Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 PhD in Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
2 Full Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Background and Aim: Adipolin is an anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitive adipocytokine that can be considered as modulating glucose intolerance and also insulin resistance. It is secreted from white adipose tissue and its level can decrease in obese and diabetes people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of continuous training with 45-60% maximum heart rate on plasma levels of adipolin, insulin sensitivity, and body fat percent in overweight and obese women. Materials and Methods: In this semi experimental study, 30 overweight and obese women were selected and randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group performed running protocol at an intensity of 45-60% maximum heart rate for 30 minutes. The exercise started with a 45% maximum heart rate in the first session, while the intensity was gradually added about 5% every week, based on the subject’s physical fitness level. Further, it was maintained up to the end of the program when the subjects reached their 60% maximum heart rate. The blood sample was measured after 12 hours of fasting in pre and post-test phases to measure the variables. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was done while intra–inter group changes were identified by paired t and independent t-tests respectively, at the significance level of p<0.05. Results: After eight weeks of continuous training with light to moderate intensity, plasma adipolin levels (p<0.001) and insulin sensitivity (p<0.001) increased significantly as compared to pre-workout while body fat percentage was significantly decreased (p<0.0001). The comparison between the groups showed that plasma adipolin levels (p<0.001) and insulin sensitivity (p<0.001) significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group, that the body fat percentage also indicated a significantly (p<0.001) decrease. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, light to moderate intensity continuous training can be considered in some disorders associated with overweight and obesity, by increasing adipolin, insulin sensitivity, and reducing body fat percentage.
Keywords
Bai, B., Ban, B., Lio, Z., Zhang, MM., Tan, BK., & Chen, J. (2017). Circulating C1q complement/TNF- related protein CTRP1, CTRP9, CTRP12, and CTRP13 concentrations in type 2 diabetes mellitus: In vivo regulation by glucose PloS one, 12(2), e0172271.
Balducci, S., Zanuso, S., Nicolucci, A., Fernando, F., Cavallo, S., Cardelli., … & Pugliese, G. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome isdependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 20(8), 608- 17.
Cawthorn, W. P., & Sethi, J.K. (2008). TNF-alpha and adipocyte biology. FEBS Lett, 582(1), 117-131.
Cho, J.K., Han, T.K., & Kang, H.S. (2010). Combined effects of body mass index and cardio/respiratory fitness on serum vaspin concentrations in Korean young men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(2), 347-353.
Enomoto, T., Ohashi, K., Shibata, R., Higuchi, A., Maruyama, S., Izumiya, Y., ... & Ouchi, N. (2011). Adipolin/C1qdc2/CTRP12 protein functions as an adipokine that improves glucose metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286, 34552–8.
Haghjoo, M., Zar, A., & Hoseini, S.A. (2016). Effect of 8-week Zumba training on overweight women’s body composition. Pars Journal of Medical Sciences, 14(2), 21-30. [Persian]
Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M.L., & Ward, A. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density of women, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12(3), 175-81.
Kang, J., Rashti, S.L., Tranchina, C.P., Ratamess, N.A., Faigenbaum, A.D., & Hoffman, J.R. (2009). Effect of preceding resistance exercise on metabolism during subsequent aerobic session. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(1), 43-50.
Karajibani, M., Montazerifar, F., Dehghani, K., Mogharnasi, M., Mousavi Gilani, S. R., & Dashipour, A. (2020). Effect of 10 weeks of speed and endurance exercise and a period of detraining on nesfatin-1, lipid profiles , body fat percent and body mass index in non-athlete healthy men. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 14(7), 129-140. [Persain]
Maillard, F., Pereira, B., & Boisseau, N. (2018). Effect of highintensity interval training on total, abdominal and visceral fat mass: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 269-88.
Mirzaaghajani, A., Alikhani, H., Hojjati, Z., & Gharaat, M. (2016). Comparison of the effects of continuous and high intensity interval training on aerobic performance in elite male rowers. Journal of Practical Studies atBiosciences in Sport , 4 (7), 23-32. [Persain]
Mishra, A. (2013). Effect of aerobic training program on body fat and slected anthropometric measurements of obese boys. Shodh Sangam, 2(1), 1-7.
Mogharnasi, M., TaheriChadorneshin, H., & Abbasi-Deloeic, N. (2019) .Effect of exercise training type on plasma levels of vaspin, nesfatin-1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in overweight and obese women. Obesity Medicine, 13, 34-38.
Nakhaei, H., Mogharnasi, M., & Fanaei, H. (2019). Efect of swimming training on levels of asprosin, lipid profil, glucose and insulin resistance in rats with metabolic syndrome. Obesity Medicine, 15, 100-111.
Nardo, L.G., & Rai, R. (2001). Metformin therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: endocrine, metabolic and reproductive effects. Gynecol Endocrinol, 15(5), 373–380.
Pan, D.A., Lillaja, S., Kriketos, A.D., Milner, M.R., Baur, L.A., Bogardus, C., ... & Storlien, L.H. (1997). Skeletal muscle triglycride levels are inversely reated to insulin action. Diabetes. 46, 983-988.
Pantelic, S., Milanović, Z., & Sporis, G. (2013). Effects of a twelve-week aerobic dance exercises on body compositions parameters in young women. International Journal of Morphology, 31(4), 1243-1250.
Pedersen, L.R., Olsen, R.H., Anholm, C., Walzem, R.L., Fenger, M., Eugen-Olsen, J., … & Prescott, E. (2016). Weight loss is superior to exercise in improving the atherogenic lipid profile in a sedentary, overweight population with stable coronary artery disease: A randomized trial. Atherosclerosis, 246 (31), 221-8.
Proença, A.R., Sertié, R.A., Oliveira, A.C., Campaãa, A.B., Caminhotto, R.O., Chimin, P., ... & Lima F.B. (2014). New concepts in white adipose tissue physiology. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 47, 192–205.
Rahmatollahi, M., Ravasi. A., Soori, R., & Onegh, B. (2017). Adipolin and insulin resistance response to two types of exercise training in type 2 diabetic male rats. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 19(2), 99-105. [Persain]
Rahmatollahi, M., Ravasi, A., & Soori, R. (2017). Effect of 8 weeks of low-intensity continuous training on plasma adipolin, insulin resistance, and weight of fatty fat filled rats. Advances in Obesity, Weight Management & Control, 7(5), 00211.
Ramos, J.S., Dalleck, L.C., Tjonna, A.E., Beetham, K.S., & Coombes, J.S. (2015). The impact of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45(5), 679-92.
Reem, T,A., Katharine, L.B, Haroldo, A.T., Ruth, B.C., & Robert, W.C. (2019). Mechanisms of obesity-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunctions. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark / Editorial Board, 24(1), 890-934.
Rezaeian, N. (2016). Acute and long-term effects of endurance training on plasma levels of adipulin-furin-modifying growth factor beta-1 in sedentary obese postmenopausal women. Ph.D Thesis, University of Tehran. [Persain]
Rossner, S.M., Neovius, M., Mattsson, A., Marcus, C., & Norgren, S. (2010). HOMA-IR and QUICKI: decide on a general standard instead of making further comparisons. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 99(11), 1735-1740.
Shrewsbury, V.A., Burrows, T., & Ho, M. (2018). Update of the best practice dietetic management of overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol. Joanna Briggs Institute Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 16(7), 1495-1502.
Sigal, R.J., Kenny, G.P., Wasserman, D.H., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., & White, R. D. (2006). Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes:a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 29(6), 1433-8.
Soori, R., Asad, M.R., Barahouei-Jamar, Z., & Rezaeian, N. (2016). The effect of aerobic training on the serum level of adipolin and insulin resistance in overweight men. Feyz, Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 19(6), 495-503. [Persain]
Tan, B. K., Lewandowski, K.C., OHare, J.P., & Randeva, H.S. (2014). Insulin regulates the novel adipokine adipolin/CTRP12: in vivo and ex vivo effects. Journal of Endocrinology, 221(1), 111-9.
Tomonobu, T., Koji, O., Hayato, O., Naoya, O., Hiroshi, K., & Lixin, F. (2020). Adipolin/C1q/Tnf-related protein 12 prevents adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. PLoS One, 15(12), e0243483.
Tucker, W.J., Sawyer, B.J., Jarrett, C.L., Bhammar, D.M., & Gaesser, G.A. (2015). Physiological responses to high-intensity interval exercise differing in interval duration. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(12), 3326-3335.
Vahidian-Rezazadeh, M., Monfared, A., & Mogharnasi, M. (2018). Interactive effects of exercise on bicycle ergometer and anti-inflammatory extract of nettle on some obesity-related inflammatory markers in overweight and obese women. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 11(6), 95-107. [Persian]
Vu, V., Riddell, M.C., & Sweeney, G. (2007). Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 23(8), 600-11.
Wei, Z., Lei, X., Seldin, M.M., & Wong, G.W. (2012). Endopeptidase cleavage generates a functionally distinct isoform of C1q/tumor necrosis factor- related protein-12 (CTRP12) with an altered oligomeric state and signaling specificity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 35804-14.
Wilcox, G. (2005). Insulin and insulin resistance. Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 26(2), 19-39.
Withrow, D., & Alter, D.A. (2011). The economic burden of obesity worldwide: A systematic review of the direct costs of obesity. Obesity Reviews, 12(2), 131-41.
)