Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
2 PhD of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
3 Associate Professor Department of physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Susangerd Branch, Susangerd, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Iron deficiency (anemia) is one of the most common metabolic disorders and it can be considered as of most common nutritional deficiencies in women, which can have a significant effect on performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with two different intensities (65-75% of maximum heart rate, 90-80% of maximum heart rate) and iron supplementation on iron content of female students. Materials and Methods: In this study, 75 female students were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into 6 groups. Group 1: High intensity exercises (90-80% of maximal heart rate) + Supplements, Second group: High intensity exercises (80-90% maximum heart rate) + Placebo use, Group 3: Moderate intensity exercises (75-65% Maximum heart rate) + Supplements, Group 4: Medium intensity exercises (75-65% Maximum heart rate) + Placebo use, Group 5: Control + supplementation, Group 6: Control + Placebo group. All subjects received fasting 14-12 hours before of the first exercise session and further after eight weeks of blood sampling. Data were analyzed using two way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the level of pResults: The statistical analysis showed that eight weeks of aerobic training with two different intensities had no significant effect on iron, farnin, TIBC, TSF, CBC and other blood indices. However high intensity exercise (90-80% of maximum heart rate) improved the level of VO2max (p=0.02). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, only high intensity exercises can improve VO2max without changing the iron reserves of female students.
Keywords
Akabas, S. R., & Dolins, K. R. (2005). Micronutrient requirements of physically active women: what can we learn from iron? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(5), 1246-1251.
Alijani, A., & Hemmati, J. (2008). The effect of aerobic training along with iron supplementation on some blood constituents martyr Chamran University male students. Harakat Journal, 26, 85-94. [Persian]
Alikarami, H., Nikbakht, M., & Ghalavand, A. (2017). Effect of 8 weeks of continuous moderate intensity aerobic training on iron status in club-level football players. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 23(2), 129-133. [Persian]
Bahram, M. E., Pourvaghar, M. J., Mojtahedi, H., & Movahadi, A. R. (2015). The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training on some of cardiovascular endurance and body composition characteristics of male high school students in Kashan. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 2(4), 90-100. [Persian]
Bauer, P., Zeissler, S., Walscheid, R., Frech, T., & Hillebrecht, A. (2018). Acute effects of high-intensity exercise on hematological and iron metabolic parameters in elite male and female dragon boating athletes. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 46(3), 335-341.
Beard, J., & Tobin, B. (2000). Iron status and exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 594S-597S.
Brownlie, T., Utermohlen, V., Hinton, P. S., Giordano, C., & Haas, J. D. (2002). Marginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(4), 734-742.
Brownlie, T., Utermohlen, V., Hinton, P. S., Giordano, C., & Haas, J. D. (2004). Iron supplement benefits depend on stage of deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 437-443.
Brutsaert, T. D., Hernandez-Cordero, S., Rivera, J., Viola, T., Hughes, G., & Haas, J. D. (2003). Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(2), 441-448.
Burke, L., & Dickin, W. (2000). Clinical Sports Nutrition. 1th Edition. Translated by: Naghei, M. R. Tehran, Hezardastan Publishing. 238-234. [Persian]
Carin, R., & Amars, E. (1999). Robinson's Nutrition Principles. 1th Edition. Translated by: Fekri, N. Tehran, Publishing Salemi, 180-179. [Persian]
Deruisseau, K. C., Roberts, L. M., Kushnick, M. R., Evans, A. M., Austin, K., & Haymes, E. M. (2004). Iron status of young males and females performing weight-training exercise. Journal of Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 36(2), 241-248.
Deugnier, Y., & Loréal, O. (2001). Abnormally high serum ferritin levels among professional road cyclists. Journal of Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 34, 876-880.
Faramarzi, M., Gaeini, A. A., & Arjmand, M. (2013). The effect of the hourly hours on the response of mucosal immunity indexes of elite young male swimmers to a periodic swim activity. Sport Physiology (Research on Sport Science), 5(18), 23-38. [Persian]
Gaeini, A., & Rajabi, H. (2008). Physical fitness. 4th Edition. Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. [Persian]
Haas, J. D., & Brownlie, T. (2001). Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 676S-690S.
Hemati, J., & Alijani, E. (2007). Evaluation of effect of eight-week aerobic trainings with iron supplement on some blood composition of the male students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Harakat Journal, 26, 85-92. [Persian]
Hinton, P. S., Giordano, C., Brownlie, T., & Haas, J. D. (2000). Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(3), 1103-1111.
Heyward, V. H. (2005). Advanced fitness assessment & exercise prescription. Translated by: Gaieni, A. A., Rajabi, H., Hamedinia, M. R., & Azad, A. Tehran, Sahab Publication, 94-95. [Persian]
Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L., & Ward, A. N. N. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12(3), 175-181.
Keshavarz, S. A. (2005). Compilation, Nutrition and diet of athletes. 1th Edition. Tehran, Arish Publishing, 98. [Persian]
LaManca, J. J., & Haymes, E. M. (1993). Effects of iron repletion on VO2max, endurance, and blood lactate in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(12), 1386-1392.
Landahl, G., Adolfsson, P., Borjesson, M., Mannheimer, C., & Rodjer, S. (2005). Iron deficiency and anemia: a common problem in female elite soccer players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(6), 689-694.
Martínez, A. C., Cámara, F. J. N., & Vicente, G. V. (2002). Status and metabolism of iron in elite sportsmen during a period of professional competition. Biological Trace Element Research, 89(3), 205-213.
McClung, J. P., Karl, J. P., Cable, S. J., Williams, K. W., Nindl, B. C., Young, A. J., & Lieberman, H. R. (2009). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation in female soldiers during military training: effects on iron status, physical performance, and mood. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(1), 124-131.
Mettler, S., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2010). Iron excess in recreational marathon runners. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(5), 490.
Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Zourdos, M. C., Calleja-González, J., Urdampilleta, A., & Ostojic, S. (2015). Iron supplementation prevents a decline in iron stores and enhances strength performance in elite female volleyball players during the competitive season. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40(6), 615-622.
Mirzaaghajani, A., Alikhani, H., Hojjati, Z., & Gharaat, M. A. (2015). Comparison of the effects of continuous and high intensity interval training on aerobic performance in elite male rowers. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 4(7), 23-32. [Persian]
Porcari, J. P., Bryant, C. X., & Comana, F. (2015). Exercise physiology. 1th Edition. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
Ramezanpour, M. R., & Kazemi, M. (2012). Effects of aerobic training along with iron supplementation on the hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin and iron in young girls. Koomesh Journal, 13(2), 233-239. [Persian]
Reinke, S., Taylor, W. R., Duda, G. N., Von Haehling, S., Reinke, P., Volk, H. D., ... & Doehner, W. (2012). Absolute and functional iron deficiency in professional athletes during training and recovery. International Journal of Cardiology, 156 (2), 186-191.
Rubeor, A., Goojha, C., Manning, J., & White, J. (2018). Does iron supplementation improve performance in iron-deficient nonanemic athletes?. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(5), 400-405.
Schumacher, Y. O., Schmid, A., König, D., & Berg, A. (2002). Effects of exercise on soluble transferrin receptor and other variables of the iron status. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(3), 195-199.
Sheykh Aleslam, R., Abdollahi, Z., Jamsrudbeigi, E., Salehian, P., Malek Afzali, H. (2003). A study of the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia among of child bearing age omen (15-49) in iran's urban and rural areas. Teb Va Tazkieh, 47, 37-44. [Persian]
Skarpanska-Stejnborn, A., Basta, P., Trzeciak, J., & SzczeSniak-Pilaczynska, L. (2015). Effect of intense physical exercise on hepcidin levels and selected parameters of iron metabolism in rowing athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(2), 345-351.
Siri, W. E., & Brozek, I. J. (1993). Body composition from fluid spaces and density. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science. 9(5), 480-491.
Spodaryk, K. (2002). Iron metabolism in boys involved in intensive physical training. Physiology & Behavior Journal, 75 (1-2), 201-206.
Tolkien, Z., Stecher, L., Mander, A. P., Pereira, D. I., & Powell, J. J. (2015). Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0117383.
Woolf, K., Thomas, M. M. S., Hahn, N., Vaughan, L. A., Carlson, A. G., & Hinton, P. (2009). Iron status in highly active and sedentary young women. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(5), 519-535.
World Health Organization. (2015). Vitamin and mineral nutrition information system (VMNIS). Anaemia Database by Country. Available online: http://www. who. int/vmnis/database/anaemia/countries/en/# E (accessed on 27 February 2017).
Zoller, H., Vogel, W. (2004). Iron supplementation in athletes—first do no harm. Nutrition, 20(7), 615-619.
)