Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Background and Aim: Apoptosis is extremely important to regulate the immune system, particularly lymphocytes or reduce the risk of starting a devastating response؛ therefore; the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exhaustive exercise after eight-week resistance exercise on lymphocyte apoptosis in inactive women. Materials and Methods: 24 healthy inactive women were randomly divided into experimental and control groups with average 21.7 ± 0.9 and 20.58 ±0.9 ages respectively. The experimental group completed eight-week resistance training. Moreover, one exhaustive exercise session was performed for both groups. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after training period, after exhaustiveexercise, and 24 hours later. Statistical analyzing between groups was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and changes within groups were measured by ANOVA with repeated measures (p>0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed between two groups in lymphocytes apoptosis. Apoptosis increased significantly after an exhaustive exercise in control group (p=0.001), and also, after 24 hours of activity was still high (p=0.496). Lymphocyte apoptosis was significantly differed after eight-week of practice in experimental group (p=0.000). However, these changes were not significant after one session of exhausting exercise, After 24 hours of activity, and it lead to apoptosis decrease significantly in experimental group, although, control group was not showed a significant reduction (p=0.020). Conclusion: resistance training had positive effect on the ability of immune system in order to face intensive exercise. It is possible that resistance exercise may have beneficial effect on cell apoptosis and it could improve public health.
Keywords
Brown, F. F., Bigley, A. B., Sherry, C., Neal, C. M., Witard, O. C., Simpson, R. J., & Galloway, S. D. R. (2014).
Training status and sex influence on senescent T-lymphocyte redistribution in response to acute maximal
exercise. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 39, 152–159.
Cullen, S. P., Henry, C. M., Kearney, C. J., Logue, S. E., Feoktistova, M., & Tynan, G. A. (2013). Fas/CD95-Induced Chemokines Can Serve as "Find-Me" Signals for Apoptotic Cells. Molecular Cell, 19(13), 1034-1048.
Chaea, C. H., & Kim, H. T. (2009). Forced moderate-intensity treadmill exercise suppresses apoptosis by
increasing the level of NGF and stimulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in the hippocampus of
induced aging rats. Neurochemistry International, 55(4), 208–213.
Dorneles, G. P., Colato, A. S., Galvão, S. L., Ramis, T. R., & Ribeiro, J. L. (2015). Acute response of peripheral
CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low-intensity strength exercise
with blood flow restriction. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 36(4), 311-317.
Gordon, P. M., Liu, D., Sartor, M. A., IglayReger, H. B., Pistilli, E. E., Gutmann, L., Nader, G. A., & Hoffman, E. P.
(2011). Resistance exercise training influences skeletal muscle immune activation: a microarray analysis. Journal Applied Physiology, 112(3), 443-453.
Hovanloo, F., Arefirad, T., & Ahmadizad, S. (2013). Effects of sprint interval and continuous endurance
training on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 12, 22.
Hoff, P., Belavý, D. L., Huscher, D., Lang, A., Hahne, M., Kuhlmey, A. K, Maschmeyer, P., Armbrecht,
G., Fitzner, R., Perschel, F. H., Gaber, T., Burmester, G. R., Straub, R. H., Felsenberg, D., & Buttgereit, F.
(2014). Effects of 60-day bed rest with and without exercise on cellular and humeral immunological parameters. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, online publication, 1-10.
Huang ,Ch. Y., Yang, A. L., Lin, Y. M., Wu, F. N., Lin, J. A., Chan, Y, Lin, J. A., Chan, .YS., Tsai, F. J., Tsai,
CH., Kuo, CH., & Lee, S. D. (2011). Anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects of exercise training on hypertensive
hearts. Journal Apply Physiology, 112(5), 883-891.
Koch ,M., Hussein, F., Woeste, A., Gründker, C., Frontzek, K., Emons, G., & Hawighors, T. (2011). CD36 mediated activation of endothelial cell apoptosis by an N. terminal recombinant fragment of thrombospondin.2 inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 128(2), 337-346.
Kruger, k., & Mooren, F. C. (2014). Exercise-induced leukocyte apoptosis. Exercise Immunology Review, 20, 117-134.
Kruger, K., Agnischock, S., Lechtermann, A., Tiwari, S., Mishra, M., Pilat, Wagner, A., Tweddell, C., Gramlich, I., &
Mooren, FC. (2011). Intensive resistance exercise induces lymphocyte apoptosis via cortisol and glucocorticoid
receptor-dependent pathways. Journal Applied Physiology, 110(5), 1226-1232.
Kruger, K., Frost, S., Mos,t E., Völke,r K., Pallauf, J., & Mooren, F. C. (2009). Exercise affects tissue
lymphocyte apoptosis via redox-sensitive and Fas-dependent signaling pathways. American Journal of
Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative, 296(5), 1518-1527.
Mars, M., Govender, S., Weston, A., Naicker, V., & Chuturgoon, A. (1998). High intensity exercise: a cause of
lymphocyte apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 249(2), 366-370.
Mooren, F. C., Volker, K., Klocke, R., Nikol, S., Waltenberger, J., & Kruger, K. (2012). Exercise delays neutrophil
apoptosis by a G, CSF, and dependent mechanism. Journal Applied Physiology, 113(7), 1082-1090.
Margaritelis, N. V., Kyparos, A., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, A. A., Panayiotou, G., Zafeiridis, A., Dipla, K., Nikolaidis, MG., & Vrabas, IS. (2014). Reductive stress after exercise: The issue of redox individuality. Redox Biology, 2, 520–528.
Mooren, F. C., Lechtermann, A., & Volker, K. (2004). Exercise-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes depends on
training status. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(9), 1476-1483.
Mooren, F. C., & Kruger, K. (2015). Progress in Molecular Biology and translational Science, Molecular and cellular regulation of Adaptation. 135, 407– 422
Mooren, F. C., & Kruger, K. (2015). Apoptotic lymphocytes induce progenitor cell mobilization after exercise.
Journal Applied physiology, 119(2), 135–139.
Navalta, J. W., McFarlin, B. K., & Lyons, T. S. (2010). Does exercise really induce lymphocyte apoptosis? Frontiers in Bioscience, (Elite Ed), 2, 478-88.
Navalta, J. W., Sedlock, D. A., & Park, K. S. (2007). Effect of exercise intensity on exercise induced lymphocyte
apoptosis. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(6), 539-542.
Navalta, J. W., McFarlin, B. K., Lyons, T. S., Faircloth, J. C., Bacon, N. T., & Callahan, Z. J. (2009). Exercise induced lymphocyte apoptosis attributable to cycle ergometer exercise in endurance, trained individuals. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34(4), 603-608.
Neves, P. R. D. S., Tenório, T. R. D. S., Lins, T. A., muniz, M. T. C., Curi, T. C. P., Botero, G. P., & Prado, W. L. D. (2015). Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts on leukocyte counts. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 13(1), 24–28.
Otsuki, T., Shimizu, K., Iemitsu, M., & Kono, L. (2012). Chlorella intake attenuates reduced salivary SIgA secretion in kendo training camp participants. Nutrition Journal.103, 11.
Simpson, R. J., Florida-James, G. D., Whyte, G. P., Black, J. R., Ross, J. A., & Guy, K. (2007). Apoptosis does not contribute to the blood lymphocytopenia observed after intensive and downhill treadmill running in humans. Research in Sports Medicine, 15(3), 157-174.
Steinbacher, P., & Eckl, P. (2015). Impact of Oxidative Stress on Exercising Skeletal Muscle. Biomolecules, 5(2), 356–377.
Simpson, R. J. (2011). Aging, Persistent Viral Infections, and Immunosenescence: Can Exercise "Make Space". Exercise Sport Science Review, 39(1), 23-33.
Siu, P. M., Bryner, R. W., Murlasits, Z., & Alwy, S. E. (2005). Response of XIAP ARC and FLIP apoptotic suppressors to 8 wk. of treadmill running in rat heart and skeletal muscle. Journal Applied Physiology, 99(1), 204-209.
Tayebi, S. M., Alinejad, A. H., Shafaee, S. H., & Ashori, G. R. (2014). Short-Term Effects of Oral Feeding Jujube Ziziplus Solution before a Single Session of Circuit Resistance Exercise on Apoptosis of Human Neutrophil. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 2(1), 53-68.
Tanimura, Y., Kon, M., Shimizu, K., Kimura, F., Kono, I., & Ajisaka, R. (2009). Effect of 6-day intense Kendo training on lymphocyte counts and its expression of CD95. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(2), 227–233.
Timmons, B. W., & Bar-Or, O. (2006). Lymphocyte expression of CD95 at rest and in response to acute exercise in healthy children and adolescents. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 219, 442– 449.
Tuan, T. C., Hsu, T. G., Fong, M. C., Hsu, C. F., Tsai, K. C., Lee, C. Y., & Kong, C. W. (2008). Deleterious effects of short term high intensity exercise on immune function: evidence from leukocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis. British Journal of Sports Medicine,42, 11-15.
Wajant, H. (2014). Principles and mechanisms of CD95 activation. Biological Chemistry. 395(12), 1401–1416
Wang, J. S., & Lin, Ch. T. (2010). Systemic hypoxia promotes lymphocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative
stress during moderate exercise. Europian Journal Applied Physiology, 108(2), 371-382.
Training status and sex influence on senescent T-lymphocyte redistribution in response to acute maximal
exercise. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 39, 152–159.
Cullen, S. P., Henry, C. M., Kearney, C. J., Logue, S. E., Feoktistova, M., & Tynan, G. A. (2013). Fas/CD95-Induced Chemokines Can Serve as "Find-Me" Signals for Apoptotic Cells. Molecular Cell, 19(13), 1034-1048.
Chaea, C. H., & Kim, H. T. (2009). Forced moderate-intensity treadmill exercise suppresses apoptosis by
increasing the level of NGF and stimulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in the hippocampus of
induced aging rats. Neurochemistry International, 55(4), 208–213.
Dorneles, G. P., Colato, A. S., Galvão, S. L., Ramis, T. R., & Ribeiro, J. L. (2015). Acute response of peripheral
CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low-intensity strength exercise
with blood flow restriction. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 36(4), 311-317.
Gordon, P. M., Liu, D., Sartor, M. A., IglayReger, H. B., Pistilli, E. E., Gutmann, L., Nader, G. A., & Hoffman, E. P.
(2011). Resistance exercise training influences skeletal muscle immune activation: a microarray analysis. Journal Applied Physiology, 112(3), 443-453.
Hovanloo, F., Arefirad, T., & Ahmadizad, S. (2013). Effects of sprint interval and continuous endurance
training on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 12, 22.
Hoff, P., Belavý, D. L., Huscher, D., Lang, A., Hahne, M., Kuhlmey, A. K, Maschmeyer, P., Armbrecht,
G., Fitzner, R., Perschel, F. H., Gaber, T., Burmester, G. R., Straub, R. H., Felsenberg, D., & Buttgereit, F.
(2014). Effects of 60-day bed rest with and without exercise on cellular and humeral immunological parameters. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, online publication, 1-10.
Huang ,Ch. Y., Yang, A. L., Lin, Y. M., Wu, F. N., Lin, J. A., Chan, Y, Lin, J. A., Chan, .YS., Tsai, F. J., Tsai,
CH., Kuo, CH., & Lee, S. D. (2011). Anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects of exercise training on hypertensive
hearts. Journal Apply Physiology, 112(5), 883-891.
Koch ,M., Hussein, F., Woeste, A., Gründker, C., Frontzek, K., Emons, G., & Hawighors, T. (2011). CD36 mediated activation of endothelial cell apoptosis by an N. terminal recombinant fragment of thrombospondin.2 inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 128(2), 337-346.
Kruger, k., & Mooren, F. C. (2014). Exercise-induced leukocyte apoptosis. Exercise Immunology Review, 20, 117-134.
Kruger, K., Agnischock, S., Lechtermann, A., Tiwari, S., Mishra, M., Pilat, Wagner, A., Tweddell, C., Gramlich, I., &
Mooren, FC. (2011). Intensive resistance exercise induces lymphocyte apoptosis via cortisol and glucocorticoid
receptor-dependent pathways. Journal Applied Physiology, 110(5), 1226-1232.
Kruger, K., Frost, S., Mos,t E., Völke,r K., Pallauf, J., & Mooren, F. C. (2009). Exercise affects tissue
lymphocyte apoptosis via redox-sensitive and Fas-dependent signaling pathways. American Journal of
Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative, 296(5), 1518-1527.
Mars, M., Govender, S., Weston, A., Naicker, V., & Chuturgoon, A. (1998). High intensity exercise: a cause of
lymphocyte apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 249(2), 366-370.
Mooren, F. C., Volker, K., Klocke, R., Nikol, S., Waltenberger, J., & Kruger, K. (2012). Exercise delays neutrophil
apoptosis by a G, CSF, and dependent mechanism. Journal Applied Physiology, 113(7), 1082-1090.
Margaritelis, N. V., Kyparos, A., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, A. A., Panayiotou, G., Zafeiridis, A., Dipla, K., Nikolaidis, MG., & Vrabas, IS. (2014). Reductive stress after exercise: The issue of redox individuality. Redox Biology, 2, 520–528.
Mooren, F. C., Lechtermann, A., & Volker, K. (2004). Exercise-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes depends on
training status. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(9), 1476-1483.
Mooren, F. C., & Kruger, K. (2015). Progress in Molecular Biology and translational Science, Molecular and cellular regulation of Adaptation. 135, 407– 422
Mooren, F. C., & Kruger, K. (2015). Apoptotic lymphocytes induce progenitor cell mobilization after exercise.
Journal Applied physiology, 119(2), 135–139.
Navalta, J. W., McFarlin, B. K., & Lyons, T. S. (2010). Does exercise really induce lymphocyte apoptosis? Frontiers in Bioscience, (Elite Ed), 2, 478-88.
Navalta, J. W., Sedlock, D. A., & Park, K. S. (2007). Effect of exercise intensity on exercise induced lymphocyte
apoptosis. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(6), 539-542.
Navalta, J. W., McFarlin, B. K., Lyons, T. S., Faircloth, J. C., Bacon, N. T., & Callahan, Z. J. (2009). Exercise induced lymphocyte apoptosis attributable to cycle ergometer exercise in endurance, trained individuals. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34(4), 603-608.
Neves, P. R. D. S., Tenório, T. R. D. S., Lins, T. A., muniz, M. T. C., Curi, T. C. P., Botero, G. P., & Prado, W. L. D. (2015). Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts on leukocyte counts. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 13(1), 24–28.
Otsuki, T., Shimizu, K., Iemitsu, M., & Kono, L. (2012). Chlorella intake attenuates reduced salivary SIgA secretion in kendo training camp participants. Nutrition Journal.103, 11.
Simpson, R. J., Florida-James, G. D., Whyte, G. P., Black, J. R., Ross, J. A., & Guy, K. (2007). Apoptosis does not contribute to the blood lymphocytopenia observed after intensive and downhill treadmill running in humans. Research in Sports Medicine, 15(3), 157-174.
Steinbacher, P., & Eckl, P. (2015). Impact of Oxidative Stress on Exercising Skeletal Muscle. Biomolecules, 5(2), 356–377.
Simpson, R. J. (2011). Aging, Persistent Viral Infections, and Immunosenescence: Can Exercise "Make Space". Exercise Sport Science Review, 39(1), 23-33.
Siu, P. M., Bryner, R. W., Murlasits, Z., & Alwy, S. E. (2005). Response of XIAP ARC and FLIP apoptotic suppressors to 8 wk. of treadmill running in rat heart and skeletal muscle. Journal Applied Physiology, 99(1), 204-209.
Tayebi, S. M., Alinejad, A. H., Shafaee, S. H., & Ashori, G. R. (2014). Short-Term Effects of Oral Feeding Jujube Ziziplus Solution before a Single Session of Circuit Resistance Exercise on Apoptosis of Human Neutrophil. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 2(1), 53-68.
Tanimura, Y., Kon, M., Shimizu, K., Kimura, F., Kono, I., & Ajisaka, R. (2009). Effect of 6-day intense Kendo training on lymphocyte counts and its expression of CD95. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(2), 227–233.
Timmons, B. W., & Bar-Or, O. (2006). Lymphocyte expression of CD95 at rest and in response to acute exercise in healthy children and adolescents. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 219, 442– 449.
Tuan, T. C., Hsu, T. G., Fong, M. C., Hsu, C. F., Tsai, K. C., Lee, C. Y., & Kong, C. W. (2008). Deleterious effects of short term high intensity exercise on immune function: evidence from leukocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis. British Journal of Sports Medicine,42, 11-15.
Wajant, H. (2014). Principles and mechanisms of CD95 activation. Biological Chemistry. 395(12), 1401–1416
Wang, J. S., & Lin, Ch. T. (2010). Systemic hypoxia promotes lymphocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative
stress during moderate exercise. Europian Journal Applied Physiology, 108(2), 371-382.
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