Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 PhD Student in Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lipid profiles are the main factors in the occurrence of atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the purpose of current study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of combined trainings (Resistance - Aerobic) along with vitamin E supplementation on the serum levels of ICAM-1 and lipid profiles in sedentary and overweight men. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 32 healthy sedentary overweight men (body mass index, 26.69 ± 0.91 kg/m2) participated in this semi experimental study and were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8) of control, supplementation, exercise + placebo, and exercise + supplementation. Participants used 400 IU of vitamin E per day for eight weeks. Concurrent exercise (Resistance - Aerobic) was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Fasting blood samples were taken pre and post of study protocol. Analysis of covariance test was used to evaluate the data at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: No significant intra-group changes were observed in the serum level of ICAM-1, low density lipoprotein cholestrol and triglyceride (p>0.05). Despite this, high density lipoprotein cholestrol increased significantly in the training–supplementation group (p<0.05). There was no significant inter-group difference in ICAM-1 serum levels and lipid profile after interventions (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of current study suggested that concurrent exercise training along with vitamin E supplementation had no effect on serum ICAM-1, but it improved aerobic power in sedentary overweight men.
Keywords
Adamopoulos, S., Parissis, J., Kroupis, C., Georgiadis, M., Karatzas, D., Karavolias, G., ... & Kremastinos, D.T. (2001). Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal, 22(9), 791-797.
Akimoto, T., Furudate, M., Saitoh, M., Sugiura, K., Waku, T., Akama, T., & Kono, I. (2002). Increased plasma concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after strenuous exercise associated with muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(3), 185-190.
Azali Alamdari, K. (2017). Effects of 8 weeks of high intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training on serum ICAM-1, CRP and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle- aged men. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 6(12), 83-100. [In Persian]
Bastien, M., Poirier, P., Lemieux, I., & Després, J.P. (2014). Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity to cardiovascular disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 56(4), 369-381.
Bobeuf, F., Labonte, M., Dionne, I. J., & Khalil, A. (2011). Combined effect of antioxidant supplementation and resistance training on oxidative stress markers, muscle and body composition in an elderly population. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 15(10), 883-889.
Brancaccio, P., Lippi, G., & Maffulli, N. (2010). Biochemical markers of muscular damage. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 48(6), 757-767.
Cuyul-Vasquez, I., Berrios-Contreras, L., Soto-Fuentes, S., Hunter-Echeverria, K., & Marzuca-Nassr, G.N. (2020). Effects of resistance exercise training on redox homeostasis in older adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Gerontology, 138, 111012.
Durstine, J.L., Grandjean, P.W., Cox, C.A., & Thompson, P.D. (2002). Lipids, lipoproteins, and exercise. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 22(6), 385-398.
Elliott, K.J., Sale, C., & Cable, N.T. (2002). Effects of resistance training and detraining on muscle strength and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5), 340-344.
Farkhani, B.M., Asghari, H., Razavi, H., Behradnasab, M., & Mogharnasi, M. (2021). Effect of 4 weeks concurrent resistanceendurance training with continuous and interval methods on muscular power, strength and maximal oxygen consumption in young men soccer players. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 9(19), 20-32. [In Persian]
Ferguson, M.A., Alderson, N.L., Trost, S.G., Essig, D.A., Burke, J.R., & Durstine, J.L. (1998). Effects of four different single exercise sessions on lipids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein lipase. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3), 1169-1174.
Figueroa, A., Park, S. Y., Seo, D. Y., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., & Baek, Y. H. (2011). Combined resistance and endurance exercise training improves arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Menopause, 18(9), 980-984.
Ghasemi, E., Saghebjoo, M., Dadi, Z., Maraki, H. (2012). Effects of one bout of maximum aerobic physical activity in morning and evening on plasma GH and cortisol levels in young female. Journal of Sport in Biomotor Sciences, 5(1), 38-47. [In Persian]
Ito, H., Ohshima, A., Inoue, M., Ohto, N., Nakasuga, K., Kaji, Y., ... & Nishioka, K. (2002). Weight reduction decreases soluble cellular adhesion molecules in obese women. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 29(5‐6), 399-404.
Kargarfard, M., Lam, E.T., Shariat, A., Asle Mohammadi, M., Afrasiabi, S., Shaw, I., & Shaw, B.S. (2016). Effects of endurance and high intensity training on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels and arterial pressure in obese and normal weight adolescents. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 44(3), 208-216.
Khajehdehi, P. (2000). Effect of vitamins on the lipid profile of patients on regular hemodialysis. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 34(1), 62-66.
Kraus, W.E., Houmard, J.A., Duscha, B.D., Knetzger, K.J., Wharton, M.B., McCartney, J.S., ... & Slentz, C.A. (2002). Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1483-1492.
Lalonde, L., Gray-Donald, K., Lowensteyn, I., Marchand, S., Dorais, M., Michaels, G., ... & Group, T. C. C. C. A. (2002). Comparing the benefits of diet and exercise in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Preventive Medicine, 35(1), 16-24.
Lima, L.G., Bonardi, J.M., Campos, G.O., Bertani, R.F., Scher, L.M., Louzada-Junior, P., ... & Lima, N.K. (2015). Effect of aerobic training and aerobic and resistance training on the inflammatory status of hypertensive older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(4), 483-489.
Mogharnasi, M., Cheragh-Birjandi, K., Cheragh-Birjandi, S., TaheriChadorneshin, H. (2017). The effects of resistance and endurance training on risk factors of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in non-athlete men. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, 9(4), 185-190.
Mogharnasi, M., TaheriChadorneshin, H., & Abbasi-Deloei, N. (2019). Effect of exercise training type on plasma levels of vaspin, nesfatin-1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in overweight and obese women. Obesity Medicine, 13, 34-38.
Nazari, S., TaheriChadorneshin, H., Marefati, H., & Abtahi‑Eivary, S.H. (2020). The effect of rope jump training on serum levels of lipocalin-2, anthropometric parameters, and aerobic power in obese adolescent boys. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences, 7(3), 7-18.
Olson, T.P., Dengel, D.R., Leon, A.S., & Schmitz, K.H. (2007). Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. International Journal of Obesity, 31(6), 996-1003.
Pak, V.M., Grandner, M.A., & Pack, A.I. (2014). Circulating adhesion molecules in obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(1), 25-34.
Park, S.K., Park, J.H., Kwon, Y.C., Kim, H.S., Yoon, M.S., & Park, H.T. (2003). The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on abdominal fat in obese middle-aged women. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 129-135.
Perkins, G.M., Owen, A., Kearney, E.M., & Swaine, I.L. (2009). Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in 40–65-year-old men performing recommended levels of physical activity, compared with sedentary men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(2), 136-141.
Pontiroli, A.E., Pizzocri, P., Koprivec, D., Vedani, P., Marchi, M., Arcelloni, C., ... & Giugliano, D. (2004). Body weight and glucose metabolism have a different effect on circulating levels of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and endothelin-1 in humans. European Journal of Endocrinology, 150(2), 195-200.
Poutafkand, F., Marefati, H., & Taherichadorneshin, H. (2020). A Comparison of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training Protocols on Serum Irisin Level and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Sedentary Obese Women. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 27(4), 23-28.
Qureshi, A.A., Sami, S.A., Salser, W.A., & Khan, F.A. (2002). Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans. Atherosclerosis, 161(1), 199-207.
Rasool, A.H., Yuen, K.H., Yusoff, K., Wong, A.R., & Rahman, A.R. (2006). Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 52(6), 473-478.
Sabatier, M.J., Schwark, E.H., Lewis, R., Sloan, G., Cannon, J., & McCully, K. (2008). Femoral artery remodeling after aerobic exercise training without weight loss in women. Dynamic Medicine, 7(1), 1-8.
Saboori, S., Shab-Bidar, S., Speakman, J.R., Yousefi Rad, E., & Djafarian, K. (2015). Effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum C-reactive protein level: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(8), 867-873.
Saxton, J.M., Zwierska, I., Hopkinson, K., Espigares, E., Choksy, S., Nawaz, S., ... & Pockley, A.G. (2008). Effect of upper-and lower-limb exercise training on circulating soluble adhesion molecules, hs-CRP and stress proteins in patients with intermittent claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 35(5), 607-613.
Schjerve, I.E., Tyldum, G.A., Tjønna, A.E., Stølen, T., Loennechen, J.P., Hansen, H.E., ... & Wisløff, U. (2008). Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clinical Science, 115(9), 283-293.
Shaw, I., Shaw, B.S., & KrazilshchIkov, O. (2009). Comparison of aerobic and combined aerobic and resistance training on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in men: cardiovascular topic. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 20(5), 290-295.
Signorelli, S.S., Mazzarino, M.C., Pino, L.D., Malaponte, G., Porto, C., Pennisi, G., ... & Virgilio, V. (2003). High circulating levels of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFa), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and selectins in patients with peripheral arterial disease at rest and after a treadmill test. Vascular Medicine, 8(1), 15-19.
Sixt, S., Beer, S., Blüher, M., Korff, N., Peschel, T., Sonnabend, M., ... & Niebauer, J. (2010). Long-but not short-term multifactorial intervention with focus on exercise training improves coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal, 31(1), 112-119.
Sjögren, P., Cederholm, T., Heimbürger, M., Stenvinkel, P., Vedin, I., Palmblad, J., & Hellenius, M.L. (2010). Simple advice on lifestyle habits and long-term changes in biomarkers of inflammation and vascular adhesion in healthy middle-aged men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(12), 1450-1456.
Sung, R.Y.T., Yu, C. W., Chang, S.K.Y., Mo, S.W., Woo, K. S., & Lam, C.W.K. (2002). Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 86(6), 407-410.
Tahir, M., Foley, B., Pate, G., Crean, P., Moore, D., McCarroll, N., & Walsh, M. (2005). Impact of vitamin E and C supplementation on serum adhesion molecules in chronic degenerative aortic stenosis: a randomized controlled trial. American Heart Journal, 150(2), 302-306.
Theriault, A., Chao, J.T., & Gapor, A. (2002). Tocotrienol is the most effective vitamin E for reducing endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and adhesion to monocytes. Atherosclerosis, 160(1), 21-30.
Tönjes, A., Scholz, M., Fasshauer, M., Kratzsch, J., Rassoul, F., Stumvoll, M., & Blüher, M. (2007). Beneficial effects of a 4-week exercise program on plasma concentrations of adhesion molecules. Diabetes Care, 30(3), e1-e1.
Tousoulis, D., Antoniades, C., Tentolouris, C., Tsioufis, C., Toutouza, M., Toutouzas, P., & Stefanadis, C. (2003). Effects of combined administration of vitamins C and E on reactive hyperemia and inflammatory process in chronic smokers. Atherosclerosis, 170(2), 261-267.
van Baak, M.A., Pramono, A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J.E., Busetto, L., ... & Oppert, J.M. (2021). Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Obesity Reviews, 22, e13239.
van Dam, B., van Hinsbergh, V.W., Stehouwer, C.D., Versteilen, A., Dekker, H., Buytenhek, R., ... & Schalkwijk, C.G. (2003). Vitamin E inhibits lipid peroxidation-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells and decreases soluble cell adhesion molecules in healthy subjects. Cardiovascular RCDesearch, 57(2), 563-571.
Yoshikawa, T., Yoshida, N., Manabe, H., Terasawa, Y., Takemura, T., & Kondo, M. (1997). Effect of α-tocopherol on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 on human vascular endothelial cells. Food Factors for Cancer Prevention, 12, 465–467.
Zarei, M., Beheshti, N., Hamedinia, M., TaheriChadorneshin, H., & Askari Majdabadi, H. (2020). Effects of 12 weeks of combined aerobic-resistance exercise training on levels of chemerin, omentin and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes. Koomesh, 22(1), 155-163. [In Persian]
Akimoto, T., Furudate, M., Saitoh, M., Sugiura, K., Waku, T., Akama, T., & Kono, I. (2002). Increased plasma concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after strenuous exercise associated with muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(3), 185-190.
Azali Alamdari, K. (2017). Effects of 8 weeks of high intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training on serum ICAM-1, CRP and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle- aged men. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 6(12), 83-100. [In Persian]
Bastien, M., Poirier, P., Lemieux, I., & Després, J.P. (2014). Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity to cardiovascular disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 56(4), 369-381.
Bobeuf, F., Labonte, M., Dionne, I. J., & Khalil, A. (2011). Combined effect of antioxidant supplementation and resistance training on oxidative stress markers, muscle and body composition in an elderly population. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 15(10), 883-889.
Brancaccio, P., Lippi, G., & Maffulli, N. (2010). Biochemical markers of muscular damage. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 48(6), 757-767.
Cuyul-Vasquez, I., Berrios-Contreras, L., Soto-Fuentes, S., Hunter-Echeverria, K., & Marzuca-Nassr, G.N. (2020). Effects of resistance exercise training on redox homeostasis in older adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Gerontology, 138, 111012.
Durstine, J.L., Grandjean, P.W., Cox, C.A., & Thompson, P.D. (2002). Lipids, lipoproteins, and exercise. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 22(6), 385-398.
Elliott, K.J., Sale, C., & Cable, N.T. (2002). Effects of resistance training and detraining on muscle strength and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5), 340-344.
Farkhani, B.M., Asghari, H., Razavi, H., Behradnasab, M., & Mogharnasi, M. (2021). Effect of 4 weeks concurrent resistanceendurance training with continuous and interval methods on muscular power, strength and maximal oxygen consumption in young men soccer players. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 9(19), 20-32. [In Persian]
Ferguson, M.A., Alderson, N.L., Trost, S.G., Essig, D.A., Burke, J.R., & Durstine, J.L. (1998). Effects of four different single exercise sessions on lipids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein lipase. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3), 1169-1174.
Figueroa, A., Park, S. Y., Seo, D. Y., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., & Baek, Y. H. (2011). Combined resistance and endurance exercise training improves arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Menopause, 18(9), 980-984.
Ghasemi, E., Saghebjoo, M., Dadi, Z., Maraki, H. (2012). Effects of one bout of maximum aerobic physical activity in morning and evening on plasma GH and cortisol levels in young female. Journal of Sport in Biomotor Sciences, 5(1), 38-47. [In Persian]
Ito, H., Ohshima, A., Inoue, M., Ohto, N., Nakasuga, K., Kaji, Y., ... & Nishioka, K. (2002). Weight reduction decreases soluble cellular adhesion molecules in obese women. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 29(5‐6), 399-404.
Kargarfard, M., Lam, E.T., Shariat, A., Asle Mohammadi, M., Afrasiabi, S., Shaw, I., & Shaw, B.S. (2016). Effects of endurance and high intensity training on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels and arterial pressure in obese and normal weight adolescents. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 44(3), 208-216.
Khajehdehi, P. (2000). Effect of vitamins on the lipid profile of patients on regular hemodialysis. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 34(1), 62-66.
Kraus, W.E., Houmard, J.A., Duscha, B.D., Knetzger, K.J., Wharton, M.B., McCartney, J.S., ... & Slentz, C.A. (2002). Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1483-1492.
Lalonde, L., Gray-Donald, K., Lowensteyn, I., Marchand, S., Dorais, M., Michaels, G., ... & Group, T. C. C. C. A. (2002). Comparing the benefits of diet and exercise in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Preventive Medicine, 35(1), 16-24.
Lima, L.G., Bonardi, J.M., Campos, G.O., Bertani, R.F., Scher, L.M., Louzada-Junior, P., ... & Lima, N.K. (2015). Effect of aerobic training and aerobic and resistance training on the inflammatory status of hypertensive older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(4), 483-489.
Mogharnasi, M., Cheragh-Birjandi, K., Cheragh-Birjandi, S., TaheriChadorneshin, H. (2017). The effects of resistance and endurance training on risk factors of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in non-athlete men. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, 9(4), 185-190.
Mogharnasi, M., TaheriChadorneshin, H., & Abbasi-Deloei, N. (2019). Effect of exercise training type on plasma levels of vaspin, nesfatin-1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in overweight and obese women. Obesity Medicine, 13, 34-38.
Nazari, S., TaheriChadorneshin, H., Marefati, H., & Abtahi‑Eivary, S.H. (2020). The effect of rope jump training on serum levels of lipocalin-2, anthropometric parameters, and aerobic power in obese adolescent boys. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences, 7(3), 7-18.
Olson, T.P., Dengel, D.R., Leon, A.S., & Schmitz, K.H. (2007). Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. International Journal of Obesity, 31(6), 996-1003.
Pak, V.M., Grandner, M.A., & Pack, A.I. (2014). Circulating adhesion molecules in obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(1), 25-34.
Park, S.K., Park, J.H., Kwon, Y.C., Kim, H.S., Yoon, M.S., & Park, H.T. (2003). The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on abdominal fat in obese middle-aged women. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 129-135.
Perkins, G.M., Owen, A., Kearney, E.M., & Swaine, I.L. (2009). Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in 40–65-year-old men performing recommended levels of physical activity, compared with sedentary men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(2), 136-141.
Pontiroli, A.E., Pizzocri, P., Koprivec, D., Vedani, P., Marchi, M., Arcelloni, C., ... & Giugliano, D. (2004). Body weight and glucose metabolism have a different effect on circulating levels of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and endothelin-1 in humans. European Journal of Endocrinology, 150(2), 195-200.
Poutafkand, F., Marefati, H., & Taherichadorneshin, H. (2020). A Comparison of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training Protocols on Serum Irisin Level and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Sedentary Obese Women. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 27(4), 23-28.
Qureshi, A.A., Sami, S.A., Salser, W.A., & Khan, F.A. (2002). Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans. Atherosclerosis, 161(1), 199-207.
Rasool, A.H., Yuen, K.H., Yusoff, K., Wong, A.R., & Rahman, A.R. (2006). Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 52(6), 473-478.
Sabatier, M.J., Schwark, E.H., Lewis, R., Sloan, G., Cannon, J., & McCully, K. (2008). Femoral artery remodeling after aerobic exercise training without weight loss in women. Dynamic Medicine, 7(1), 1-8.
Saboori, S., Shab-Bidar, S., Speakman, J.R., Yousefi Rad, E., & Djafarian, K. (2015). Effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum C-reactive protein level: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(8), 867-873.
Saxton, J.M., Zwierska, I., Hopkinson, K., Espigares, E., Choksy, S., Nawaz, S., ... & Pockley, A.G. (2008). Effect of upper-and lower-limb exercise training on circulating soluble adhesion molecules, hs-CRP and stress proteins in patients with intermittent claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 35(5), 607-613.
Schjerve, I.E., Tyldum, G.A., Tjønna, A.E., Stølen, T., Loennechen, J.P., Hansen, H.E., ... & Wisløff, U. (2008). Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clinical Science, 115(9), 283-293.
Shaw, I., Shaw, B.S., & KrazilshchIkov, O. (2009). Comparison of aerobic and combined aerobic and resistance training on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in men: cardiovascular topic. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 20(5), 290-295.
Signorelli, S.S., Mazzarino, M.C., Pino, L.D., Malaponte, G., Porto, C., Pennisi, G., ... & Virgilio, V. (2003). High circulating levels of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFa), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and selectins in patients with peripheral arterial disease at rest and after a treadmill test. Vascular Medicine, 8(1), 15-19.
Sixt, S., Beer, S., Blüher, M., Korff, N., Peschel, T., Sonnabend, M., ... & Niebauer, J. (2010). Long-but not short-term multifactorial intervention with focus on exercise training improves coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal, 31(1), 112-119.
Sjögren, P., Cederholm, T., Heimbürger, M., Stenvinkel, P., Vedin, I., Palmblad, J., & Hellenius, M.L. (2010). Simple advice on lifestyle habits and long-term changes in biomarkers of inflammation and vascular adhesion in healthy middle-aged men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(12), 1450-1456.
Sung, R.Y.T., Yu, C. W., Chang, S.K.Y., Mo, S.W., Woo, K. S., & Lam, C.W.K. (2002). Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 86(6), 407-410.
Tahir, M., Foley, B., Pate, G., Crean, P., Moore, D., McCarroll, N., & Walsh, M. (2005). Impact of vitamin E and C supplementation on serum adhesion molecules in chronic degenerative aortic stenosis: a randomized controlled trial. American Heart Journal, 150(2), 302-306.
Theriault, A., Chao, J.T., & Gapor, A. (2002). Tocotrienol is the most effective vitamin E for reducing endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and adhesion to monocytes. Atherosclerosis, 160(1), 21-30.
Tönjes, A., Scholz, M., Fasshauer, M., Kratzsch, J., Rassoul, F., Stumvoll, M., & Blüher, M. (2007). Beneficial effects of a 4-week exercise program on plasma concentrations of adhesion molecules. Diabetes Care, 30(3), e1-e1.
Tousoulis, D., Antoniades, C., Tentolouris, C., Tsioufis, C., Toutouza, M., Toutouzas, P., & Stefanadis, C. (2003). Effects of combined administration of vitamins C and E on reactive hyperemia and inflammatory process in chronic smokers. Atherosclerosis, 170(2), 261-267.
van Baak, M.A., Pramono, A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J.E., Busetto, L., ... & Oppert, J.M. (2021). Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Obesity Reviews, 22, e13239.
van Dam, B., van Hinsbergh, V.W., Stehouwer, C.D., Versteilen, A., Dekker, H., Buytenhek, R., ... & Schalkwijk, C.G. (2003). Vitamin E inhibits lipid peroxidation-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells and decreases soluble cell adhesion molecules in healthy subjects. Cardiovascular RCDesearch, 57(2), 563-571.
Yoshikawa, T., Yoshida, N., Manabe, H., Terasawa, Y., Takemura, T., & Kondo, M. (1997). Effect of α-tocopherol on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 on human vascular endothelial cells. Food Factors for Cancer Prevention, 12, 465–467.
Zarei, M., Beheshti, N., Hamedinia, M., TaheriChadorneshin, H., & Askari Majdabadi, H. (2020). Effects of 12 weeks of combined aerobic-resistance exercise training on levels of chemerin, omentin and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes. Koomesh, 22(1), 155-163. [In Persian]
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