Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Physiology of Sport, Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari, Sabzevar, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Aim: Studies showed that impairment in substrate metabolism due to obesity could increase with aging. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the substrate metabolism and energy expenditure in obese young and middle-aged women during running on a treadmill. Materials and Methods: Ten young obese women aged 20 to 25 years and 10 middle-aged obese women aged 40 to 45 years volunteered for this study. The exercise program included running on a treadmill with an intensity of 75% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes. The fat oxidation, carbohydrates oxidation, and energy expenditure were measured by respiratory gas analyzer for 30 minuates at baseline and 30 minutes during activity in every subject. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance at significant level of p˂0.05 was considered. Results: The results indicated that energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation and fat oxidation were not significantly differ between the two groups at baseline (p>0.05); however, these indicators were significantly lower in middle aged obese women than obese young women during activity (p=0.03, p=0.002, and p=0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that for increasing energy expenditure and reduction of body weight, middle-aged obese women should spend more time than obese young women because of their lower substrate metabolism and energy expenditure.

Keywords

Abildgaard, J., Pedersen, A. T., Green. C. J., Harder-Lauridsen, N. M., Solomon, T. P., Thomsen, C., … & Lindegaard. B. (2013). Menopause is associated with decreased whole body fat oxidation during exercise. American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, 304(11), 1227–1236.
Baecke, J. A., Burema, J., & Frijters, J. E. (1982). A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 36(5), 936-942.
Behrad, A., Askari, R., & Hamedinia, M. R. (2015). The effect of a period of intense and circular resistance training on respiratory function and body composition of overweight girls. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 4(7), 89-101. [Persian]
Berger, J. J., & Barnard, R. J. (1999). Effect of diet on fat cell size and hormone-sensitive lipase activity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(1), 227-232.
Calles-Escandón, J., Arciero, P. J., Gardner, A. W., Bauman, C., & Poehlman, E. T. (1995). Basal fat oxidation decreases with aging in women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(1), 266-271.
Coggan, A. R., Abduljalil, A. M., Swanson, S. C., Earle, M. S., Farris, J. W., Mendenhall, L. A., & Robitaille, P. M. (1993). Muscle metabolism during exercise in young and older untrained and endurance trained men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75(5), 2125-2133.
Ebrahimpour, S., & Irandoost, K. H. (2015). The effect of aerobic training and supplementation of omega-3 on appetite and ghrelin plasma in obese women. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 4(7), 33-42. [Persian]
Frayn, K. N. (1983). Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(2), 628-634.
Gyami Rad, A., Azali Alamdari, K., Choobineh, S., & Ebadi Shirmard, B. (2011). The effect of rehydration Liquids on anaerobic power and cardiac function at the men's wrestler. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 6(12), 17-30. [Persian]
Hadavi, F., Farahani, A., & Eizadi, A. (2012). Measurement, measure and evaluate physical education. 1th Edition. Tehran. Hatmi. [Persian]
Horber, F. F., Gruber, B., Thomi, F., Jensen, E. X., & Jaeger, P. (1997). Effect of sex and age on bone mass, body composition and fuel metabolism in humans. Nutrition, 13(6), 524-534.
Hwang, H., Jung, V. S., Kim, J., Park, H. Y., & Lim, K. (2019). Comparison of association between physical activity and resting metabolic rate in young and middle aged Korean adults. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 23(2), 16-21.
Jo, J., Gavrilova, O., Pack, S., Jou, W., Mullen, S., Sumner, A. E., Cushman, S. W., & Periwal, V. (2009). Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia: dynamics of adipose tissue growth. PLOS Computational Biology, 5(3), e1000324.
Jung, U. J., & Choi, M. S. (2014). Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. International Journal of Molecular, 15(4), 6184-6223.
Kelley, D. E., & Mandarino, L. J. (2000). Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a reexamination. Diabetes, 49(5), 677-683.
Mackenzie, B. (2005). 101 performance evaluation tests. London. Electric Word plc.
Manini, T. M. (2010). Energy expenditure and aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 9(1), 1-11.
Melanson, K. J., Saltzman, E., Russell, R. R., & Roberts, S. B. (1997). Fat oxidation in response to four graded energy challenges in younger and older women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66(4), 860-866.
Novotny, S. A., Warren, J. L., & Hamrick, M. V. (2015). Aging and the muscle-bone relationship. Physiology, 30(1), 8-16.
Poehlman, E. T. (1992). Energy expenditure and requirements in aging humans. Journal of Nutrition, 122(11), 2057-2065.
Por Heydari, A., & Rahmani Nia, F. (2018). The effects of aerobic training and subsequent insomnia on insulin resistance index, lipid profiles and body composition of men with overweight police force. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 6(11), 85-93. [Persian]
Porter, C., Hurren, N. M., Cotter, M. V., Bhattarai, N., Reidy, P. T., Dillon, E. L., … & Sidossis, L. S. (2015). Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control decline with age in human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, 309(3), 224– 232.
Roberts, S. B., Fuss, P., Heyman, M. B., Dallal, G. E., & Young, V. R. (1996). Effects of age on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during experimental underfeeding in healthy men. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 51(2), B158-B166.
Sial, S., Coggan, A. R., Carroll, R., Goodwin, J., & Klein, S. (1996). Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in elderly and young subjects. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 271(6), E983-E989.
Solomon, T. P., Marchetti, C. M., Krishnan, R. K., Gonzalez, F., & Kirwan, J. P. (2008). Effects of aging on basal fat oxidation in obese humans. Metabolism, 57(8), 1141-1147.
Sullivan, P. W., Morrato, E. H., Ghushchyan, V., Wyatt, H. R., & Hill, J. O. (2005). Obesity, inactivity, and the prevalence of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities in the U.S., 2000-2002. Diabetes Care, 28(7), 1599-1603.
VanBaak, M. A. (1999). Exercise training and substrate utilisation in obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 23(3), 11-17.
Volp, A. B., & Bar-Or, O. (2003). Energy cost of walking in boys who differ in adiposity but are matched for body mass. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(4), 669-674.
Wiklund, P. (2016). The role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management: Time for critical appraisal. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(2), 151-154. 
Zolfaghari, F., Haghighi, A. H., & Hamedi Nia, M. R. (2018). The effect of two different doses of green tea on substrate metabolism and energy expenditure before, during and after one session of aerobic exercise in overweight and obese women. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 61(3), 985-996. [Persian]