Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associated Professor of exercise physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 Professor of exercise physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3 PhD in exercise physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: In addition to physical, physiological, psychological and technical factors, the environmental parameters such as ambient temperature could also have an affect on the performance of athletes and especially their health. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of different ambient temperature on the level of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in adolescence wrestlers. Materials and Methods: 21 adolescence wrestlers of Kurdistan province clubs participated as subjects in this study. Based on body composition and anthropometric profiles, subjects were divided into three groups. After providing the desired temperature (30 °C, 18 °C and 10 °C), subjects were asked to complete a Wrestling Technique Based on Circuit Training protocol. Blood samples were collected before, immediately and 30 minutes after exercise. The Repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze the results, and the significant level was set at pResults: The results showed that the levels of interleukin-6 (p=0.01) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (p=0.01) significantly increased after exercise in high temperatures group, but no significant changes were observed in the other groups. Also, the increase rate of IL-6 was higher in high temperature group and there was also significant differences between normal temperature - high temperature groups (p=0.001) and low temperature - high temperature groups (p=0.001). In addition, intra-group changes malondialdehyde in all groups were not statistically significant (p=0.56). Also, there were no significant differences between group (p=0.25). Conclusion: The results showed that heat stress may increase inflammation and oxidative stress in the adolescence wrestlers. Thus, due to the sensitivity of adolescence period it is suggested that pay special attention to ambient temperature of competition and enviroements of this age- group.
Keywords
Ketab Publication, 47-52. [Persian]
Agha-Alinejad, H., & Molanouri-Shamsi, M. (2010). Exercise induced release of cytokines from skeletal muscle:
emphasis on IL-6. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12(2), 181-190. [Persian]
Aitken, R. J., Smith, T. B., Jobling, M. S., Baker, M. A., & De Iuliis, G. N. (2014). Oxidative stress and male reproductive
health. Asian Journal of Andrology, 16(1), 31-38.
Barbas, I., Fatouros, I. G., Douroudos, I. I., Chatzinikolaou, A., Michailidis, Y., Draganidis, D., & Theodorou, A. A.
(2011). Physiological and performance adaptations of elite greco-roman wrestlers during a one-day tournament.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(7), 1421-1436.
Bayat-Chadegani, E., Fallahzadeh, H., Askari, Gh., Rahavi, R., Maghsoudi, Z., & Nadjarzadeh, A. (2015). Effect of
pomegranate juice supplementation on muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation caused by exercise in
healthy young men. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 32 (320), 2464-2472. [Persian]
Bessa, A., Oliveira, V. N., Agostini, G., Oliveira, R. J., Oliveira, A. C., White, G. E., Wells, G. D., Teixeira, D. N., &
Espindola, FS. (2016). Exercise intensity and recovery: Biomarkers of injury, inflammation and oxidative stress.
Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(2), 311-319.
DeRijk, R., Michelson, D., Karp, B., Petrides, J., Galliven, E., Deuster, P., & Sternberg, E. M. (1997). Exercise and
circadian rhythm-induced variations in plasma cortisol differentially regulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and
tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in humans: High sensitivity of TNF-α and resistance of IL-6.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82(7), 2182-2191.
Deuster, P. A., Zelazowska, E. B., Singh, A., & Sternberg, E. M. (1999). Expression of lymphocyte subsets after
exercise and dexamethasone in high and low stress responders. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31
(12), 1799-1806.
Frost, R. A., Lang, C. H., & Gelato, M. C. (1997). Transient exposure of human myoblasts to tumor necrosis
factor-α inhibits serum and insulin-like growth factor-i stimulated protein synthesis 1. Endocrinology, 138
(10), 4153-4159.
Gaeini, A. A., Arazi, H., & Yusefi, M. (2011). Normative values of body fat percent of athlete and nonathlete
male adolescents in Tehran city. Metabolism and Exercise, 1(1), 79-97. [Persian]
Gleson, M. (2007). Immune functions in sport and exercise. Translated by: Mohebi H et al. 1st ed. Tehran: Samt
Publication, 222-345. [Persian]
Goodman, L., Limbird, L., Hardman, J., & Gilman, A. (2001). Insecticides. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological
basis of therapeutics. 10th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, USA, 115-131.
Guzelz, N. A., Gonencg, A., & Simsek, B. (2013). The effects of thyme tea supplement on free radicals formation
and antioxidant system of elite wrestlers. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12(5), 433-440.
Junglee, N. A., Di Felice, U., Dolci, A., Fortes, M. B., Jibani, M. M., Lemmey, A. B., & Macdonald, J. H. (2013). Exercising
in a hot environment with muscle damage: Effects on acute kidney injury biomarkers and kidney function. American
Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 305(6), F813-F820.
Kaldur, T., Kals, J., Ööpik, V., Zilmer, M., Zilmer, K., Eha, J., & Unt, E. (2014). Effects of heat acclimation on changes
in oxidative stress and inflammation caused by endurance capacity test in the heat. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular
Longevity, 2014, 1-8.
Kupchak, B. R., McKenzie, A. L., Luk, H.Y., Saenz, C., Kunces, L. J., Ellis, L. A., & Johnson, E. C. (2015). Effect of
cycling in the heat for 164 km on procoagulant and fibrinolytic parameters. European Journal of Applied Physiology,
115(6), 1295-1303.
Machefer, G., Groussard, C., Vincent, S., Zouhal, H., Faure, H., Cillard, J., & Gratas-Delamarche, A. (2007). Multivitaminmineral supplementation prevents lipid peroxidation during “the marathon des sables”. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26(2), 111-120.
Mackinnon, L.T. (1999). Advances in Exercise Immunology. Translated by: Mousavi, T., Abdolahi, M. 2st ed. Tehran:
Imam hosein university Publication, 52-53. [Persian]
Mestre-Alfaro, A., Ferrer, M. D., Banquells, M., Riera, J., Drobnic, F., Sureda, A., & Pons, A. (2012). Body temperature
modulates the antioxidant and acute immune responses to exercise. Free Radical Research, 46(6), 799-808.
Mirdar, S., Maleki, F., & Alavi, Y. (2014). Moderate Caffeine dose and one Session incremental exercise effect on
oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant status in active men. Sport Physiology, 5(20), 39-52.
Mohammadizadeh, M. A., Ghanbarzadeh, M., Habibi, A., Shakeryan, S., & Nikbakht, M. (2013). The effect of high
intensity interval exercise in high/low temperatures on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in trained adolescent males. Tanaffos, 12(3), 29.
Niess, A., Fehrenbach, E., Lehmann, R., Opavsky, L., Jesse, M., Northoff, H., & Dickhuth, H.H. (2003). Impact of
elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive endurance exercise. European Journal
of Applied Physiology, 89(3-4), 344-351.
Pedersen, B. K. (2000). Exercise and cytokines. Immunology and Cell Biology, 78(5), 532-535.
Pediatrics, A. A. o. (2000). Climatic heat stress and the exercising child and adolescent. American academy of
pediatrics. Committee on sports medicine and fitness. Pediatrics, 106(1 Pt 1), 158-159.
Rashid Lamir, A., Goodarzi, M., Mirzaei, B., & Zandi, S. (2013). Effect of water and sport beverage intake on
biochemical and physiological variables in traioned wrestlers. Medicina Dello Sport, 66(3), 223-229.
Rhind, S., Gannon, G., Shephard, R., Buguet, A., Shek, P., & Radomski, M. (2004). Cytokine induction during
exertional hyperthermia is abolished by core temperature clamping: Neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 20(5), 503-516.
Steensberg, A., Toft, A. D., Bruunsgaard, H., Sandmand, M., Halkjær-Kristensen, J., & Pedersen, B. K. (2001).
Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 t cells in the circulation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91
(4), 1708-1712.
Suwa, T., Hogg, J. C., English, D., & Van Eeden, S. F. (2000). Interleukin-6 induces demargination of intravascular
neutrophils and shortens their transit in marrow. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology,
279(6), H2954-H2960.
Taylor, N. A. (2006). Challenges to temperature regulation when working in hot environments. Industrial Health, 44
(3), 331-344.
Wakabayashi, H., Wijayanto, T., Lee, J. Y., Hashiguchi, N., Saat, M., &. Tochihara, Y. (2014). A comparison of hydration effect on body fluid and temperature regulation between Malaysian and Japanese males exercising at mild dehydration in humid heat. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 33(1), 33-5.
)