Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associate Professor at Department of Sport Biomechanic, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
2 Professor at Department Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
3 MS.c in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand , Birjand, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Increased oxidative stress due to exercise as well as the body’s ability to deal with its complications cause different levels of health and disease in people. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of two weeks of curcumin supplementation on serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) indices after a session of intense intermittent training in overweight and obese girls. Materials and Methods: Twenty two overweight and obese girls (mean age: 21±1.79 years; weight: 68.80±7.81 kg; body mass index: 31.18±1.96 kg/m2) as purposefully selected and randomly divided into two homogeneous groups (experimental and placebo) according to age and body mass index. The experimental group was underwent intense acute intermittent activity (shuttle run activity protocol; 85 to 95% heart rate percent) and curcumin supplement (80 mg/day post-lunch). The results were extracted using repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and LSD post hoc tests at the level of p<0.05. Results: Intense intermittent activity caused a significant increase in MDA (p=0.001) and a significant decrease in SOD (p=0.001) while two weeks of curcumin supplementation caused a significant decrease in MDA (p=0.009) and a significant increase in SOD (p=0.01). On the other hand, two weeks of curcumin supplementation before intense intermittent activity did not significantly change MDA (p=0.06) and SOD (p=0.21). Conclusion: Two weeks of curcumin supplementation could inhibits lipid peroxidation.
Keywords
Amirkhani, Z., Azarbayjani, M.A., Homaei, H.M., & Peeri, M. (2016). Effect of combining resistance training and curcumin supplementation on liver enzyme in inactive obese and overweight females. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 8(3), 107-14. [In Persian]
Avci, G., Kadioglu, H., Sehirli, A. O., Bozkurt, S., Guclu, O., Arslan, E., & Muratli, S. K. (2012). Curcumin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Surgical Research, 172(1), e39-e46.
Bogdanis, G. C., Stavrinou, P., Fatouros, I. G., Philippou, A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Draganidis, D., & Maridaki, M. (2013). Short-term high-intensity interval exercise training attenuates oxidative stress responses and improves antioxidant status in healthy humans. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 61, 171-177.
Buchan, D. S., Ollis, S., Young, J. D., Thomas, N. E., Cooper, S. M., Tong, T. K., & Baker, J. S. (2011). The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. American Journal of Human Biology, 23(4), 517-526.
Chiaradia, E., Avellini, L., Rueca, F., Spaterna, A., Porciello, F., Antonioni, M. T., & Gaiti, A. (1998). Physical exercise, oxidative stress and muscle damage in racehorses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 119(4), 833-836.
Dorneles, G.P., Haddad, D.O., Fagundes, V.O., Vargas, B.K., Kloecker, A., Romão, P.R., & Peres, A. (2016). High intensity interval exercise decreases IL-8 and enhances the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-10 in lean and overweight–obese individuals. Cytokine, 77, 1-9.
Ezzati, A., Atashak, S., Roshdi Bonab, R. (2021). The effect of concurrent training order on oxidative stress biomarkers in sedentary obese women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 22(6), 459-468. [In Persian]
Fakhri, S., Shakeryan, S., Fakhri, F., & Alizadeh, A.A. (2019). The effect of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with using Nano-curcumin supplement on total antioxidant capacity and Malondialdehyde level in overweight girls. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 26(4), 333-42. [In Persian]
Feizi, Y., Abtahi-Eivary, S. H., & Rezvani, M. (2022). Serum changes of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in inactive females consumed coenzyme Q10 following of moderate and severe acute resistance training. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 10(22), 54-64. [In Persian]
Fisher, G., Schwartz, D.D., Quindry, J., Barberio, M.D., Foster, E. B., Jones, K.W., & Pascoe, D.D. (2011). Lymphocyte enzymatic antioxidant responses to oxidative stress following high-intensity interval exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(3), 730-737.
Gaeini, A., Arbab, G., Kordi, M., & Ghorbani, P. (2013 A). The response of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system of the best football players to a very intense exercise session. Hormozgan Medical Journal, 17(1), 29. [In Persian]
Gaeini, A., Arbab, G., Kordi, M., & Ghorbani, P. (2013 B). A lipid peroxidation elite soccer player’s oxidation system to a vigorous exercise session (HIE). Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, 1, 23-29. [In Persian]
Ghasemi, E., Afzalpour, M.E., & Saghebjoo, M. (2012). The effect of short-term supplementation of green tea on total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation of young women after a session of intense resistance training. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 30(202), 1276-1267. [In Persian]
Ghaffari Humdini, S., Asad, M., Bazgir, B., & Rahimi, M. (2018). The effect of intense intermittent training and moderate-intensity continuous endurance on VEFG gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 19(3), 170-176. [In Persian]
Gillen, J.B., & Gibala, M.J. (2014). Is high-intensity interval training a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve health and fitness? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(3), 409-412.
Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., Domenech, E., Romagnoli, M., Arduini, A., Borras, C., Pallardo, F.V., ... & Vina, J. (2008). Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(1), 142-149.
Gupt, A.M., Kumar, M., Sharma, R.K., Misra, R., & Gupt, A. (2015). Effect of moderate aerobic exercise training on autonomic functions and its correlation with the antioxidant status. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 59(2), 162-9.
Haghighi, A. H., Darijani, A. H., & Hamedi nia, M. R. (2011). The effect of one bout of exhaustive aerobic exercise with different intensities on serum MDA in male smokers. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 3(9), 95-112. [In Persian]
Hosseini Esfahani, F., Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P., Jalali Farahani, S., & Azizi, F. (2009). Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran lipid and glucose study. The Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(71), 41-55. [In Persian]
Martinovic, J., Dopsaj, V., Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Dopsaj, M., Vujovic, A., Stefanovic, A., & Nešic, G. (2011). Oxidative stress biomarker monitoring in elite women volleyball athletes during a 6-week training period. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1360-1367.
Moflehi, D., Kok, L.Y., Tengku-Fadilah, T.K., & Amri, S. (2012). Effect of single-session aerobic exercise with varying intensities on lipid peroxidation and muscle-damage markers in sedentary males. Global Journal of Health Science, 4(4), 48.
Modir, M., Daryanoosh, F., Mohamadi, M., & Firouzmand, H. (2014). The effects of short and middle time’s aerobic exercise with high intensities on ingredients antioxidant in female Sprague Dawley rats. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 57(3), 587-595. [In Persian]
Ms, S.A.B., Waldman, PhD, H.S., Krings, PhD, B. M., Lamberth, PhD, J., Smith, PhD, J. W., & McAllister, PhD, M.J. (2020). Effect of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, and muscle soreness. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 17(4), 401-414.
Naghizadeh, H., Akbarzadeh, H., & Katabi, F. (2009). The effect of a period of moderate aerobic activity with vitamin E intake on glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and oxidative stress indices and muscle damage in active male students. Sport Sciences (Harkat), (4), 39-57. [In Persian]
Namani, F., & Nourani Pilehroud, M. (2017). The effect of cocaine supplementation on antioxidant enzymes (GPX, SOD), The first international conference on modern research in sports science and physical education, Hamadan, Iran, June 29, 2017, 1-9. [In Persian]
Nasrallah, S. (2018). The effect of high and moderate intensity intermittent exercise on superoxide dismutase, catalase, lactate dehydrogenase and salivary malondialdehyde in obese and overweight middle-aged men. Master Thesis, University of Guilan. [In Persian]
Parker, L., Stepto, N.K., Shaw, C. S., Serpiello, F.R., Anderson, M., Hare, D.L., & Levinger, I. (2016). Acute high-intensity interval exercise-induced redox signaling is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity in obese middle-aged men. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 411.
Organization, W.H. (2017). Global Health Risks-Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Cancer.
Rahbarghazi, A., & Siahkouhian, M. (2021). The effect of swimming training and curcumin supplementation on antioxidant indices in active young men. Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 64(2), 2753-2762. [In Persian]
Saraf‐Bank, S., Ahmadi, A., Paknahad, Z., Maracy, M., & Nourian, M. (2019). Effects of curcumin supplementation on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress among healthy overweight and obese girl adolescents: A randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 33(8), 2015-2022.
Sasaki, H., Sunagawa, Y., Takahashi, K., Imaizumi, A., Fukuda, H., Hashimoto, T., & Morimoto, T. (2011). Innovative preparation of curcumin for improved oral bioavailability. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 34(5), 660-665.
Sayers, S.P., Clarkson, P.M., Rouzier, P.A., & Kamen, G.A.R.Y. (1999). Adverse events associated with eccentric exercise protocols: six case studies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(12), 1697-1702.
Savira, I., Doewes, M., & Rohma, N. (2020). Oxidative stress on high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT). International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 6(1), 1-7.
Sellami, M., Slimeni, O., Pokrywka, A., Kuvacic, G., Hayes, L., Milic, M., & Padulo, J. (2018). Herbal medicine for sports: a review. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 14.
Sen, C.K. (1999). Glutathione homeostasis in response to exercise training and nutritional supplements. In: Das, D.K. (eds) Stress Adaptation, Prophylaxis and Treatment. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 32, 31-42.
Shadkam, T., Nazar, A., & Bijeh., P. (2016). The effect of aerobic exercise with turmeric supplementation on cardiovascular inflammatory index and body composition in inactive women. Journal of Sports Life Sciences, 8 (2), 206-193.
Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A.M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L.M. (2018). Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget, 9(24), 17181.
Singh, U., Barik, A., Singh, B.G., & Priyadarsini, K.I. (2011). Reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with curcumin analogues: Structure–activity relationship. Free Radical Research, 45(3), 317-325.
Soares, J.P., Silva, A.M., Oliveira, M.M., Peixoto, F., Gaivão, I., & Mota, M.P. (2015). Effects of combined physical exercise training on DNA damage and repair capacity: role of oxidative stress changes. Age, 37(3), 1-12.
Spirlandeli, A.L., Deminice, R., & Jordao, A.A. (2014). Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker of lipid peroxidation: effects of acute exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(01), 14-18.
Tabrizi, R., Vakili, S., Akbari, M., Mirhosseini, N., Lankarani, K. B., Rahimi, M., & Asemi, Z. (2019). The effects of curcumin‐containing supplements on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phototherapy Research, 33(2), 253-262.
Takahashi, M., Suzuki, K., Kim, H.K., Otsuka, Y., Imaizumi, A., Miyashita, M., & Sakamoto, S. (2014). Effects of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(06), 469-475.
Thirumalai, T., Therasa, S.V., Elumalai, E.K., & David, E. (2011). Intense and exhaustive exercise induce oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 1(1), 63-66.
Tofigi, A., Gorzi, A., & Amiri, B. (2017). The effect of curcumin supplementation accompanied by light resistance training during 8 weeks of endurance training on SOD and MDA levels Of kidney tissues in male Wistar rats. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 13(25), 75-86. [In Persian]
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Bbiology, 39(1), 44-84.
Wadley, A.J., Chen, Y.W., Lip, G.Y., Fisher, J.P., & Aldred, S. (2016). Low volume–high intensity interval exercise elicits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in humans. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(1), 1-9.
Yousefpour, M., Qasem Nian, A.A., & Rahmani, A. (2017). The effect of a period of intense periodic training on the total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 22(5), 110-103. [In Persian]
Avci, G., Kadioglu, H., Sehirli, A. O., Bozkurt, S., Guclu, O., Arslan, E., & Muratli, S. K. (2012). Curcumin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Surgical Research, 172(1), e39-e46.
Bogdanis, G. C., Stavrinou, P., Fatouros, I. G., Philippou, A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Draganidis, D., & Maridaki, M. (2013). Short-term high-intensity interval exercise training attenuates oxidative stress responses and improves antioxidant status in healthy humans. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 61, 171-177.
Buchan, D. S., Ollis, S., Young, J. D., Thomas, N. E., Cooper, S. M., Tong, T. K., & Baker, J. S. (2011). The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. American Journal of Human Biology, 23(4), 517-526.
Chiaradia, E., Avellini, L., Rueca, F., Spaterna, A., Porciello, F., Antonioni, M. T., & Gaiti, A. (1998). Physical exercise, oxidative stress and muscle damage in racehorses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 119(4), 833-836.
Dorneles, G.P., Haddad, D.O., Fagundes, V.O., Vargas, B.K., Kloecker, A., Romão, P.R., & Peres, A. (2016). High intensity interval exercise decreases IL-8 and enhances the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-10 in lean and overweight–obese individuals. Cytokine, 77, 1-9.
Ezzati, A., Atashak, S., Roshdi Bonab, R. (2021). The effect of concurrent training order on oxidative stress biomarkers in sedentary obese women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 22(6), 459-468. [In Persian]
Fakhri, S., Shakeryan, S., Fakhri, F., & Alizadeh, A.A. (2019). The effect of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with using Nano-curcumin supplement on total antioxidant capacity and Malondialdehyde level in overweight girls. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 26(4), 333-42. [In Persian]
Feizi, Y., Abtahi-Eivary, S. H., & Rezvani, M. (2022). Serum changes of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in inactive females consumed coenzyme Q10 following of moderate and severe acute resistance training. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 10(22), 54-64. [In Persian]
Fisher, G., Schwartz, D.D., Quindry, J., Barberio, M.D., Foster, E. B., Jones, K.W., & Pascoe, D.D. (2011). Lymphocyte enzymatic antioxidant responses to oxidative stress following high-intensity interval exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(3), 730-737.
Gaeini, A., Arbab, G., Kordi, M., & Ghorbani, P. (2013 A). The response of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system of the best football players to a very intense exercise session. Hormozgan Medical Journal, 17(1), 29. [In Persian]
Gaeini, A., Arbab, G., Kordi, M., & Ghorbani, P. (2013 B). A lipid peroxidation elite soccer player’s oxidation system to a vigorous exercise session (HIE). Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, 1, 23-29. [In Persian]
Ghasemi, E., Afzalpour, M.E., & Saghebjoo, M. (2012). The effect of short-term supplementation of green tea on total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation of young women after a session of intense resistance training. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 30(202), 1276-1267. [In Persian]
Ghaffari Humdini, S., Asad, M., Bazgir, B., & Rahimi, M. (2018). The effect of intense intermittent training and moderate-intensity continuous endurance on VEFG gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 19(3), 170-176. [In Persian]
Gillen, J.B., & Gibala, M.J. (2014). Is high-intensity interval training a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve health and fitness? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(3), 409-412.
Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., Domenech, E., Romagnoli, M., Arduini, A., Borras, C., Pallardo, F.V., ... & Vina, J. (2008). Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(1), 142-149.
Gupt, A.M., Kumar, M., Sharma, R.K., Misra, R., & Gupt, A. (2015). Effect of moderate aerobic exercise training on autonomic functions and its correlation with the antioxidant status. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 59(2), 162-9.
Haghighi, A. H., Darijani, A. H., & Hamedi nia, M. R. (2011). The effect of one bout of exhaustive aerobic exercise with different intensities on serum MDA in male smokers. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 3(9), 95-112. [In Persian]
Hosseini Esfahani, F., Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P., Jalali Farahani, S., & Azizi, F. (2009). Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran lipid and glucose study. The Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(71), 41-55. [In Persian]
Martinovic, J., Dopsaj, V., Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Dopsaj, M., Vujovic, A., Stefanovic, A., & Nešic, G. (2011). Oxidative stress biomarker monitoring in elite women volleyball athletes during a 6-week training period. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1360-1367.
Moflehi, D., Kok, L.Y., Tengku-Fadilah, T.K., & Amri, S. (2012). Effect of single-session aerobic exercise with varying intensities on lipid peroxidation and muscle-damage markers in sedentary males. Global Journal of Health Science, 4(4), 48.
Modir, M., Daryanoosh, F., Mohamadi, M., & Firouzmand, H. (2014). The effects of short and middle time’s aerobic exercise with high intensities on ingredients antioxidant in female Sprague Dawley rats. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 57(3), 587-595. [In Persian]
Ms, S.A.B., Waldman, PhD, H.S., Krings, PhD, B. M., Lamberth, PhD, J., Smith, PhD, J. W., & McAllister, PhD, M.J. (2020). Effect of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, and muscle soreness. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 17(4), 401-414.
Naghizadeh, H., Akbarzadeh, H., & Katabi, F. (2009). The effect of a period of moderate aerobic activity with vitamin E intake on glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and oxidative stress indices and muscle damage in active male students. Sport Sciences (Harkat), (4), 39-57. [In Persian]
Namani, F., & Nourani Pilehroud, M. (2017). The effect of cocaine supplementation on antioxidant enzymes (GPX, SOD), The first international conference on modern research in sports science and physical education, Hamadan, Iran, June 29, 2017, 1-9. [In Persian]
Nasrallah, S. (2018). The effect of high and moderate intensity intermittent exercise on superoxide dismutase, catalase, lactate dehydrogenase and salivary malondialdehyde in obese and overweight middle-aged men. Master Thesis, University of Guilan. [In Persian]
Parker, L., Stepto, N.K., Shaw, C. S., Serpiello, F.R., Anderson, M., Hare, D.L., & Levinger, I. (2016). Acute high-intensity interval exercise-induced redox signaling is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity in obese middle-aged men. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 411.
Organization, W.H. (2017). Global Health Risks-Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Cancer.
Rahbarghazi, A., & Siahkouhian, M. (2021). The effect of swimming training and curcumin supplementation on antioxidant indices in active young men. Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 64(2), 2753-2762. [In Persian]
Saraf‐Bank, S., Ahmadi, A., Paknahad, Z., Maracy, M., & Nourian, M. (2019). Effects of curcumin supplementation on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress among healthy overweight and obese girl adolescents: A randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 33(8), 2015-2022.
Sasaki, H., Sunagawa, Y., Takahashi, K., Imaizumi, A., Fukuda, H., Hashimoto, T., & Morimoto, T. (2011). Innovative preparation of curcumin for improved oral bioavailability. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 34(5), 660-665.
Sayers, S.P., Clarkson, P.M., Rouzier, P.A., & Kamen, G.A.R.Y. (1999). Adverse events associated with eccentric exercise protocols: six case studies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(12), 1697-1702.
Savira, I., Doewes, M., & Rohma, N. (2020). Oxidative stress on high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT). International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 6(1), 1-7.
Sellami, M., Slimeni, O., Pokrywka, A., Kuvacic, G., Hayes, L., Milic, M., & Padulo, J. (2018). Herbal medicine for sports: a review. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 14.
Sen, C.K. (1999). Glutathione homeostasis in response to exercise training and nutritional supplements. In: Das, D.K. (eds) Stress Adaptation, Prophylaxis and Treatment. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 32, 31-42.
Shadkam, T., Nazar, A., & Bijeh., P. (2016). The effect of aerobic exercise with turmeric supplementation on cardiovascular inflammatory index and body composition in inactive women. Journal of Sports Life Sciences, 8 (2), 206-193.
Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A.M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L.M. (2018). Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget, 9(24), 17181.
Singh, U., Barik, A., Singh, B.G., & Priyadarsini, K.I. (2011). Reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with curcumin analogues: Structure–activity relationship. Free Radical Research, 45(3), 317-325.
Soares, J.P., Silva, A.M., Oliveira, M.M., Peixoto, F., Gaivão, I., & Mota, M.P. (2015). Effects of combined physical exercise training on DNA damage and repair capacity: role of oxidative stress changes. Age, 37(3), 1-12.
Spirlandeli, A.L., Deminice, R., & Jordao, A.A. (2014). Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker of lipid peroxidation: effects of acute exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(01), 14-18.
Tabrizi, R., Vakili, S., Akbari, M., Mirhosseini, N., Lankarani, K. B., Rahimi, M., & Asemi, Z. (2019). The effects of curcumin‐containing supplements on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phototherapy Research, 33(2), 253-262.
Takahashi, M., Suzuki, K., Kim, H.K., Otsuka, Y., Imaizumi, A., Miyashita, M., & Sakamoto, S. (2014). Effects of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(06), 469-475.
Thirumalai, T., Therasa, S.V., Elumalai, E.K., & David, E. (2011). Intense and exhaustive exercise induce oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 1(1), 63-66.
Tofigi, A., Gorzi, A., & Amiri, B. (2017). The effect of curcumin supplementation accompanied by light resistance training during 8 weeks of endurance training on SOD and MDA levels Of kidney tissues in male Wistar rats. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 13(25), 75-86. [In Persian]
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Bbiology, 39(1), 44-84.
Wadley, A.J., Chen, Y.W., Lip, G.Y., Fisher, J.P., & Aldred, S. (2016). Low volume–high intensity interval exercise elicits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in humans. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(1), 1-9.
Yousefpour, M., Qasem Nian, A.A., & Rahmani, A. (2017). The effect of a period of intense periodic training on the total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 22(5), 110-103. [In Persian]
)