Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Background and Aim: The plantar foot is a very active part during leap activities such as jumping rope and with his small plane has important role in balancing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 week of rope jumping on postural control, static and dynamic balance in 10 to13 years’ old boy students with flat foot. Materials and methods: The population of this semi-experimental study was including of 450 boy students 10 to 13 years old of Jarghoyeh sofla. After the initial evaluation by the Pedescope (qualitative) and then measurement by foot scanner and Staheli index (quantitative), 30 students were selected as sample research and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (Each group 15 cases). For measurement the postural control, the foot scan device was used and changes in feet center of pressure was recorded for 20 seconds. Static balance with stork stand balance test and dynamic balance with Y balance test was assessed. Subjects in the experimental group exerted of 12 weeks in jumping rope training; three times per week for 45 minutes. The control group subjects did not perform any regular physical activity program in this time. Data were statistically analyzed by independent t test and Mixed ANOVA and significance level was set as pResults: The within subject changes (posttest than pretest) and also the Interaction effect (Testing times*group) in all variables were signified (p<0.001). The difference between the subject only in static balance was signified (p<0.01). Conclusion: jumping rope trainings are useful exercises to improve static and dynamic balance and postural control in patients with flexible flat foot. So use these trainings along with other methods to improve balance and postural control, recommended for these Individuals.
Keywords
Arastoee, M., Zahednezhad, S., Arastoee, A., Negahban, H., & Goharpay, S. (2012). Measurement of ground reaction forces during walking toward the front and rear of the students with flexible flat foot. Journal Modern Rehabilitation School of Medical Sciences, 1(5), 1-7. [Persian]
Cael, C. (2011). Functional anatomy: musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists, Lippincott Williams and Wilkin, 415-419.
Chang, J. S., Kwon, Y. H., Kim, C. S., Ahn, S.-H., & Park, S. H. (2011). Differences of ground reaction forces and kinematics of lower extremity according to landing height between flat and normal feet. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25(1), 21-26.
Chen, C. C., & Lin, S. Y. (2011). The impact of rope jumping exercise on physical fitness of visually impaired students. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(1), 25-29.
Chen, C. C., & Lin, Y. C. (2012). Jumping rope intervention on health-related physical fitness in students with intellectual impairment. Journal Human Res & Adult Learning, 8(1), 234-238.
Cobb, S. C., Tis, L. L., Johnson, B. F., & Higbie, E. J. (2004). The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(2), 79-85.
Cote, K. P., Brunet, M. E., II, B. M .G., & Shultz, S. J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 41-46.
Daneshmandi, H., Alizade, M. H., & Gharakhanlou, R. (2007). Corrective exercises. SAMT Publication, 111- 112. [Persian]
Dezhahang, M., Rostamkhany, H., & Nagiloo, Z. (2011) The effect of two-, four-and six-week detraining after a period of plyometric training on postural control in male students. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 7(2), 141-148. [Persian]
Dodman, K., Majidi, H., Abedeni, S., Babaie, P., & Pak, I. L. Z. (2013). The effect of six weeks exercise of Tanavarz (rope dancing) national plan on sensational-motional abilities (static balance, dynamic balance and agility). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(4), 198-202.
Fakoorrashid, H., & Daneshmandi, H. (2013). The effects of a 6 weeks corrective exercise program on improving flat foot and static balance in boys. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 1(2), 52-66. [Persian]
Fallah, F., Sokhanguei, Y., & Rahimi, A. (2014). The effect of jumping rope training on static balance in male and female students with intellectual impairment. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1), 137-141.
Frändin, K., Sonn, U., Svantesson, U., & Grimby, G. (1995). Functional balance tests in 76-year-olds in relation to performance, activities of daily living and platform tests. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 27(4), 231-241.
Ghelichpoor, B., Shahbazi, M., & Bagherzade, F. (2013). The effect of Tanavarz national plans on eye-hand coordination of fourth grade Primary school students. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 5(4), 57-69. [Persian]
Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Plisky, P. J., & Kiesel, K. B. (2012). Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3043 -3048.
Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 339 -357.
Guskiewicz, K. M., & Perrin, D. H. (1996). Research and clinical applications of assessing balance. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 5, 45-63.
Gutierrez-Vilahú, L., Masso-Ortigosa, N., Costa-Tutusaus, L., & Guerra-Balic, M. (2015). Reliability and validity of the footprint assessment method using Photoshop cs5 software. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 105(3), 226-232.
Hadi, H., Farhady, H., & Bashiri, M. (2011). The Effects of a six-week strength and plyometric training program on dynamic balance of male student athletes. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 7(2), 215-224. [Persian]
Hertel, J., Gay, M. R., & Denegar, C. (2002). Differences in postural control during single-leg stance among healthy individuals with different foot types. Journal of Athletic Training, 37(2), 129-132.
Kean, C. O., Behm, D. G., & Young, W. B. (2006). Fixed foot balance training increases rectus femoris activation during landing and jump height in recreationally active women. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(1), 138-148.
Khodaveysi, H., Anbariyan, M., Farahpour, N., Sazvar, A., & Jalalvand, A. (2009). The effect of foot structural abnormalities including planus and cavus foot types on dynamic balance in adolescent girls. Journal of Research in Sports Sciences (Sports Medicine), 23, 99-112.
Lee, B. (2010). Jump rope training: Human Kinetics, 1st Edition, 10-12.
McCurdy, K., & Langford, G. (2006). The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(2), 282-288.
Nashner, L. M., Black, F. O., & Wall, C. (1982). Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: patients with vestibular deficits. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 536-544.
Nelson, J. K., & Johnson, B. L. (1973). Effects of local and general fatigue on static balance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 37(2), 615-618.
Neumann, D. A. (2010). Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby: Elsevier, 493-496.
Onodera, A. N., Sacco, I. C. N., Morioka, E. H., Souza, P. S., de Sá, M. R., & Amadio, A. C. (2008). What is the best method for child longitudinal plantar arch assessment and when does arch maturation occur? The Foot, 18(3), 142-149.
Orhan, S. (2013). The effects of rope training on heart rate, anaerobic power and reaction time of the basketball players. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 266-271.
Orhan, S., Pulur, A., & Erol, A. E. (2008). The effects of the rope and weighed rope trainings on the physical and physiological parameters of the basketball players. Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi, Fırat Üniversitesi, 22(4), 205-210.
Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy: NAJSPT, 4(2), 92-99.
Razeghi, M., & Batt, M. E. (2002). Foot type classification: a critical review of current methods. Gait & Posture, 15(3), 282-291.
Sadeghi, h., Noori, s., & Nabavinik, n. H. (2014). The relationship between some anthropometric characteristics at diffrent levels of difficulty with statistic, semi-dynamic, dynamic balance in ectomorph and edomorph nonathletic women, Journal of Research in Sport Rehabilitation, 1(2), 65-74. [Persian]
Staheli, L. T., Chew, D. E., & Corbett, M. A. R. I. L. Y. N. (1987). The longitudinal arch, Journal Bone Joint Surgery American, 69(3), 426-428.
Stane, M. L., & Powers, M. E. (2005). The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. Journal of AthleticTraining, 42(3), 186-192.
Tsai, L. C., Yu, B., Mercer, V. S., & Gross, M. T. (2006). Comparison of different structural foot types for measures of standing postural control. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36(12), 942-953. Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., & Frank, J. S. (1990). Assessment of balance control in humans. Medical Progress through Technology, 16(1-2), 31-51.
Cael, C. (2011). Functional anatomy: musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists, Lippincott Williams and Wilkin, 415-419.
Chang, J. S., Kwon, Y. H., Kim, C. S., Ahn, S.-H., & Park, S. H. (2011). Differences of ground reaction forces and kinematics of lower extremity according to landing height between flat and normal feet. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25(1), 21-26.
Chen, C. C., & Lin, S. Y. (2011). The impact of rope jumping exercise on physical fitness of visually impaired students. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(1), 25-29.
Chen, C. C., & Lin, Y. C. (2012). Jumping rope intervention on health-related physical fitness in students with intellectual impairment. Journal Human Res & Adult Learning, 8(1), 234-238.
Cobb, S. C., Tis, L. L., Johnson, B. F., & Higbie, E. J. (2004). The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(2), 79-85.
Cote, K. P., Brunet, M. E., II, B. M .G., & Shultz, S. J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 41-46.
Daneshmandi, H., Alizade, M. H., & Gharakhanlou, R. (2007). Corrective exercises. SAMT Publication, 111- 112. [Persian]
Dezhahang, M., Rostamkhany, H., & Nagiloo, Z. (2011) The effect of two-, four-and six-week detraining after a period of plyometric training on postural control in male students. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 7(2), 141-148. [Persian]
Dodman, K., Majidi, H., Abedeni, S., Babaie, P., & Pak, I. L. Z. (2013). The effect of six weeks exercise of Tanavarz (rope dancing) national plan on sensational-motional abilities (static balance, dynamic balance and agility). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(4), 198-202.
Fakoorrashid, H., & Daneshmandi, H. (2013). The effects of a 6 weeks corrective exercise program on improving flat foot and static balance in boys. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 1(2), 52-66. [Persian]
Fallah, F., Sokhanguei, Y., & Rahimi, A. (2014). The effect of jumping rope training on static balance in male and female students with intellectual impairment. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1), 137-141.
Frändin, K., Sonn, U., Svantesson, U., & Grimby, G. (1995). Functional balance tests in 76-year-olds in relation to performance, activities of daily living and platform tests. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 27(4), 231-241.
Ghelichpoor, B., Shahbazi, M., & Bagherzade, F. (2013). The effect of Tanavarz national plans on eye-hand coordination of fourth grade Primary school students. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 5(4), 57-69. [Persian]
Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Plisky, P. J., & Kiesel, K. B. (2012). Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3043 -3048.
Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 339 -357.
Guskiewicz, K. M., & Perrin, D. H. (1996). Research and clinical applications of assessing balance. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 5, 45-63.
Gutierrez-Vilahú, L., Masso-Ortigosa, N., Costa-Tutusaus, L., & Guerra-Balic, M. (2015). Reliability and validity of the footprint assessment method using Photoshop cs5 software. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 105(3), 226-232.
Hadi, H., Farhady, H., & Bashiri, M. (2011). The Effects of a six-week strength and plyometric training program on dynamic balance of male student athletes. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 7(2), 215-224. [Persian]
Hertel, J., Gay, M. R., & Denegar, C. (2002). Differences in postural control during single-leg stance among healthy individuals with different foot types. Journal of Athletic Training, 37(2), 129-132.
Kean, C. O., Behm, D. G., & Young, W. B. (2006). Fixed foot balance training increases rectus femoris activation during landing and jump height in recreationally active women. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(1), 138-148.
Khodaveysi, H., Anbariyan, M., Farahpour, N., Sazvar, A., & Jalalvand, A. (2009). The effect of foot structural abnormalities including planus and cavus foot types on dynamic balance in adolescent girls. Journal of Research in Sports Sciences (Sports Medicine), 23, 99-112.
Lee, B. (2010). Jump rope training: Human Kinetics, 1st Edition, 10-12.
McCurdy, K., & Langford, G. (2006). The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(2), 282-288.
Nashner, L. M., Black, F. O., & Wall, C. (1982). Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: patients with vestibular deficits. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 536-544.
Nelson, J. K., & Johnson, B. L. (1973). Effects of local and general fatigue on static balance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 37(2), 615-618.
Neumann, D. A. (2010). Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby: Elsevier, 493-496.
Onodera, A. N., Sacco, I. C. N., Morioka, E. H., Souza, P. S., de Sá, M. R., & Amadio, A. C. (2008). What is the best method for child longitudinal plantar arch assessment and when does arch maturation occur? The Foot, 18(3), 142-149.
Orhan, S. (2013). The effects of rope training on heart rate, anaerobic power and reaction time of the basketball players. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 266-271.
Orhan, S., Pulur, A., & Erol, A. E. (2008). The effects of the rope and weighed rope trainings on the physical and physiological parameters of the basketball players. Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi, Fırat Üniversitesi, 22(4), 205-210.
Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy: NAJSPT, 4(2), 92-99.
Razeghi, M., & Batt, M. E. (2002). Foot type classification: a critical review of current methods. Gait & Posture, 15(3), 282-291.
Sadeghi, h., Noori, s., & Nabavinik, n. H. (2014). The relationship between some anthropometric characteristics at diffrent levels of difficulty with statistic, semi-dynamic, dynamic balance in ectomorph and edomorph nonathletic women, Journal of Research in Sport Rehabilitation, 1(2), 65-74. [Persian]
Staheli, L. T., Chew, D. E., & Corbett, M. A. R. I. L. Y. N. (1987). The longitudinal arch, Journal Bone Joint Surgery American, 69(3), 426-428.
Stane, M. L., & Powers, M. E. (2005). The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. Journal of AthleticTraining, 42(3), 186-192.
Tsai, L. C., Yu, B., Mercer, V. S., & Gross, M. T. (2006). Comparison of different structural foot types for measures of standing postural control. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36(12), 942-953. Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., & Frank, J. S. (1990). Assessment of balance control in humans. Medical Progress through Technology, 16(1-2), 31-51.
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