Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 PhD Candidate, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
2 Full Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
3 Full Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
4 Asistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Endurance training can be associated with reducing body fat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks progressive endurance training and high fat diet on gene expression of β3-Adrenergic (β3-ARs) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP-r) receptors of brown adipose tissue in obese male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=5) including endurance training with high fat diet group, control group with normal diet and control group with high fat diet. High fat diet was composed of 40% fat, 13% protein and 47% carbohydrate. The endurance training included running at speed of 20 m/min for 15 min in 1st week and reached to 25 min for 31 min/day in 12th weeks. The gene expression of β3-ARs and cAMP-r were examined by RT & PCR methods. To compare the cAMP-r and β3-ARs between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests was applied at the significant level of p<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in cAMP-r gene expression (p=0.47) between control groups with high fat diet, control group with normal diet and endurance training group with high fat diet, but there was a significant difference in the expression of β3-ARs gene (p=0.03) between the groups and these changes was higher in the endurance training group with high fat diet than the control groups with normal and high fat diet. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the effect of moderate-intensity endurance training with high-fat diet on β3-ARs gene expression, which can lead to increase energy consumption and also reduce the obesity. However, changes in cAMP-r gene expression indicate a non-significant improvement, which may be reflected changes in the intensity and duration of training in future research.
Keywords
Askew, E., Hecker, A., Coppes, V., & Stifel, F. (1978). Cyclic AMP metabolism in adipose tissue of exercise-trained rats. Journal of Lipid Research, 19(6), 729-736.
Azizi, M., & Hosseini, R. (2013). Relationship between physical activity level and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in male college students. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 1(2), 110-123. [Persian]
Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, J. C., Long, J. Z. (2012). A PGC1-[agr]-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 481(7382), 463-468.
Bouchard, C. (2015). Molecular and Cellular Regulation of Adaptation to Exercise. Academic Press.
Bramlett, S. B., Zhou, J., Harris, R. B., Hendry, S. L., Witt, T. L., & Zachwieja, J. J. (1999). Does β 3-adrenoreceptor blockade attenuate acute exercise-induced reductions in leptin mRNA? Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(5), 1678-1683.
Burguera, B., Proctor, D., Dietz, N., Guo, Z., Joyner, M., & Jensen, M. D. (2000). Leg free fatty acid kinetics during exercise in men and women. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 278(1), E113-E117.
Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2004). Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiological Reviews, 84(1), .277-359
Carey, G. B., Wotjukiewicz, L. J., Goodman, J. M., Reineck, K. E., & Overman, K. C. (2004). Extracellular cyclic AMP and adenosine appearance in adipose tissue of sus scrofa: effects of exercise. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 229(10), 1026-1032.
Carlsson, B. (1986). Ethical issues in animal experimentation-view of the animal rightist. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 554, 50-68.
Cero, C., Lea, H. J., Zhu, K. Y., Shamsi, F., Tseng, Y. H., & Cypess, A. M. (2021). β 3-Adrenergic receptors regulate human brown/beige adipocyte lipolysis and thermogenesis. JCI Insight, 6(11), e139160.
De Matteis, R., Lucertini, F., Guescini, M., Polidori, E., Zeppa, S., Stocchi, V., Cuppini, R. (2013). Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(6), 582-590.
Ellsworth, D. L., Coady, S. A., Chen, W., Srinivasan, S. R., Boerwinkle, E., & Berenson, G. S. (2005). Interactive Effects Between Polymorphisms in the β‐Adrenergic Receptors and Longitudinal Changes in Obesity. Obesity, 13(3), 519-526.
Emorine, L. J., Marullo, S., Briend-Sutren, M. M., Patey, G., Tate, K., Delavier-Klutchko, C., & Strosberg, A. D. (1989). Molecular characterization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Science, 245(4922), 1118-1121.
Fani, F., Abbasi, D., Abdi, A. (2015). The effect of 8 weeks of endurance training and nitric oxide on Apelin in adipose tissue in elderly male’s rats. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 4(8), 77-88. [Persian]
Granneman, J. G., & Lahners, K. N. (1994). Analysis of human and rodent beta 3-adrenergic receptor messenger ribonucleic acids. Endocrinology, 135(3), 1025-1031.
Handschin, C., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2008). The role of exercise and PGC1α in inflammation and chronic disease. Nature, 454(7203), 463.
Harms, M., & Seale, P. (2013). Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nature Medicine, 19(10), 1252-1263.
Himms-Hagen, J., Cui, J., Danforth, E., Taatjes, D., Lang, S., Waters, B., & Claus, T. (1994). Effect of CL-316,243, a thermogenic beta 3-agonist, on energy balance and brown and white adipose tissues in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 266(4), R1371-R1382.
Kolditz, C. I., & Langin, D. (2010). Adipose tissue lipolysis. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 13(4), 377-381.
Kurokawa, N., Nakai, K., Kameo, S., Liu, Z. M., & Satoh, H. (2003). Relationship between the β3-adrenoceptor gene variant and body fat in Japanese children. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 201(4), 271-276.
Lee, G. H., Proenca, R., Montez, J., Carroll, K., Darvishzadeh, J., Lee, J., & Friedman, J .(1996). Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature, 379(6566), 632-635.
Lowell, M., PhD, BB, & Flier, M., JS. (1997). Brown adipose tissue, β3-adrenergic receptors, and obesity. Annual Review of Medicine, 48(1), 307-316.
Nahmias, C., Blin, N., Elalouf, J., Mattei, M., Strosberg, A., & Emorine, L. (1991). Molecular characterization of the mouse beta 3-adrenergic receptor: relationship with the atypical receptor of adipocytes. The EMBO Journal, 10(12), 3721.
Nijkamp, F. P., Engels, F., Henricks, P., & Van Oosterhout, A. (1992). Mechanisms of beta-adrenergic receptor regulation in lungs and its implications for physiological responses. Physiological Reviews, 72(2), 323-367.
Pappachan, J. M., Chacko, E. C., Arunagirinathan, G., & Sriraman, R. (2011). Management of hypertension and diabetes in obesity: non-pharmacological measures. International Journal of Hypertension, 2011, 1-6.
Richterova, B., Stich, V., Moro, C., Polak, J., Klimcakova, E., Majercik, M., Harant, I., Viguerie, N., Crampes, F., Langin, D., Lafontan, M., Berlan, M. (2004). Effect of endurance training on adrenergic control of lipolysis in adipose tissue of obese women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(3),1325–1331.
Roca, P., Rodriguez, A. M., Oliver, P., Bonet, M. L., Quevedo, S., Picó, C., & Palou, A. (1999). Brown adipose tissue response to cafeteria diet-feeding involves induction of the UCP2 gene and is impaired in female rats as compared to males. Pflügers Archiv, 438(5), 628-634.
Santti, E., Huupponen, R., Rouru, J., Hanninen, V., Pesonen, U., Jhanwar‐Uniyal, M., & Koulu, M. (1994). Potentiation of the anti‐obesity effect of the selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist BRL 35135 in obese Zucker rats by exercise. British Journal of Pharmacology, 113(4), 1231-1236.
Shirkhani, S., Marandi, M., Kazeminasab, F., Ghaedi, K., Esfarajani, F., Nasr-Esfahani, M. (2019). The effect of endurance training and high-fat diet on the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in subcutaneous adipose and brown tissues of C57BL / 6 male mice. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 15(29), 89-102. [Persian]
Siddle, K., & Hales, C. (1975). Hormonal control of adipose tissue lipolysis. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 34(3), 233-239.
Silva, A. S., & Zanesco, A. (2010). Physical exercise, β-adrenergic receptors, and vascular response. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro, 9(2), 47-56.
Silva, J. E., & Rabelo, R. (1997). Regulation of the uncoupling protein gene expression. European Journal of Endocrinology, 136(3), 251-264.
Snyder, E. E., Walts, B., Pérusse, L., Chagnon, Y. C., Weisnagel, S. J., Rankinen, T., & Bouchard, C. (2004). The human obesity gene map: the 2003 update. Obesity Research, 12(3), 369-439.
Wajchenberg, B. L. (2000). Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Reviews, 21(6), 697-738.
Weyer, C., Gautier, J., & Danforth, J. E. (1999). Development of Beta 3- Adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of obesity and diabetes an update. Diabetes & Metabolism, 25(1), 11-21.
Xu, X., Ying, Z., Cai, M., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Jiang, S. Y., ... & Sun, Q. (2011). Exercise ameliorates high-fat diet-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunction, and increases adipocyte progenitor cell population in brown adipose tissue. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 300(5), R1115-R1125.
Yoshimura, E., Kumahara, H., Tobina, T., Matsuda, T., Ayabe, M., Kiyonaga, A., ... & Tanaka, H. (2014). Lifestyle intervention involving calorie restriction with or without aerobic exercise training improves liver fat in adults with visceral adiposity. Journal of Obesity, 2014, 1-8.
Zipursky, A. (2003). The genetics of childhood disease and development: A series of review articles. Pediatric Research, 5(1), 721-725.
Zou, C., & Shao, J. (2008). Role of adipocytokines in obesity-associated insulin resistance. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 19(5), 277-286.
)