophage inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(12), 4903-4915.
Gibala, M. J. (2007). High-intensity interval training, a time-efficient strategy for health promotion? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(4), 211-213.
Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., MacDonald, M. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2012). Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. Journal of Physiology, 590(5), 1077-1084.
Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Ludzki, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2013). Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women. Obesity, 21(11), 2249-55.
Grace, F., Herbert, P., Elliott, A. D., Richards, J., Beaumont, A., & Sculthorpe, N. F. (2018). High intensity interval training (HIIT) improves resting blood pressure, metabolic (MET) capacity and heart rate reserve without compromising cardiac function in sedentary aging men. Experimental Gerontology, 109, 75-81.
Hagströmer, M., Oja, P., & Sjöström, M. (2006). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutrition, 9(6), 755-62.
Hennige, A. M., Staiger, H., Wicke, C., Machicao, F., Fritsche, A., Häring, H.-U., & Stefan, N. (2008). Fetuin-A induces cytokine expression and suppresses adiponectin production. PloS One, 3(3), e1765.
Heydari, M., Freund, J., & Boutcher, S. H. (2012). The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. Journal of Obesity, 2012, 1-8.
Ix, J. H., Katz, R., de Boer, I. H., Kestenbaum, B. R., Peralta, C. A., Jenny, N. S., … & Shlipak, M. J. (2012). Fetuin-A is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification in Community-Living Persons: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Clinical Chemistry, 58(5), 887–895.
Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M. L., Ward, A. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12(3),175-81.
Jung, C. H., Kim, B. Y., Kim, C. H., Kang, S. K., Jung, S. H., & Mok, J. O. (2013). Associations of serum fetuin-A levels with insulin resistance and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 10(5), 459-467.
Kang, Y. E., Kim, J. M., Joung, K. H., Lee, J. H., You, B. R., Choi, M. J., … & Kim, H. J. (2016). The Roles of Adipokines, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance in Modest Obesity and Early Metabolic Dysfunction. Plos One, 11(4), e0154003.
Kanter, R., & Caballero, B. (2012). Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Advances in Nutrition, 3(4), 491-498.
Ketteler, M., Bongartz, P., Westenfeld, R., Wildberger, J. E., Mahnken, A. H., Böhm, R., & Floege, J. (2003). Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 361(9360), 827-833.
Kinlen, D., Cody, D., & O’Shea, D. (2018). Complications of obesity. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 111(7), 437-443.
Koh, H.-J., Hirshman, M. F., He, H., Li, Y., Manabe, Y., Balschi, J. A., & Goodyear, L. J. (2007). Adrenaline is a critical mediator of acute exercise-induced AMP-activated protein kinase activation in adipocytes. Biochemical Journal, 403(3), 473-481.
Kraemer, W. J., & Fleck, S. J. (2007). Optimizing strenght training: disigning nonlinear periodization work out/ chapter 7 assessment. 1st ed. Mike Bahrke JPHMT, editor. United State: Human Kinetics.
Lau, D. C., Douketis, J. D., Morrison, K. M., Hramiak, I. M., Sharma, & A. M., Ur, E. (2007). 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176(8), S1-13.
Lee, S., Norheim, F., Gulseth, H. L., Langleite, T. M., Kolnes, K. J., Tangen, D.S., … & Drevon, C. A. (2017). Interaction between plasma fetuin-A and free fatty acids predicts changes in insulin sensitivity in response to long-term exercise. Physiological Reports, 5 (5), e13183.
Malin, S. K., Del Rincon, J. P., Huang, H., & Kirwan, J. P. (2014). Exercise-induced lowering of fetuin-A may increase hepatic insulin sensitivity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 46(11), 2085.
Malin, S. K., Mulya, A., Fealy, C. E., Haus, J. M., Pagadala, M. R., Scelsi, A. R., … & Kirwan, J. P. (2013). Fetuin-A is linked to improved glucose tolerance after short-term exercise training in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(7), 988-994.
Mathews, S. T., Chellam, N., Srinivas, P. R., Cintron, V. J., Leon, M. A., Goustin, A. S., & Grunberger, G. (2000). α2-HSG, a specific inhibitor of insulin receptor autophosphorylation, interacts with the insulin receptor. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 164(1-2), 87-98.
Mathews, S. T., Singh, G. P., Ranalletta, M., Cintron, V. J., Qiang, X., Goustin, A. S., … & Grunberger, G. (2002). Improved insulin sensitivity and resistance to weight gain in mice null for the Ahsg gene. Diabetes, 51(8), 2450-8.
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). Plasma fetuin-a triggers inflammatory changes in macrophages and adipocytes by acting as an adaptor protein between NEFA and TLR-4. Diabetologia, 59(4), 859–60.
Nayebifar, Sh., Afzalpour, M. E., Saghebjoo, M., Hedayati, M., & Shirzaee, P. (2011). The effect of aerobic resistance training on serum levels of C-reactive protein, lipid profile and body composition in overweight women. Modern Care, Scientific Quarterly of Birjand Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 8(4), 186-196.
Nishimura, S., Manabe, I., & Nagai, R. (2009). Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Discovery medicine, 8(41), 55-60.
Pal, D., Dasgupta, S., Kundu, R., Maitra, S., Das, G., Mukhopadhyay, S., … & Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid-induced insulin resistance. Nature Medicine, 18(8), 1279-85.
Park, H., Kaushik, V. K., Constant, S., Prentki, M., Przybytkowski, E., Ruderman, N. B., & Saha, A. K. (2002). Coordinate regulation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase by AMP-activated protein kinase in rat tissues in response to exercise. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(36), 32571-32577.
Popa, C., Netea, M. G., Van Riel, P. L., Van Der Meer, J. W., & Stalenhoef, A. F. (2007). The role of TNF-α in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. Journal of Lipid Research, 48(4), 751-762.
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