Pouya Damavandi; Farhad Rahmani-nia; Bahman Mirzaei
Abstract
Background and Aim: Combined resistance training is a method that integrates high-intensity resistance training with plyometric exercises. This method is sometimes implemented in two forms: contrast and complex training. The current study aimed to examine the effects of combined resistance training (contrast ...
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Background and Aim: Combined resistance training is a method that integrates high-intensity resistance training with plyometric exercises. This method is sometimes implemented in two forms: contrast and complex training. The current study aimed to examine the effects of combined resistance training (contrast and complex) on testosterone, cortisol, lactate levels, and the jumping profile of male basketball players. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male basketball players, aged 18 to 23 years, participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three resistance training groups: contrast, complex, and control. They engaged in resistance training combined with plyometric exercises using either the contrast or complex methods for six weeks, with two sessions per week. Before and after the intervention, the following measurements were taken: vertical jump test (jump profile), 60-second repeated vertical jump test (lactate), resting serum testosterone and cortisol levels. The data were analyzed using a covariance and Bonferroni test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The complex and contrast training groups had significant improvements in peak power (p=0.013 and p=0.007), peak jump velocity (p=0.001 and p=0.032), jump height (p=0.001 and p=0.012), serum testosterone (p=0.001), and serum cortisol (p=0.014 and p=0.011) compared to the control group. Lactate levels also showed a significant decrease following the repeated vertical jumps test in the complex (p=0.003) and contrast (p=0.005) groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: Both contrast and complex resistance training effectively enhance athletic performance and optimize jump profile variables, along with testosterone and cortisol hormone levels in basketball players. Moreover, neither training method was found to be superior to the other.
Mandana Ahmadi; Maryam Vatandoust; Seyedeh Zoleykha Hashemi Chashemi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Evidence shows that certain conditions during pregnancy will have lasting effects on the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of voluntary physical activity on corticosterone and anxiety levels in mice during and after pregnancy. Materials and ...
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Background and Aim: Evidence shows that certain conditions during pregnancy will have lasting effects on the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of voluntary physical activity on corticosterone and anxiety levels in mice during and after pregnancy. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 female NMRI mice aged with an approximate age of 80 to 90 days and a weight of 25 to 30 grams were divided into four groups of 10 including the control-pregnancy, experimental-pregnancy, control-postpartum and experimental-postpartum groups. After two weeks of adaptation to the environment and seeing the vaginal plaque, two rotating wheels were placed inside the cage of each pregnant mice to apply voluntary physical activity for four weeks. The dark-light box test was used to measure the anxiety of mice. Finally, the animals of the pregnancy groups, on the 18th day of pregnancy and the samples of the postpartum groups, on the 7th day after delivery; were given deep anesthesia and to measure corticosterone, blood was taken directly from the heart tissue. For statistical analysis, the independent sample t-test was used at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The serum corticosterone levels decreased significantly in the experimental groups during pregnancy (p=0.002) and during the postpartum periods (p=0.006). However, the anxiety level of the mice was significantly reduced only in the experimental postpartum group (p=0.007). Conclusion: The use of voluntary physical activities during pregnancy in mice is probably important as an effective therapeutic strategy in reducing cortisol and psychological disorders including anxiety.
Leila Alimohammadpour Koshki; Azam Zarneshan; Roghaieh Fakhrpour
Abstract
Background and Aim: Telomeres play an important role during aging process. Chronic psychological stress and high cortisol levels could damage the telomere. The effect and mechanism of physical-mental exercise on changing the level of telomerase enzyme as a telomere protector is unknown. Therefore, the ...
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Background and Aim: Telomeres play an important role during aging process. Chronic psychological stress and high cortisol levels could damage the telomere. The effect and mechanism of physical-mental exercise on changing the level of telomerase enzyme as a telomere protector is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hatha yoga exercises on telomerase, cortisol and stress in middle-aged women. Materials and Methods: During this quasi-experimental trial, 24 middle-aged women with high perceived stress scale (PSS>27) were purposefully and accessibly selected and randomly divided into two groups including exercise (n=12) and control (n=12). The exercise group participated in hatha yoga exercises for eight weeks, two sessions per week for 60-90 minutes each session. Forty-eight hours before and after the training protocol, blood cortisol and telomerase levels were measured by ELISA and stress levels were measured using the Cohen perceived stress scale. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and linear regression tests at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Serum levels of telomerase enzyme significantly increased and cortisol and stress were significantly decreased (p= 0.001) in the exercise group compared to the control group. A significant negative correlation also was observed between baseline cortisol and telomerase levels in both exercise (p=0.02) and control (p=0.001) groups, as well as a significant negative correlation at changes due to hatha yoga exercise was observed in the exercise group (p=0.003); Moreover, 56% of telomerase changes based on cortisol changes were predictable. Conclusion: Hatha yoga physical-mental exercise can be a good method to reduce the aging process caused by psychological stress in middle-aged women who have high levels of stress, by increasing serum telomerase levels via the cortisol reduction mechanism.
Bakhtyar Tartibian; Bagher Rezaei; Mortaza Tayebi
Abstract
Background and Aim: It seems that the use of nutritional supplements can affect the secretion of anabolic and catabolic hormones during exercise-recovery process. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in free acid form (HMB-FA) on ...
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Background and Aim: It seems that the use of nutritional supplements can affect the secretion of anabolic and catabolic hormones during exercise-recovery process. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in free acid form (HMB-FA) on hormonal responses and recovery in the wrestling-specific protocol (WSP) in wrestlers for one night and one day. Materials and Methods: Twenty male wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into two groups: supplement-exercise (n=10) and placebo-exercise (n=10) groups. Each of the groups received a supplement or placebo at 3 g/day. The subjects repeated the WSP five times, each consisting of four sections. To measure serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol (Cort), IGF-1/Cort ratio blood samples were taken before and after taking the supplement, immediately after the first repetition of the WSP, immediately after the third repetition of the WSP and immediately after the fifth repetition of the WSP. The perceived recovery status (PRS) was assessed immediately before the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth repetitions of the WSP. Results were extracted using analysis of covariance and analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that serum levels of IGF-1 after supplementation (p=0.001) and after the first (p=0.004), third (p=0.004) and fifth (p=0.01) of the WSP were significantly higher in HMB-FA group than placebo group. Moreover, serum levels of IGF-1/Cort after supplementation (p=0.001) and after the first (p=0.001), third (p=0.003) and fifth (p=0.001) of the WSP were significantly increased in the HMB-FA group as compare to the placebo group. However, cortisol indicated a higher increase in the placebo group than HMB-FA group after supplementation (p=0.006) and also after first (p=0.002), third (p=0.008) and fifth (p=0.002) of WSP. On the other hand, PRS in the placebo group showed a greater decrease than the HMB-FA group before the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth of WSP (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that HMB-FA supplementation improves hormonal responses during the simulated wrestling protocol.
Elham Naseri; Roya Askari; Alireza Hosseni kakhk; Halimeh Vahdatpoor
Abstract
Background and Aim: Physical activity and some antioxidants such as vitamins E and C are effective factors on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of concurrent training and consumption of vitamins E and C on the acute response of serum immunoglobulin ...
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Background and Aim: Physical activity and some antioxidants such as vitamins E and C are effective factors on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of concurrent training and consumption of vitamins E and C on the acute response of serum immunoglobulin and cortisol to an exhaustive aerobic activity in inactive women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study. 24 women were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=12) including concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) + vitamin supplement (E and C); and concurrent training (endurance and resistance) + placebo groups. Blood sampling was taken before and after a session of exhaustive aerobic activity (activity with an intensity of 75% of the maximum reserve heart rate on the treadmill) and after four weeks of concurrent activity along with supplementation. The concurrent exercise+vitamin supplement (E and C) group performed four weeks of concurrent exercise (three exercise sessions per week) with a 30-day vitamin E and C supplement (500 mg vitamin C and 200 mg vitamin C) was administered twice daily. Serum cortisol and immunoglobulins were measured by gamma and nephelometric methods, respectively. To compare the changes before and after a session of exhausting activity of the two groups, analysis of covariance was used. Moreover, to determine the difference between groups of variables after four stages of measurement, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests also were used at a significance level of p˂0.05. Results: After the intervention, in the vitamin supplement (E and C) group there was a significant increase in IgM (p=0.03) and IgA (p=0.004). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in IgG (p=0.007) compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, the significant difference in cortisol (p=0.13), upper body muscle strength (p=0.31), lower body muscle strength (p=0.53), upper body muscle endurance (p=0.66), and maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.12) of two concurrent exercise-vitamin supplements (E and C) and concurrent exercise + placebo didn’t observed; while the lower body muscle endurance of the complement group showed significantly increased (p=0.003). Conclusion: consumption of vitamins C and E along with concurrent endurance and resistance training (four weeks) have optimal effects on the safety and physical fitness of inactive women. Vitamins C and E can also improve acute changes in serum immunoglobulins and cortisol levels after debilitating activity.
Arezoo Eskandari Shahrabi; Hamid Agha Alinejad; Reza Gharakhanlo; Mohammad Fashi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exercise in warm weather can lead to a change in stress hormones and immune factors as compare to normal conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a bout of resistance exercise in a warm weather on Immune and hormonal responses. Materials and Methods: Eight ...
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Background and Aim: Exercise in warm weather can lead to a change in stress hormones and immune factors as compare to normal conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a bout of resistance exercise in a warm weather on Immune and hormonal responses. Materials and Methods: Eight male students with an average of 27±2 years participated in this study. The exercise program was performed for two conditions, at the first week it done in a normal temperature (20° C) and then it performed in a warm temperature (35°C) in the following week. Blood samples were taken one hour before, immediately after and one hour after of about a resistance exercise including 10 repetition, 3 sets up to 70 percent of 1 repetition moximum. In both environments, body temperature was measured from the axillary area. The serum concentration of Interleukin-15 (IL-15), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), testosterone and cortisol were measured by ELISA method. The ANOVA test for repeated measures and Bonferoni tests were applied for reslts extraction. Results: Resistance training in warm wether significantly increased the cortisol (p=0.04), HSP70 (p= 0.007), IL-15 (p=0.03), and testosterone (p=0.02) values. Conclusion: Assuming that cortisol elevation due to warm condition induce IL-15 suppression and IL-15 dropping limit muscle hypertrophy; it can be suggested that a bout of resistance exercise in a warm weather colud attenuate exercise –induced hypertrophy .
Mohammadali Samavati Sharif; Amir Afshari; Hojatolah Siavoshy; Maryam Keshvary
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of exercise training is the cellular level amenities and development of athletic performance. Although, increase of workout intensity more than of physiological capabilities of athletes, will lead to overtraining syndrome. In this regard, this study investigated two training ...
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Background and Aim: The aim of exercise training is the cellular level amenities and development of athletic performance. Although, increase of workout intensity more than of physiological capabilities of athletes, will lead to overtraining syndrome. In this regard, this study investigated two training methods on some of immune system biomarkers in young athletes. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 45 adolescent athletes that were randomly divided into three groups of strength, speed, and control. The exercise groups were performed one of the strength or speed training for 8 weeks, three times a week, and 90 minutes per session. Research variables (cortisol, testosterone, and white blood cell count) were measured at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test for within group different and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for between group different (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that eight weeks of strength (p=0.02) and speed (p=0.004) training, significantly decreased cortisol and testosterone concentrations. But, testosterone concentration significantly increased only in strength training. Moreover, the identification of the variance in exercise and control groups showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The within group results showed that free testosterone/cortisol ratio significantly increased in all three groups (p<0.05). But, in between group no significant difference was showed in all three groups. Strength and speed training significantly increased lymphocytes in both groups (p=0.001), monocytes in speed group (p=0.001), and eosinophil in strength group (p=0.05). Also, neutrophils significantly reduced in strength (p=0.03) and speed (p=0.01) training. The variance analysis of exercise and control groups also showed that the neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly difference (p=0.05). Conclusion: The changes in biomarkers of immune system showed that both of this exercise training (strength & speed) can be useful for immune system and anabolic adaptations.
