Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Background and Aim: Dehydration due to exercise and heat is a regular issue among athletes that can affect an athlete's performance and even health. This study aimed to identify the effects of different hydration intensity on some of physiological and physical functions in active women. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy active women with an average age: 26.6 ± 6.24 years, Height: 163.20 ± 5.20 cm, weight 54.89 ± 6.59 kg and BMI 20. 59 ± 2.45 kg/m2 voluntarily participated in three separate days at different intensity euhydration , mild and moderate dehydration. Dehydration situation provided by exercise, heat stress and water consumption. Anaerobic power, upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance were measured in three conditions. To analyse the data the repeated measure variance were used and the significance level was considered at pResults: At mild and moderate dehydration situations significant reduction were observed as compare to euhydration situation including; in anaerobic power 7.37 per cent and 11.94 per cent, upper body muscular Endurance 3.4 per cent and 17.44 per cent, lower body muscular endurance 2.66 per cent and 5.75 per cent, lower body muscular strength 4 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. Upper body muscular strength in moderate dehydration as compared to euhydration situation also 8.62 per cent decreased. Conclusions: It seems that some physical factors such as anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, also in mild intensities may be significantly reduced by dehydration.
Keywords
Adan, A. (2012). Cognitive performance and dehydration. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 31(2), 71–78.
Ali, A., & Williams, C. (2013). Isokinetic and isometric muscle function of the knee extensors and flexors during simulated soccer activity: Effect of exercise and dehydration, Journal of Sports Sciences, Taylor and Francis, 31(8), 907–916.
Armstrong, L. E., Maresh, C. M., Gabaree, C. V., Hoffman, J. R., Kavouras, S. A., Kenefick, R. W., Castellani, J. W. & Lynn, E. (1997). Thermal and circulatory responses during exercise: Effects of hypohydration, dehydration, and water intake, Journal of Applied Physiology, 82, 2028-2035.
Carrasc, A. J. (2008). Effects of exercise-induced dehydration on cognitive ability, muscular endurance and surfing performance. Ph.D. Thesis, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., & Hillman, S. K. (2000). National athletic trainers' association position statement: Fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athlete Train, 35(2), 212-224.
Casa, D. J., Clarkson, P.M., & Roberts, W.O. (2005). Hydration and physical activity: Consensus statements. American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4,115-127.
Cheuvront, S. N., Carter, R., & Sawka, M. N. (2003). Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2, 202-208.
Cheuvront, S. N., & kenefick, R. W. (2014). Dehydration: Physiology, assessment, and performance effects, thermal and mountain medicine division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts Published Online, 4,257-285.
Conder, B. J. (2011). Dehydration characteristics of experienced rock climbers using an indoor rock climbing treadmill, M.A. Thesis. Science in health and human development, Montana State University Bozeman.
Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 39-55.
Greenleaf, J. E. (1992). Problem: Thirst, drinking behavior, and involuntary dehydration, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 24(6), 645-656.
Cottrill, D. A. (2014). Examination of two hydration protocols during simulated forced marching under acute heat stress. M.A. Thesis, College of Exercise Science, Marshall University.
Derave, W., Clercq, D. D., Bouckaert, J., & Pannier, J. L. (1998). The influence of exercise and dehydration on
postural stability. Ergonomics, 41(6), 782-789.
Evetovich, T. K., Boyd, J. C., Drake, S. M., Eschbach, L. C., Magal, M., Soukup, J. T., Webster, M. J., Whitehead, M. T., & Weir, J. P. (2002). Effect of moderate dehydration on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Muscle Nerve. 26, 225–231.
Garvey, S. E., Cleary, M. A., & Eberman, L. E. (2006). Effects of active hyperthermia on upper- and lower-extremity anaerobic muscular power. Proceedings of the fifth annual college of education research conference: Section on allied health professions, International University Miami, Florida, April 21-25, 2006.
Goulet, E. D. (2012). Dehydration and endurance performance in competitive athletes. Nutrition Reviews. 70(2), 132–136.
Hayes, L. D., & Morse, C. I. (2010). The effects of progressive dehydration on strength and power: Is there a
dose response? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108, 701–707.
Hudson, L. M. (2013). The effect of moderate exercise induced dehydration on cognitive performance on the impact test in ncaa division iii collegiate wrestlers. M.A. Thesis, Science In Human Performance, College Of Science & Health Human Performance, University Of Wisconsin.
Jones, L. C., Cleary, M. A., Lopez, R. M., Zuri, R., E, & Lopez, R. (2008). Active dehydration impairs upper and lower body anaerobic muscular power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2),120-130.
Judelson, D., Maresh, C., & Farrell, M. (2007). Effect of hydration state on strength, power, and resistance exercise performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39, 1817-1824.
Kraft, J. A., Green, J. M., Bishop, P. A., Richardson, M. T., Neggers, Y. H., & Leeper, J. D. (2012). The influence of hydration on anaerobic performance. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 282–292.
Lepers, R., Maffiuletti, N. A., Rochette, L., Brugniaux, J., & Guillaume, Y. (2002). Millet neuromuscular fatigue during a long-duration cycling exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 1487-1493.
Mahon, E., Hackett, A., Stott, T., George, K., & Davies, I. (2014). An assessment ofthe hydration status of recreational endurance athletes during mountain marathon events. American Journal of Sports Science, 4(2), 77-86.
Maughan, R. J. (2003). impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(2), 19-23.
Maughan, R. J. (2010). Distance running in hot environments, a thermal challenge to the elite runner. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Sciences in Sports, 20, 95-102.
Murray, R. (1996). Dehydration, hyperthermia, and athletes: Science and practice. Exercise Physiology Laboratory at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, 31(3).
Periard, J. D., Tammam, A. H., & Thompson, M. W. (2012). Skeletal muscle strength and endurance are maintained during moderate dehydration, physiology and biochemistry. Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Research and Education Center, 33, 607–612.
Sawka, M. N. (1992). Physiological consequences of hypohydration, exercise performance and thermoregulation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 657-670.
Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). Exercise and fluid replacement. American College of Sports Medicine Position Standmedsci Sports Exercise, 39, 377-390.
Sprenger, H. M. (2011). Fluid balance before and during exercise andthe effects of exercise-induced dehydration on physiological responses, substrate oxidation, muscle metabolism, and performance. Ph.D. Thesis, Philosophy in Human Health and Nutritional Sciences. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, University of Guelph.
Staffey, G. J., Melrose, K., Narve, M., & Knowlton, R. (1998). Effects of dehydration on isometric muscular strength and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(2), 284-288.
Stirling, M. H. (2000). Dehydration in hot working environments: Assessment, prevention and rehydration procedures. Ph.D.Thesis, Loughboropgh University.
Watson, S. M. (2013). Effect of dehydration on concomitant measures of cognitive function and balance. M.A. Thesis Science in Kinesiology, Las Vegas, University Of Nevada.
Ali, A., & Williams, C. (2013). Isokinetic and isometric muscle function of the knee extensors and flexors during simulated soccer activity: Effect of exercise and dehydration, Journal of Sports Sciences, Taylor and Francis, 31(8), 907–916.
Armstrong, L. E., Maresh, C. M., Gabaree, C. V., Hoffman, J. R., Kavouras, S. A., Kenefick, R. W., Castellani, J. W. & Lynn, E. (1997). Thermal and circulatory responses during exercise: Effects of hypohydration, dehydration, and water intake, Journal of Applied Physiology, 82, 2028-2035.
Carrasc, A. J. (2008). Effects of exercise-induced dehydration on cognitive ability, muscular endurance and surfing performance. Ph.D. Thesis, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., & Hillman, S. K. (2000). National athletic trainers' association position statement: Fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athlete Train, 35(2), 212-224.
Casa, D. J., Clarkson, P.M., & Roberts, W.O. (2005). Hydration and physical activity: Consensus statements. American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4,115-127.
Cheuvront, S. N., Carter, R., & Sawka, M. N. (2003). Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2, 202-208.
Cheuvront, S. N., & kenefick, R. W. (2014). Dehydration: Physiology, assessment, and performance effects, thermal and mountain medicine division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts Published Online, 4,257-285.
Conder, B. J. (2011). Dehydration characteristics of experienced rock climbers using an indoor rock climbing treadmill, M.A. Thesis. Science in health and human development, Montana State University Bozeman.
Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 39-55.
Greenleaf, J. E. (1992). Problem: Thirst, drinking behavior, and involuntary dehydration, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 24(6), 645-656.
Cottrill, D. A. (2014). Examination of two hydration protocols during simulated forced marching under acute heat stress. M.A. Thesis, College of Exercise Science, Marshall University.
Derave, W., Clercq, D. D., Bouckaert, J., & Pannier, J. L. (1998). The influence of exercise and dehydration on
postural stability. Ergonomics, 41(6), 782-789.
Evetovich, T. K., Boyd, J. C., Drake, S. M., Eschbach, L. C., Magal, M., Soukup, J. T., Webster, M. J., Whitehead, M. T., & Weir, J. P. (2002). Effect of moderate dehydration on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Muscle Nerve. 26, 225–231.
Garvey, S. E., Cleary, M. A., & Eberman, L. E. (2006). Effects of active hyperthermia on upper- and lower-extremity anaerobic muscular power. Proceedings of the fifth annual college of education research conference: Section on allied health professions, International University Miami, Florida, April 21-25, 2006.
Goulet, E. D. (2012). Dehydration and endurance performance in competitive athletes. Nutrition Reviews. 70(2), 132–136.
Hayes, L. D., & Morse, C. I. (2010). The effects of progressive dehydration on strength and power: Is there a
dose response? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108, 701–707.
Hudson, L. M. (2013). The effect of moderate exercise induced dehydration on cognitive performance on the impact test in ncaa division iii collegiate wrestlers. M.A. Thesis, Science In Human Performance, College Of Science & Health Human Performance, University Of Wisconsin.
Jones, L. C., Cleary, M. A., Lopez, R. M., Zuri, R., E, & Lopez, R. (2008). Active dehydration impairs upper and lower body anaerobic muscular power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2),120-130.
Judelson, D., Maresh, C., & Farrell, M. (2007). Effect of hydration state on strength, power, and resistance exercise performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39, 1817-1824.
Kraft, J. A., Green, J. M., Bishop, P. A., Richardson, M. T., Neggers, Y. H., & Leeper, J. D. (2012). The influence of hydration on anaerobic performance. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 282–292.
Lepers, R., Maffiuletti, N. A., Rochette, L., Brugniaux, J., & Guillaume, Y. (2002). Millet neuromuscular fatigue during a long-duration cycling exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 1487-1493.
Mahon, E., Hackett, A., Stott, T., George, K., & Davies, I. (2014). An assessment ofthe hydration status of recreational endurance athletes during mountain marathon events. American Journal of Sports Science, 4(2), 77-86.
Maughan, R. J. (2003). impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(2), 19-23.
Maughan, R. J. (2010). Distance running in hot environments, a thermal challenge to the elite runner. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Sciences in Sports, 20, 95-102.
Murray, R. (1996). Dehydration, hyperthermia, and athletes: Science and practice. Exercise Physiology Laboratory at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, 31(3).
Periard, J. D., Tammam, A. H., & Thompson, M. W. (2012). Skeletal muscle strength and endurance are maintained during moderate dehydration, physiology and biochemistry. Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Research and Education Center, 33, 607–612.
Sawka, M. N. (1992). Physiological consequences of hypohydration, exercise performance and thermoregulation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 657-670.
Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). Exercise and fluid replacement. American College of Sports Medicine Position Standmedsci Sports Exercise, 39, 377-390.
Sprenger, H. M. (2011). Fluid balance before and during exercise andthe effects of exercise-induced dehydration on physiological responses, substrate oxidation, muscle metabolism, and performance. Ph.D. Thesis, Philosophy in Human Health and Nutritional Sciences. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, University of Guelph.
Staffey, G. J., Melrose, K., Narve, M., & Knowlton, R. (1998). Effects of dehydration on isometric muscular strength and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(2), 284-288.
Stirling, M. H. (2000). Dehydration in hot working environments: Assessment, prevention and rehydration procedures. Ph.D.Thesis, Loughboropgh University.
Watson, S. M. (2013). Effect of dehydration on concomitant measures of cognitive function and balance. M.A. Thesis Science in Kinesiology, Las Vegas, University Of Nevada.
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