دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 The effect of high intensity interval training and Spirulina supplementation on levels of Angiopoietin-like proteins 3-4 and lipid profile in obese elderly women تأثیر تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا و مصرف مکمل اسپیرولینا بر سطوح پروتئین‌های شبه آنژیوپویتین 3 و 4 و نیمرخ لیپیدی در زنان سالمند چاق 8 23 3176 10.22077/jpsbs.2024.8315.1921 FA الهام قاسمی استادیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران. شیلا نایبی فر دانشیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. فاطمه نورا کارشناس ارشد علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 10 23 Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Based on the world health organization, the prevalence of obesity and weight gain has significantly increased among the elderly people. In this case, some researchers have suggested that Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) as a therapeutic target in regulating lipid metabolism, improving glucose tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Studies have shown that ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 can be considered as important factors in the treatment of obesity-related disorders, including dyslipidemia (increased levels of harmful blood fats such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) and also decreased levels of beneficial fats such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Therefore, ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 have been used as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and Spirulina supplements have been shown as an effective strategy against obesity and sedentary in elderly people. The Spirulina supplementation can be considered as a rich nutrients of phycocyanin, that can enhances energy and also provides antioxidant benefits, and offering a potent therapeutic approach to metabolic disorders. Given the beneficial results of HIIT for weight controlling beside the benefit of Spirulina supplementation on lipid metabolism, identifying the effect of Spirulina supplementation in interaction with HIIT can be considered as a therapeutic strategy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT and Spirulina supplementation on serum levels of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 proteins and lipid profile in obese elderly women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test design. A total of 60 elderly aged 60 to 75 years in Zabol city were selected through purposive sampling based on the study inclusion criteria and further divided into four equal groups (15 subjects in each group) including supplement+HIIT, placebo+HIIT, supplement, and control using a computer process based on a random number table. Inclusion criteria were body mass index (BMI) over 30 Kg/m2, physical inactivity level, and general health. Exclusion criteria included missing over three sessions, taking outside supplements or medications, and didn’t intend the participant to continue the study. The HIIT program was performed for eight weeks and three days a week, with an average duration of 34 minutes at the first weeks and increasing to 58 minutes for the last weeks. The training sessions included 10 minutes of warm-up and cool-down, and performing forward and backward running movements, bodyweight squats, push-ups, sit-ups, butterfly movements, six-point support planks, lunge walking, bodyweight dips, quick jumps, lunges plus, reverse lunges, mountain climber movements, cat-like hand and foot raises, side jumps, forward changes, and 25 cm steps per session. The duration of each activity began at 30 seconds with an intensity of over 75% of the heart rate reserve during the first four weeks, and reaching to the 60 seconds with an intensity of 85% of the heart rate reserve during the final week. The supplement consuming groups, consumed two 500 mg capsules of Spirulina (Rayhan Naqsh-e Jahan Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan, Iran) every day, and in the placebo groups, two starch-containing capsules were prescribed daily in the morning and evening meals. Blood sampling was performed in two stages, pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey’s post-test tests; at a significance level of p≤0.05. Findings: Based on the results of the analysis of ANCOVA, significant differences was found among the study groups in mean levels of ANGPTL3 (F(3,55)=9.73, p=0.02, η²=0.19) and ANGPTL4 (F(3,55)=18.38, p=0.01, η² =0.18). Moreover, the mean changes in ANGPTL3 were significantly reduced in the HIIT+supplement group (p<0.001), the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.01), and the supplement-only group (p=0.004) compared with the control group. In addition, the mean change in ANGPTL3 in the HIIT+supplement group was significantly lower than that observed in the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.001) and the supplement-only group (p<0.001). Similarly, the mean changes in ANGPTL4 were significantly reduced in the HIIT+supplement group (p<0.01), the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.01), and the supplement-only group (p<0.01) compared with the control group (Table 1). Additionally, significant differences were observed among the study groups for TG (F(3,55)=5.33, p=0.001, η²=0.11) and LDL-C (F(3,55)=23.01, p=0.002, η²=0.07). However, no significant differences were found among the groups for HDL-C and TC (p>0.05). The mean changes in TG and LDL-C were significantly reduced in the HIIT+supplement group (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) and in the HIIT+placebo group (p<0.01 for both variables) compared with the control group. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that eight weeks of HIIT alone and also in interaction with Spirulina supplementation had a significant effect on improving lipid metabolism-related indices and regulating ANGPTL4 in obese elderly women. The results also indicated that the combined intervention of HIIT and Spirulina had the greatest reducing effect on serum levels of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 compared to other groups, which highlights the importance of synergistic exercise training and nutritional interventions in the management of obesity in the elderly people. The reduction of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 can be considered as an important underlying mechanism for improving the lipid profile and reducing cardiovascular risks in obese elderly people; because the increase of these proteins is associated with increased TG and LDL-C and impaired lipid balance. From a practical perspective, HIIT training can be considered as an efficient training method for this age group due to its short duration, adjustable intensity, and compatibility with the abilities of the elderly. In addition, Spirulina supplementation, probably could plays an important supportive role alongside exercise by improving mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation, and regulating lipid metabolism based on the its bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. The combination of these two interventions not only showed more favorable effects than either alone, but also could be considered as a non-invasive, low-cost, and safe strategy for controlling obesity and its associated metabolic complications in elderly women. However, longer-term studies with larger sample sizes and examination of other inflammatory and hormonal markers are recommended to generalize the results. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute (IR.SSRC.REC.1402.166) and registered as a clinical trial (IRCT20220322054338N1). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and participants provided voluntary informed consent. Compliance with ethical guideline: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles and institutional guidelines. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality of participant information was maintained. Funding: This study was supported by the University of Zabol (Grant No. 0324). Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. زمینه و هدف: پروتئین‌های شبه آنژیوپویتین نوع 3 (ANGPTL3) و 4 (ANGPTL4) از تنظیم‌گرهای نوظهور متابولیسم چربی‌ها می‌باشند که در بروز بیماری‌های مرتبط با چاقی مانند بیماری‌های قلبی- عروقی نقش دارند. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا (HIIT) همراه با مکمل اسپیرولینا بر سطوح سرمی ANGPTL3، ANGPTL4 و نیمرخ لیپیدی در زنان سالمند چاق بود. روش تحقیق: این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی شده با طرح پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون بود. تعداد 60 نفر از زنان سالمند چاق (میانگین سنی 24/72±6/60 سال؛ شاخص توده بدنی 53/3±20/31 کیلوگرم/متر مربع) به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی در چهار گروه مساوی مکمل+HIIT، دارونما+HIIT، مکمل و کنترل جای گرفتند. گروه‌های تمرینی به مدت هشت هفته به اجرای HIIT (سه جلسه در هفته) پرداختند، در حالی‌که گروه‌های مکمل روزانه دو عدد کپسول 500 میلی‌گرم اسپیرولینا مصرف کردند. متغیرهای پژوهش در ابتدا و انتهای مطالعه اندازه‌گیری شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های تحلیل کوواریانس و تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0≥p تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس بین میانگین شاخص های ANGPTL3 (02/0>p)، ANGPTL4 (01/0>p)، تری‌گلیسرید (001/0>p)، لیپوپروتئین با چگالی پائین (002/0>p)، وزن (001/0>p) و درصد چربی (001/0>p) در گروه‌های تحقیق تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود داشت. میزان تغییر این شاخص‌ها در گروه‌ مکمل+ HIIT نسبت به سایر گروه‌ها به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود (50/0>p). درحالی‌که در شاخص‌های لیپوپروتئین با چگالی بالا و کلسترول تام تفاوت معنی‌داری بین گروه‌ها مشاهده نشد (05/0<p). نتیجه‌گیری: به‌نظر می‌رسد اجرای HIIT و مکمل اسپیرولینا باعث تنظیم متابولیسم لیپید و بهبود نیمرخ لیپیدی و کاهش خطر ابتلا به بیماری‌های قلبی- عروقی در سالمندان چاق می‌گردد.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3176_958d7faf87d8961ea960d451bda6fb2b.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 The effect of endurance training timing on serum levels of bone metabolism markers in middle-aged women تأثیر زمان اجرای تمرینات استقامتی بر سطح سرمی برخی نشانگرهای متابولیسم استخوان در زنان میانسال 24 37 3527 10.22077/jpsbs.2025.9019.1953 FA نبی شمسایی دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. هادی عبدی استادیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. بهنوش سلگی کارشناسی ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. Journal Article 2025 02 26 Extended Abstract Background and Aim: The skeleton plays a fundamental role in body structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis. Bone health is influenced by numerous factors, including nutritional status, hormonal balance, and physical activity. Age-related decline in bone mass is an inevitable process, and advancing age represents one of the most significant non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis. Preventive strategies such as weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium intake, and sufficient vitamin D levels are essential for maintaining bone integrity and reducing fracture risk. Scientific evidence indicates that regular physical activities, particularly weight-bearing exercises, contribute to preventing metabolic disorders and bone density loss by reducing bone resorption, increasing bone tissue formation, and maintaining mineral balance. These protective effects stem from exercise’s ability to modulate endocrine systems and mechanical signaling in bone cells, ultimately leading to improved bone structure quality and strength. In addition to exercise type and intensity, emerging evidence suggests that the timing of exercise may influence metabolic and physiological responses, including those related to bone metabolism. Circadian rhythms regulate numerous biological processes, and growing research indicates that the body’s internal biological clock may determine the optimal time to maximize exercise-induced benefits. Sato et al. (2019) reported a significant association between time of day and the physiological benefits derived from exercise, highlighting that exercise timing can elicit distinct metabolic responses. As a non-photic environmental stimulus, physical activity can modulate circadian rhythms and potentially shift the phase of the biological clock. When performed at an appropriate time, exercise may enhance circadian synchronization and improve physiological adaptation. Although animal studies have demonstrated that exercise performance, gene expression, and energy expenditure vary according to time of day, the influence of exercise timing on bone metabolism remains insufficiently investigated, particularly in human populations. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of endurance exercise timing on serum levels of selected bone metabolism markers in middle-aged women. Materials and Methods: This study was an experimental research with a pre-test to post-test design and a control group, conducted in 2024. The statistical population consisted of women aged 40 to 50 years in Kermanshah city. From the aforementioned population, 45 individuals volunteered to participate following a call for participation. Of these, seven were excluded due to not meeting the study’s inclusion criteria, and two were excluded after the first blood draw due to diagnosed illnesses. The remaining 36 individuals were selected as the statistical sample and were randomly assigned to three groups of 12: a morning exercise group (10:00 AM), an evening exercise group (7:00 PM), and a control group. Participants were selected based on inclusion criteria of BMI 18-25 kg/m², absence of chronic diseases, and no use of supplements affecting bone metabolism. The exercise protocol lasted eight weeks with three 60-minute weekly sessions consisting of warm-up, prolonged aerobic exercise, circuit training (sit-ups, push-ups, jump rope, plank, and burpees), and cool-down. Intensity gradually increased from 55% to 70% of heart rate reserve, monitored using Polar H9 heart rate monitors. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention, and serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin were measured using standard kits. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to assess between-group differences while controlling for baseline values. Bonferroni post hoc test were applied where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Findings: Results showed no significant differences in anthropometric characteristics between study groups. Data analysis using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s tests confirmed normal data distribution and homogeneity of variances. Then, ANCOVA test revealed that significant between-group differences in serum alkaline phosphatase levels (p=0.003), and Bonferroni post-hoc test showed that this difference was primarily between the evening exercise and control groups (p=0.003). While the morning exercise and control group comparison was not statistically significant. No significant differences were observed for other bone metabolism markers: parathyroid hormone (p=0.49), calcitonin (p=0.72), or vitamin D (p=0.41) (Table 1). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the timing of endurance exercise exerts differential effects on certain bone metabolism markers in middle-aged women. Specifically, evening exercise resulted in a significant increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels, a marker of bone formation, whereas morning exercise did not produce a similar effect. These findings suggest a potential stimulatory influence of evening exercise on the bone formation process. In contrast, neither morning nor evening exercise significantly affected serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, or calcitonin. The slight increase in vitamin D observed in the morning exercise group may have been influenced by greater sun exposure rather than a direct physiological effect of exercise timing. Overall, these results indicate that some markers of bone metabolism—particularly those associated with bone formation—may be sensitive to the timing of exercise, while others appear to be more strongly influenced by external factors such as nutritional status, sunlight exposure, and individual physiological variability. These findings highlight the potential importance of considering exercise timing when designing interventions aimed at optimizing bone health. However, further research with longer intervention periods, stricter control of confounding variables, and careful monitoring of dietary intake and environmental factors is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms and to establish practical recommendations. Ethical Considerations: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ilam University (Approval ID: IR.ILAM.REC.1403.017). Compliance with ethical guideline: All participants provided written informed consent after receiving full explanations about the research objectives and procedures. Confidentiality of participant data was strictly maintained, and voluntary withdrawal from the study was permitted at any stage. Funding: This article is derived from a Master’s thesis at Ilam University, with research costs covered by personal funds. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. زمینه و هدف: زمان تمرین یکی از عواملی است که بر سازگاری‌‌های فیزیولوژیکی ناشی از ورزش تأثیرگذار است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر زمان اجرای تمرینات استقامتی بر سطح سرمی برخی نشانگرهای متابولیسم استخوان در زنان میانسال بود. روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، 36 آزمودنی زن 40 تا 50 ساله به صورت هدفمند انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفی به سه گروه تمرین در صبح، تمرین در شب و گروه کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه‌‌های تمرینی به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه به مدت 60 دقیقه تمرینات هوازی با شدت 55 تا 70 درصد ضربان قلب ذخیره را انجام دادند. برای بررسی متغیرهای بیوشیمیایی، 48 ساعت قبل و پس از مداخله، در شرایط ناشتایی نمونه‌‌ها‌‌ی خونی از ورید بازویی جمع‌‌آوری و پس از جداسازی سرم، برای سنجش سطوح سرمی آلکالین فسفاتاز، ویتامین D ، هورمون‌های پاراتورمون و استفاده شد. داده‌‌ها با استفاده از آزمون آنالیز کوواریانس در سطح معنی‌‌داری 05/0≥p بررسی شدند. یافته‌‌ها: نتایج افزایش معنی‌‌دار مقادیر سرمی آلکالین فسفاتاز را در گروه تمرین در شب در مقایسه با گروه کنترل نشان داد (003/0=p). مقادیر سرمی ویتامینD (41/0=p)، هورمون پاراتیروئید (49/0=p) و کلسی‌تونین (72/0=p) در گروه‌‌های تمرینی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی‌‌داری نداشت. همچنین، بین گروه‌‌های مداخله تمرینی تفاوت معنی‌‌داری از نظر سطوح سرمی متغیرهای بیوشیمایی مشاهده نشد (05/0≤p). نتیجه‌‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد زمان انجام تمرین هوازی تأثیر معنی داری بر نشانگرهای زیستی مرتبط با متابولیسم استخوان، شامل ویتامین D، هورمون پاراتیروئید و کلسی‌تونین ندارد؛ با این وجود، این عامل به‌صورت اختصاصی با افزایش مطلوب در سطوح آلکالین فسفاتاز استخوانی همراه است.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3527_f42410e32887b7fa2f024dd0cd942228.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 The effect of electrical stimulation and combined exercise interventions on serum cortisol levels and macroelement balance in relation to bone metabolism in older women with osteopenia اثر مداخله تحریک الکتریکی و تمرین ترکیبی بر سطوح سرمی کورتیزول و تعادل عناصر عمده اثرگذار بر متابولیسم استخوان در زنان سالمند مبتلا به استئوپنی 38 53 3530 10.22077/jpsbs.2025.9160.1957 FA َاعظم زرنشان دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران. عزیزه فرشباف خلیلی دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات طب فیزیکی و توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران. یعقوب سالک زمانی دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات طب فیزیکی و توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران. آتنا عطاران دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران. سعیده عرفان نیا دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2025 03 27 Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Osteopenia is a metabolic bone disorder could precedes osteoporosis. The balance of some macroelements such as— calcium, magnesium and phosphorus — are crucial for the growth and metabolism of bone tissue. Their concentration and distribution could influenced by biological and environmental factors such as gender, age, diet, living environment, smoking, alcohol consumption and chronic diseases. In addition, exercise affects plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and bone metabolism. Some studies have shown that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise can increase serum calcium and phosphorus levels in women with premature menopause. Moreover, 12 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly improves serum free calcium levels, while 12 weeks of strength training also can increase serum phosphorus levels. However, a decrease or no change in serum magnesium levels has been reported as a result of long-term training. Given the limited studies on the long-term effects of exercise training and the conflicting results regarding magnesium, it would be crucial more research on the effects of combined training (CT) in ling duration and interventions such as electrical stimulation (ECT) to enhance their synergistic effects. Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 45 women with an average age of 61.25±1.4 years and osteopenia state (T-score < -1 and > -2.5) were randomly selected and further divided into 3 equal groups including ECT, CT and control groups. Both ECT and CT groups performed a combination of aerobic (45-60 percent of heart rate reserve) and resistance training (3 sets of 8-15 repetitions, 5-10 stations using body weight, physioball, and yellow resistance band) for 90 minutes per session, 3 days a week for 12 weeks. The exercise training was performed in accordance with the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines for patients with osteopenia. In addition, during 12 weeks participating in exercise program from weeks 7 to 10, the ECT group also received functional electrical stimulation (FES). The FES performed 3 times a week with supervision of a rehabilitation physician for 25 minutes at a frequency of 45 Hz and a pulse of 300 microseconds using the STIMULATOR 620 P (NOVIN) device in the paraspinal area. According to the reports of the review studies, the duration of FES sessions can be ranged from 2 minutes to 6 hours, its frequency or frequency ranged from 2 to 7 sessions per week, and its duration ranged from 2 to 12 weeks with a total intervention dose ranging from 5 to 90 hours, and the ECT frequency also ranged from 25 to 50 Hz and the pulse width ranged from 200 to 400 microseconds. The exercise protocol was started 48 hours after blood sampling, and in the post-test 48 hours after the completion of the 12 weeks exercise program, assessments and blood sampling were performed according to the pre-test. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were measured based on the calorimetric method commercial using by Arsenazo III, Xylidy Blue, and phosphomolybdate kits from Delta Darman Part Company, respectively. Cortisol was measured using electrochemiluminescence technology and using the Cobas e411 device (made in Germany-Japan). Data were analyzed using a mixed‑design ANOVA, and statistical significance was defined as p<0.05 Findings: Serum calcium and phosphorus levels showed no significant differences within or between groups (p<0.05). However, serum magnesium levels in the ECT group indicated significantly increase compared to the control group (p=0.01). Additionally, cortisol levels decreased in both intervention groups compared to the control group (p<0.05) (Table 1). Moreover, analysis of the relationship between changes in cortisol and ion levels after 12 weeks of CT and ECT revealed a significant negative correlation between these changes in cortisol and magnesium (r=-0.66, p=0.01). Linear regression also indicated that changes in magnesium levels could be predicted based on changes in cortisol levels (R²=44.4%, t=(12 and 1)-2.96, p=0.01). Conclusions: The results indicated that 12 weeks CT program (aerobic resistance) in conjunction with FES (as a safe and complementary exercise therapy) was effective in increasing serum magnesium levels, that suggests a synergistic effect of ECT in increasing magnesium levels in older women with osteopenia. Although, researches on the effects of exercise and ECT on serum magnesium levels, particularly in the elderly, are limited, and also based on the short-term and long-term exercise on magnesium levels could be very vary, however, short-term exercise as a stressor may result in a transient decrease in serum magnesium levels, usually due to increased magnesium consumption by muscles, redistribution in tissues, or loss through sweat and urine. Serum magnesium levels have been reported to decrease due to a sudden increase in catecholamine concentration following electrical stimulation. However, with regular and long-term exercise training, this type of intervention can help stabilize or improve magnesium homeostasis due to improved dietary patterns, better absorption, storage of magnesium, and also changes in levels of hormones such as catecholamines and aldosterone. Studies have shown that stress can increase magnesium loss and consequently magnesium deficiency. Cortisol, as a mediator of the stress response, affects magnesium levels. The results of this study showed a significant correlation between the changes in cortisol and magnesium in the exercise group in combination with ECT. The reduction in cortisol can be considered as one of the reasons for the increase in serum magnesium levels after exercise and ECT. Moreover, the positive effects of long-term exercise training on lowering serum cortisol and the fact that physical activity may be an effective strategy for reducing cortisol and stress, especially in older people. Although, there are some inconsistent studies, however, the discrepancy in results may be due to differences in age or gender of subjects, type or mode and duration of exercise, and psychological conditions such as stress at the time of blood collection. These results suggest that FES synergistically increases magnesium levels, while reducing serum cortisol can be effective in this increase. It seems, further research is needed based on the optimal intensity, duration, and type of interventions to enhance the effect on calcium and phosphorus ions. In agreement with the present findings and previous reports (Guo S., 2022; Roghani, 2013), exercise training and ES did not significantly affect serum calcium and phosphorus levels in women. Considering the stringent hormonal and renal regulation of these minerals, such interventions either alone or even in combination—may be insufficient to elicit measurable biochemical alterations. Therefore, further well-controlled trials employing refined protocols and comprehensive physiological assessments are warranted. Ethical considerations: Before starting the protocol, informed consent forms were signed by the subjects and ethics ID IR.AZARUNIV.REC.1402.010 was obtained. Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest. Compliance with ethical guideline: The study was conducted in accordance with all applicable institutional and national ethical guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant ethics committee, and written informed consent was collected from all participants. Funding: No funding was received for this study. The author personally covered all research-related costs. زمینه و هدف: این مطالعه به بررسی تأثیرات ورزش ترکیبی (CT) به همراه تحریک الکتریکی (ECT) بر روی سطح سرمی کلسیم، منیزیم، فسفر و کورتیزول در زنان سالمند مبتلا به استئوپنی می‌پردازد. روش تحقیق : در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی در مجموع ۴۵ زن با میانگین سنی1/4 ± 25/61 سال و مبتلا به استئوپنی (1- > T-score > 5/2-) به‌‌صورت تصادفی و مساوی به سه گروه 1) ECT، 2) CT و ۳) کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه‌های ECT و CT به‌‌مدت ۱۲ هفته تمرینات ترکیبی هوازی (60-45% ضربان قلب ذخیره) و مقاومتی (سه ست 8 تا 15 تکراری، پنج تا 10 ایستگاه با استفاده از وزن بدن، فیزیوبال و نوار مقاومتی زرد ) را به مدت ۹۰ دقیقه در هر جلسه، سه روز در هفته اجرا کردند. گروه ECT علاوه بر تمرین ورزشی، ۱۵ دقیقه تحریک الکتریکی عملکردی (FES) با فرکانس ۴۵ هرتز و پالس ۳۰۰ میکروثانیه در ناحیه پاراسپینال (عضلات اطراف ستون فقرات) دریافت کرد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس مرکب در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0>p تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: سطح سرمی کلسیم و فسفر تفاوت درون گروهی و بین گروهی معنی داری نداشت (05/0<p). با این حال، سطح سرمی منیزیم در گروه ECT نسبت به گروه کنترل به‌‌طور معنی داری افزایش یافت (01/0=p). علاوه بر این، سطح کورتیزول در هر دو گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش یافت (05/0>p). یک همبستگی معنی دار بین کاهش کورتیزول و افزایش منیزیم در گروه ECT مشاهده شد (01/0=p، 66/0=r). نتیجه گیری: این نتایج نشان می‌دهند که تحریک الکتریکی عملکردی به‌‌طور هم‌افزایی سطح منیزیم را افزایش می‌دهد و کاهش کورتیزول سرم در این افزایش موثر است. تحقیقات بیشتری با شدت، مدت و نوع مداخله‌های بهینه برای افزایش اثر در یون‌‌های کلسیم و فسفر لازم است.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3530_641e30a600de7fe07c69859a7928a579.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 Effect of 8-week of high-intensity interval training on serum AgRP levels, lipid profile and body composition indices in overw and obese men تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی شدید بر مقادیر سرمی پپتید مرتبط با آگوتی، پروفایل لیپیدی و شاخص‌های ترکیب بدنی مردان دارای اضافه وزن و چاق 54 67 3945 10.22077/jpsbs.2026.10247.2004 FA امیر المسعودی دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. رامین امیرساسان استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. جواد وکیلی استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-7100-8961 مصطفی خانی دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. حسین الواوی استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه عراق، کربلا، عراق. Journal Article 2025 10 25 Extended abstract Background and Aim: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been considered as an effective intervention in body composition improvement, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health in overweight and obese individuals. It seems that this type of exercise can be used as an effective training strategy for improving anthropometric and metabolic indices in overweight and obese individuals. In addition, previous studies it have confirmed that HIIT is more effective on serum levels and activity of Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) via improving insulin sensitivity, changes in appetite regulator hormones and effect on hypothalamic leptin pathways. Moreover, the AgRP is known as a signaling peptide that can affects nutritional behavior, energy homeostasis, and fat accumulation. Preliminary evidence also indicates that HIIT may increase the serum levels of AgRP, however, some studies have reported a contradictory results as decrease or lack of significant change. Although, some studies suggest that there is a relationship between obesity indices, including body fat percentage and waist to hip ratio, and serum lipids with AgRP, however, this relationship has a complex and nonlinear nature and probably the role of AgRP in lipid metabolism is exerted by indirect pathways such as changes in body composition and regulation of energy intake and its direct and independent effect on lipid profile is still not confirmed. According to this fact that AgRP has a very important effect on appetite and weight adjustment, and also due to the lack of definite results about the effect of HIIT on this variables and its relationship with anthropometric variables, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week HIIT on serum AgRP levels, total cholesterol, low (LDL), –very low (VLDL) and –high (HDL) density lipoproteins and some of body composition indices in overweight and obese men. Materials and Methods: this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design including of two groups of interval and control. The study population consisted of 30-35 year-old men with a body mass index (BMI) of 25–35 kg/m2. Among the volunteers to participate in the study which had the inclusion criteria, according to the G*power software, the number of sample was 36. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups of HIIT (n=18) and control (n=18) group. During the period of the study, 2 HIIT participants were excluded from the study due to the irregularly participation during sessions and 2 control person also were excluded from the study based on the absence in the final blood sampling. The intervention included a 2-week familiarization period followed by 8-week of HIIT that performed by repeated 3 sessions per week. The training sessions were conducted under the supervision of the researcher. The training protocol in the first week of the familiarization consisted of 1 set of runs with 3 repetitions, each repeated for 10 seconds and with intensity of 50-70 % maximal oxygen uptake speed (vVO2max). The rest interval between repetitions was considered 60 seconds. Moreover, in the second week of the familiarization, participants performed 2 sets of HIIT, that each consisted of 3 repetitions of running for 5 seconds at 70-90 % vVO2max. The rest interval between each set and the repetition of 90 seconds was determined. After the third week, the rest of the protocol as a main training (HIIT) consisted of 2-4 sets in each session and 5 repetitions for 20 seconds with intensity of 100-140 % vVO2max. The rest interval between each set of rest (inactive and active rest) and repeat (passive rest) were 180 and 60-80 seconds, respectively. Blood samples (10 ml) were collected after 12 hours of fasting at the beginning of the study and 48 hours after the last training session by a laboratory expert from the antecubital vein of participants. Blood samples were permitted to undergo clotting at room temperature for approximately 30-60 min prior to centrifugation at 3,000 RPM for 10 min. Subsequently, serum was distributed into 1.8-mL aliquots and stored at a temperature of -20°C until biochemical assays were performed. Serum concentrations of variables were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (RayBiotech, USA). Also, body composition including weight, BMI, and body fat percentage was measured in fasting state using bioelectrical impedance analysis (230 body composition analyzer; Inbody Co. Ltdˏ Taiwan). For statistical analysis the Shapiro–Wilk test was employed to evaluate the normality of the variables which were normally distributed. The analysis of covariance was used to analyze between-group comparisons at the significance level (p<0.05). Findings: According to the results, BMI (p=0.0001), body fat percentage (p=0.0001), and waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.0001) decreased significantly in the HIIT group compared to the control group (Table 1). Also, a significant increase in the serum levels of AgRP (p=0.0001) and decrease in triglyceride (p=0.0001), total cholesterol (p=0.0001), LDL (p=0.0001), and VLDL (p=0.0001) were observed in the HIIT group compared to the control group, while HDL reduced significantly only in the control group (p=0.0001) (Table 1). Conclusion: In agreement with the findings of the present study, earlier research has shown that HIIT can enhance serum levels and activity of AgRP. This effect is likely associated with improved insulin sensitivity, alterations in appetite-regulating hormones, and modulation of hypothalamic leptin signaling pathways, that can be lead to increased leptin levels. Moreover, the improvement in lipid profile following HIIT may be explained by elevated lipoprotein lipase activity, enhanced fatty acid oxidation, and improvement in insulin sensitivity. These mechanisms may contribute to reductions in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL, while increasing HDL levels. Furthermore, the significant decrease in waist-to-hip ratio reflects the beneficial impact of HIIT on reducing visceral fat, which is consistent with previous findings. Therefore, HIIT can be used as an effective training strategy in appetite regulation and improvement of lipid profile and body composition indices in overweight and obese men. Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tabriz, Iran, which adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki (Ethical Code: IR.TABRIZU.REC.1403.111). Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. زمینه و هدف: پپتید مرتبط با آگوتی (AgRP) یک پپتید سیگنال‌دهنده‌ است که بر رفتار تغذیه‌ای، هموستازی انرژی و تجمع چربی تأثیر می‌گذارد. مطالعات اخیر نشان می‌دهند که تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا (HIIT) می‌تواند بر مقادیر AgRP تأثیر بگذارد، اما نتایج کنونی غیر قطعی و ناهمسو است. بنابراین، هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته پروتکل HIIT بر مقدار AgRP، پروفایل لیپیدی و شاخص ترمیب بدنی مردان دارای اضافه وزن و چاق بود. روش تحقیق: در یک طرح تحقیقاتی نیمه تجربی 32 مرد داوطلب دارای اضافه وزن و چاق (25 ≤BMI≤35) در دامنه سنی 35-30 سال به صورت تصادفی در یکی از دو گروه HIIT (16=n) و کنترل (16=n) قرار گرفتند. دوره آشناسازی به مدت دو هفته و HIIT به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته با شدت 140-100 درصد سرعت حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی (vVO2max) به اجرا درآمد. نمونه های خونی 48 ساعت قبل و بعد از پروتکل تمرینی اخذ گردیده و داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس (ANCOVA) ارزیابی شدند. یافته‌ها: بعد از مداخله تمرینی، افزایش معنی‌دار سطح سرمی AgRP (0001/0=p) و کاهش معنی‌دار نسبت دور کمر به لگن (0001/0=p)، تری گلیسرید (0001/0=p)، کلسترول تام (0001/0=p)، لیپوپروتئین با چگالی کم (0001/0=p) و لیپو پروتئین با چگالی خیلی کم (0001/0=p) در گروه HIIT در مقایسه با گروه کنترل مشاهده شد؛ اما لیپوپروتئین با چگالی بالا تنها در گروه کنترل به صورت معنی‌دار کاهش یافت (004/0=p). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج، HIIT احتمالاً باعث افزایش غلظت سرمی AgRP، بهبود پروفایل لیپیدی و نسبت دور کمر به لگن در مردان دارای اضافه‌وزن و چاق ‌می‌شود، بدین ترتیب می‌تواند به ‌عنوان یک راهبرد تمرینی مؤثر در تنظیم اشتها و بهبود شاخص‌های آنتروپومتریکی و لیپیدی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3945_9f2b7d9e0bb817f2311e99060a62dcfd.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 Comparison of the effects of three different exercise training methods on TIF2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male wistar rats مقایسه اثر سه شیوه متفاوت تمرین ورزشی بر بیان ژن TIF2‎‌‎ در بافت چربی زیرجلدی موش‌‌های صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار 68 81 3632 10.22077/jpsbs.2025.6780.1961 FA امیرحسین توسلی کارشناس ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی، دانشگاه پیام نور، مرکز کرج، کرج، ایران. محمد شریعت زاده جنیدی دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-8492-2875 جواد رمضانی استادیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-1980-5605 Journal Article 2025 04 04 Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Subcutaneous fat refers to the fat cells that are stored under the skin of the body. The normal subcutaneous fat is very cruciall to survive and, in particular, maintain body temperature, but excessive accumulation of subcutaneous fat can affect fitness or cause hormonal imbalances. In addition, some genes also affect the growth and proliferation of subcutaneous adipose tissue. One of these genes is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is expressed in adipose tissue, the colon, and macrophages. One factor that affects the expression of PPAR-γ in adipose tissue is the transcriptional intermediary factor -2 (TIF2). It has been reported that in white adipose tissue, the absence of TIF2 can reduce PPARγ activity and also decrese fat accumulation. The effect of exercise training on TIF2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipos tissue of male Wistar rats is an area of scientific uncertainty due to contradictory findings in some studies. While some research suggests that exercise training can modulate gene expression in adipose tissue, including genes related to metabolism and adipogenesis, the specific role of TIF2 is also unclear. For example, continuous moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to reduce TGF-β expression in diabetic Wistar rats, whereas other studies suggest that acute or short-term exercise may regulate specific adipogenic genes in white adipose tissue. These inconsistencies raise questions about whether similar patterns apply to TIF2 or not. Other studies of exercise-induced gene expression in adipose tissue have shown also inconsistent results between subcutaneous and other fat depots, as well as between acute and chronic exercise interventions. This diversity of efforts and results complicates generalizations to TIF2. Given these discrepancies, there is a critical need for targeted studies that identify whether different exercise training regimens can specifically affect TIF2 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. Such research could clarify whether the effects observed across different exercise protocols are the same or depend on other factors such as intensity, duration, or metabolic conditions. Materials and Methods: After grouping the rats as moderate-intensity aerobic training (MIT, n=7), high-intensity aerobic training (HIT, n=7), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n=7), the average aerobic power of the rats in each group was evaluated according to the protocol of Hoydal et al. (2007), and therefore the training intensity of the first week of each group was determined. The training began for 8 weeks and was repeated 5 days a week according to the instructions. The training protocle was performed during morning. Further eight weeks of training 24 hours after the last training session and also 12 hours of fasting, tissue sampling was captured. All stages of maintenance and sacrifice of the rats were performed according to the laboratory animal maintenance instructions. The animals were anesthetized with Xylazine and Ketamine injections, and subcutaneous adipose tissue was gathering from the abdominal area. The tissue sample was immediately placed in a microtube and placed in a liquid nitrogen solution. The weight of the rats was also measured at the beginning and end of the study. Due to the lack of direct instrumentation, the animals' maximal oxygen consumption was indirectly assessed by performing an incremental treadmill test according to the protocol of Høydal et al. (2007). A 10-minute warming-up was performed at an intensity of 40–50% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Then, the rats started running at a speed of 15 m/min for 2 min, when the speed was increased by 2 m/min every 2 min until exhaustion. The MIT was consisted of running at 65% of VO2max for a total of 47-min, therefore the workout consisted of a 5 min warm-up, a 5 min cool-down, and 37 min of the main body of exercise at 65% of VO2max. The HIT protocol consisted of running at a speed of 20 m/min for 40-min on treadmill with a progressively increasing incline. The treadmill incline was set at 0% during the first week and increased by 2% every two weeks, reaching 8% by the eighth week. Each session also included a 5-min warm-up, a 30-min main exercise phase, and a 5-min cool-down. The HIIT consisted of 4 high-intensity intervals with 4 min of running at an intensity of 90–100% VO2max followed by 3-min of active rest at 50–60% VO2max. In this way, the workout consisted of a 5 min warm-up, a 5 min cool-down, and 28 min of the main body of the workout. It lasted a total of 38-min. In the descriptive statistics section, mean and standard deviation were used. For Statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution and a one-way analysis of variance with the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test was used to determine the significance of the difference between groups at a significance level of p<0.05. Findings: The results showed that all 3 training models caused a significant decrease in the TIF2 gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats (Control vs MIT, p=0.007; Control vs HIT, p=0.001; Control vs HIIT, p=0.009) (Figure 1); The greatest reduction was observed in the HIT group. However, no significant differences were found among the HIT, HIIT, and MIT groups (HIT vs. HIIT, p=0.12; HIT vs. MIT, p=0.16). Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, TIF2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (MIT, HIT and HIIT) was significantly reduced compared to the control group. However, the greatest reduction was observed in the HIT group, which may be due to the high intensity and greater stimulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. HIT plays a more effective role in suppressing TIF2 by inducing more rapid changes in the regulation of genes related to fat metabolism. The high intensity of this type of aerobic exercise leads to greater metabolic stress. It also stimulates pathways related to inflammation and metabolism, such as lactate production and hypothalamic neuroplasticity, which may underlie its superior effect in reducing TIF2 gene expression compared to moderate-intensity exercise. This results also suggests that HIT can induce stronger cell signaling changes. Moreover, the studies showed that HIT can induce greater increases in the expression of specific receptors and signaling molecules, including estrogen receptor α, in hypothalamic pathways associated with fat loss than MIT, suggesting an intensity-dependent molecular adaptation. Also, based on the results of other studies, the reduction of TIF2 expression leads to an increase in SRC-1 activity, which is associated with improved mitochondrial function and resistance to oxidative stress in muscles; therefore, it is likely that HIT indirectly affects its expression or activity by altering metabolic pathways or transcriptional regulators. However, further research is needed to directly assess how endurance training, and specifically HIT training, affects TIF2 gene expression and pathways affecting fat metabolism. However, current evidence suggests an important role for HIT in muscle adaptation and metabolic regulation. Ethical Considerations: This study was conducted with approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Payam Noor University with ethics code IR.PNU.REC.1400.052. Compliance with ethical guideline: Ethical guidelines for working with laboratory animals were strictly followed, including provisions for adequate food, water, and appropriate housing conditions. Funding: This research was conducted based on a master’s thesis of Payame Noor University, Karaj Center, without financial support. Conflicts of interes: There are no conflicts of interest regarding this article. زمینه و هدف: عامل واسطه رونویسی نوع-2 (TIF2) یکی از کوفاکتورهای تنظیم‌کننده گیرنده فعال‌‌شده توسط تکثیرکننده پراکسی‌‌زوم گاما (PPARγ) در بافت چربی است که می‌تواند بر فرآیندهای لیپولیز و ترموژنز تأثیر بگذارد؛ با این حال، تأثیر شیوه‌های مختلف تمرینات ورزشی بر بیان این ژن در بافت چربی زیرجلدی به‌طور دقیق مشخص نشده است. هدف از این پژوهش مقایسه تأثیر شیوه‌‌های مختلف تمرین بر بیان ژن TIF2 در بافت چربی زیرجلدی موش‌‌های صحرایی نر ویستار بود. روش‌ تحقیق: بدین منظور تعداد 32 سر موش صحرایی نر ویستار هشت هفته‌‌ای با میانگین وزن 33±237 گرم از انستیتو رازی‌ خریداری شد. موش‌ها در محیطی با میانگین دمای 4/1±22 درجه سانتی‌گراد، رطوبت 4±۵۵ درصد و چرخه روشنایی- تاریکی 12:12 ساعت در قفس‌های مخصوص از جنس پلی‌‌کربنات نگهداری شدند. در طول تحقیق، تمامی حیوانات به غذا و آب دسترسی آزاد داشتند. بعد از دو هفته سازگاری با محیط، به‌صورت تصادفی در چهار گروه هشت‌‌تایی شامل گروه کنترل، تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط 65 درصد VO2max (MIT)، تمرین هوازی پرشدت (سرعت 20 متر/دقیقه یا 65 درصد VO2max)(HIT) و تمرین تناوبی پرشدت 100-90 درصد VO2max (HIIT) قرار گرفتند. برنامه‌‌ تمرینی به‌‌ مدت هشت هفته، با تواتر پنج جلسه در هفته، و هر جلسه به مدت 47-38 دقیقه به اجرا درآمد. پس از پایان دوره تمرینی، نمونه‌برداری از بافت چربی زیرجلدی ناحیه شکم انجام شد و میزان بیان ژن TIF2 با روش RT-PCR سنجیده شد. از آزمون آماری تحلیل واریانس یک‌‌راهه همراه با آزمون LSD در سطح معنی‌‌داری 05/0>p برای استخراج نتایج استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که هر سه مدل تمرین MIT، HIT و HIIT، کاهش معنی‌‌داری در بیان ژن TIF2 در بافت چربی زیرجلدی موش‌‌های صحرایی ایجاد کردند (به‌‌ترتیب با 007/0=p، 001/0=p، 009/0=p). هر چند بیشترین تغییر بیان ژن TIF2 در گروه HIT مشاهده شد. اما تفاوت معنی‌‌داری بین گروه‌‌ HIT با گروه‌‌های HIIT (12/0=p) و MIT (16/0=p) مشاهده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به‌‌نظر می‌رسد مدل تمرینی HIT نسبت به MIT وHIIT، اثر بیشتری بر بیان ژن TIF2 در بافت چربی زیرجلدی داشته و ممکن است بر فرآیندهای متابولیکی چربی‌‌های زیرجلدی اثرگذارتر باشد؛ با این حال، به تحقیقاتی بیشتری نیاز است.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3632_63dbcf1ced14ab38e46efa43ae438ecf.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 The effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise combined with Galega officinalis extract supplementation on glycemic indices, insulin resistance and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes تاثیر 12 هفته تمرین هوازی به همراه مکمل‌‌ عصاره گیاه گالگا بر میزان شاخص‌‌های گلایسمیک، مقاومت به انسولین و نیمرخ لیپیدی در زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو 82 101 3499 10.22077/jpsbs.2025.9113.1955 FA اسماعیل قلی نژاد کارشناس ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. اصغر توفیقی استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. کاظم خدائی دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. فرهاد بهزادی استادیار گروه بیماری‌‌های داخلی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. Journal Article 2025 03 15 Extended Abstract Background and Aim: Given the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the associated complications, there is a critical need for low-cost, low-side-effect complementary strategies especially among women. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, however, long-term patient adherence is often poor due to physical limitations and sedentary lifestyles. On the other hand, Galega officinalis (goat’s rue), a natural source of biguanides similar to metformin, contains phenolic compounds and alkaloids can reduce oxidative stress and protect pancreatic beta-cells. Despite the individual benefits of both interventions, limited studied has investigated their synergistic effects on comprehensive metabolic outcomes—including insulin sensitivity indices (QUICKI and McAuley), liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lipid profiles—in women with T2DM. Therefore, the research gap can be significant due to combining a safe herbal supplement with a standardized, tolerable exercise program (walking at 50–70% of heart rate reserve) could offer a practical and physiologically sound therapeutic strategy. Thus, the primary aim of this study—examining the effects of 12-week of aerobic exercise combined with Galega officinalis extract on glycemic indices, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles in women with T2DM—addresses a distinct clinical need. The findings may provide a foundation for more comprehensive, evidence-based, non-pharmacological management protocols for T2DM, particularly for patients unwilling or unable to rely solely on medications. Materials and Methods: 40 women with T2DM (mean age 57.27 years and body mass index 30.66 kg/m²) were recruited and randomly assigned to 4 groups including aerobic exercise (n=10), Galega supplement (n=10), combined aerobic exercise and Galega supplement (n=10), and control (n=10) groups. The exercise groups engaged in aerobic walking for 12 weeks, 3 days per week, with intensity of 50 to 70 percent of maximal heart rate reserve. The supplement groups consumed 2 grams of Galega daily as tea at the evenings for the same duration. The combined group received the Galega supplement in beside the performing aerobic exercise. It was recommended that Galega extract is better to consume 2 to 3 hours after Metformin to avoid potential drug interactions. Blood samples were collected from participants before and after the intervention during fasting. Serum glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and lipid profiles were measured using enzyme staining, as the same, insulin levels also were quantified via ELISA. Insulin resistance and sensitivity indices were calculated using established formulas. The normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was evaluated using Levene’s test. Moreover, a Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc tests were employed. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. Findings: Means, standard deviations, percent changes, and Tukey’s post-hoc results are presented in Table 1. The results revealed significant time×group interaction effects for all outcome variables (p≤0.05). In this way, significant decreases in fasting insulin (p=0.001), fasting glucose (p=0.005), hemoglobin A1C (p=0.002), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (p=0.02), total cholesterol (p=0.01), triglyceride (p=0.006), and HOMA-IR (p=0.001) were observed in all 3 intervention groups compared to the control group. Conversely, significant increases in HOMA-β (p=0.01), QUICKI (p=0.002), McAuley index (p=0.003), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p=0.01) were found also in all 3 intervention groups relative to the control group. The reductions in fasting insulin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and HOMA-IR were significantly greater in the combined group (aerobic exercise+Galega) than aerobic exercise and Galega alone groups (p≤0.001 for all comparisons). Additionally, the increase in QUICKI was significantly greater in the combined group compared to the exercise (p=0.001) and the Galega (p=0.003) groups. Although reductions in LDL-c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and increases in HDL-c were greater in the combined group than in the single-intervention groups, these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the present study are consistent with previous research that demonstrated the aerobic exercise improves glycemic control and insulin sensitivity through mechanisms such as increased (glucose transporter type 4) GLUT-4 translocation and enhanced skeletal muscle glucose uptake (Kumar et al., 2019; Merz & Thurmond, 2011). Furthermore, the results also align with some studies that reporting the antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective effects of Galega officinalis, attributed to its biguanide content (particularly Galegin) and its ability to reduce oxidative stress and protect pancreatic beta-cells (Luka et al., 2017; Hachkova et al., 2021; Sukhtezari et al., 2024). The novel contribution of this study emphasize on the combination of aerobic exercise and Galega supplementation that produces significantly greater improvements in fasting insulin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and HOMA-IR compared to either intervention alone. This synergistic effect is consistent with prior observations of combined exercise and herbal interventions (Salavati et al., 2024; Mosadeghi et al., 2024; Ghasemi Kahrizsangi et al., 2023), and may be explained by complementary mechanisms: exercise primarily enhances peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal, while Galega reduces oxidative stress and supports beta-cell function. The concurrent improvement in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) also observed in the combined group further supports a hepatoprotective synergy, as elevated liver enzymes are commonly associated with insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in T2DM (Hejazi & Hackett, 2023). Therfore, these findings suggest that integrating aerobic exercise with Galega officinalis supplementation offers a promising, multifaceted non-pharmacological strategy for managing T2DM. However, given the relatively small sample size and 12-week intervention period, future studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up durations are warranted to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of this combined approach. Additionally, investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms—particularly the interaction between exercise-induced signaling pathways and bioactive compounds of Galega—would provide valuable insights for optimizing combined lifestyle-phytotherapy interventions in diverse diabetic populations. Ethical Considerations: The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Urmia University (code IR.URMIA.REC.1403.014). Compliance with ethical guideline: Participants were voluntarily selected from the West Azerbaijan province diabetes association. Informed consent was obtained, and confidentiality regarding participants’ information was strictly maintained throughout the study. Funding: This study did not receive external funding and was conducted with the financial resources available to the research team. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article. مقدمه و هدف: دیابت نوع دو نوعی اختلال متابولیکی است که با افزایش گلوکز خون در شرایط مقاومت به انسولین شناسایی می‌‌شود. مصرف گالگا و اجرای تمرینات ورزشی ممکن است رویکرد پیشگیرانه موثری در کنترل این بیماری باشد. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی تاثیر 12 هفته تمرین هوازی به همراه مکمل‌‌ عصاره گیاه گالگا بر میزان شاخص‌‌های گلایسمیک، مقاومت به انسولین و نیمرخ لیپیدی در زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو بود. روش‌‌ تحقیق: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، 40 زن مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو (میانگین سنی 27/57 سال و شاخص توده بدنی 66/30 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع) پس از فراخوان، انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به چهار گروه مساوی (10 نفره) تمرین هوازی، مکمل گالگا، تمرین هوازی به همراه مکمل گالگا و کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه تمرین به مدت 12 هفته ( سه جلسه در هفته) تمرین هوازی پیاده‌‌روی با شدت 50 الی 70 درصد ضربان قلب ذخیره‌‌ انجام دادند و گروه مکمل نیز در این مدت روزانه دو گرم گالگا به‌صورت دمنوش مصرف کردند. خونگیری 48 ساعت قبل و بعد از مداخله در حالت ناشتایی انجام شد. سطوح سرمی گلوکز، هموگلوبین گلیکوزیله (A1C) و نیمرخ لیپیدی با روش‌‌ رنگ آمیزی آنزیمی و انسولین به روش الایزا اندازه‌‌گیری شدند. شاخص مقاومت به انسولین و حساسیت انسولینی بر اساس فرمول برآورد شدند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از روش‌‌های آماری تحلیل واریانس دو راهه با اندازه‌‌گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی‌داری 0/05>p استفاده شد. یافته‌‌ها: سطوح انسولین (001/0=p)، گلوکز (0/005=p)، هموگلوبین A1C (0/002=p)، لیپوپروتئین کلسترول کم چگال (0/02=p)، کلسترول تام (0/01=p)، تری گلیسیرید (0/006=p)، آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز (AST) (0/002=p)، آلانین آمینو ترانسفراز (ALT) (0/005=p) و مقاومت به انسولین (001/0=p) در هر سه گروه نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش معنی‌دار؛ و شاخص مک آلی (McAuley) (0/003=p)، لیپوپروتئین کلسترول پرچگال (01/0=p)، شاخص عملکرد سلول‌‌های بتای پانکراس (HOMA-β) (0/01=p) و شاخص حساسیت انسولینی (QUICKI) (0/002=p) افزایش معنی‌داری داشتند. همچنین، کاهش انسولین (0/001=p)، گلوکز (0/001=p)، هموگلوبین A1C و مقاومت به انسولین (001/0=p) در گروه ترکیبی تمرین هوازی و گالکا بیشتر از گروه‌‌های تمرین هوازی و گالگا به تنهایی بود. نتیجه‌‌گیری: هر دو مداخله تمرین هوازی و مکمل گالگا به تنهایی یا به صورت هم‌افزا، می‌‌تواند باعث بهبود شاخص‌‌های گلایسمیک، نیمرخ لیپیدی، آنزیم‌‌های کبدی و شاخص‌‌های مقاومت به انسولین و حساسیت انسولینی شوند. با این حال اثربخشی ترکیبی آنها در بهبود وضعیت گلایسمیک، مقاومت به انسولین بیشتر است.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3499_c6db343c3f5845009eecf5ad6f2039ff.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش 2383-0182 14 38 2026 06 22 The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on hypertrophy-related proteins in the heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes تاثیر هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا بر پروتئین‌های مرتبط با هایپرتروفی در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی نر مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو 102 117 3475 10.22077/jpsbs.2025.8033.1918 FA اسماعیل شرفی مولیز دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. سعید شاکریان استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. علی اکبر علی زاده دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. سعید احمدی براتی مربی گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. Journal Article 2024 10 14 Extended abstract Background and Aim: Diabetes is a major health concern characterized by elevated high blood glucose levels resulting from either insufficient insulin production by pancreatic cells or impaired insulin utilization by body tissues. One of the primary causes of mortality in individuals with diabetes is cardiovascular complications, such as heart damage due to atherosclerosis and diabetes-related cardiomyopathy. Increasing physical activity and improving dietary habits in the form of low-calorie diets are particularly important for the control of type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise training is widely recognized as a non-pharmacological strategy and an adjunct therapy for heart failure. Researchers report that cardiovascular, muscular, and metabolic adaptations following exercise in healthy and diseased populations are dependent on exercise intensity, and that the beneficial effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) are more evident than those of continuous endurance training for cardioprotection. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT on changes in the levels of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway proteins associated with physiological and pathological hypertrophy in the heart tissue of mice with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats, (eight weeks old, weighing 191±16 g) were obtained from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz. The rats were housed in polycarbonate rodent cages (five rats per cage) at a temperature of 22±2 °C, a humidity of 45±5%, and a 12:12 light-dark cycle. After a one-week acclimation period, the rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=10 per group): healthy control, healthy exercise, diabetic control, and diabetic exercise. Diabetes was induced in the diabetic groups through a combination of dietary manipulation and streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Subsequently, the exercise groups performed a HIIT program for eight weeks, consisting of five sessions per week based on maximum running speed. The maximum running speed of the rats was reassessed every two weeks, and the training protocol for the subsequent period was adjusted accordingly to ensure the application of the overload principle. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, all rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a combination of Ketamine (80 mg/kg of body weight) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg of body weight). Then, the heart tissue was removed from the animal’s body, washed with normal saline, and immediately frozen at -70°C for protein measurement. The normality of data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and homogeneity of variances was verified using Levene’s test. Changes in body weight and blood glucose levels were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to evaluate differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 25) and Microsoft Excel (2016). Findings: The results of the two-way ANOVA test showed that the body weight in the diabetic groups increased significantly following the initiation of the high-fat diet and prior to streptozotocin (STZ) injection (p=0.001 for both groups). However, a significant reduction in body weight was observed at the end of the HIIT program in both diabetic groups (p=0.001). Furthermore, after completion of the HIIT program, the body weight of rats in the diabetic control group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p=0.001 for all comparisons). Blood glucose levels in the diabetic groups increased significantly one week after STZ injection (p=0.001 for both groups). However, following the HIIT intervention, blood glucose levels in the diabetic exercise group decreased significantly compared to the levels measured one week after STZ injection (p=0.001). The results of one-way ANOVA showed that the mean levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins in rat heart tissue were significantly different between the different groups (p=0.001, p=0.001, and p=0.003, respectively) (Table 1). According to the results of Tukey’s post hoc test, the relative levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins in the diabetic control group were significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group (p=0.001 for all); while the levels of these proteins in the diabetic exercise group were significantly increased compared to the diabetic control group (p=0.03, p=0.009, and p=0.04, respectively). Conclusion: The findings suggest that eight weeks of HIIT may improve cardiac remodeling in type 2 diabetes by upregulating the protein expression of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR in heart tissue. Activation of this signaling pathway appears to shift pathological hypertrophy toward a more physiological form and may reduce apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the hypoglycemic effects of HIIT may indirectly influence downstream molecular pathways involved in fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Adaptive responses in cardiac cells may vary depending on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise, as peak changes in certain signaling proteins often occur during or shortly after the final training session. In this context, two possibilities can be considered: first, that the response of hypertrophy-related proteins is transient and time-dependent; and second, that the underlying mechanisms are influenced by exercise intensity and modality, suggesting that different training protocols elicit distinct molecular and structural adaptations in the diabetic heart. Evidence suggests that regular HIIT can positively regulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis while suppressing pathological pathways. In addition, reductions in hyperglycemia and inhibition of pro-apoptotic signaling may decrease the expression of genes associated with cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. Since the molecular and genetic adaptations induced by HIIT may differ from those resulting from continuous or resistance training, specific cellular signaling pathways and gene expression profiles are likely activated depending on the exercise protocol. Therefore, regular HIIT appears to be an effective non-pharmacological strategy for managing type 2 diabetes and its associated cardiac complications. It may attenuate pathological cardiac remodeling while promoting physiological hypertrophy. These findings also highlight the importance of targeted exercise interventions as safe, cost-effective, and non-pharmacological approaches for the prevention and management of diabetic cardiomyopath Ethical Considerations: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (Ethical Code: EE/1401.1.2.24.222048/scu.ac.ir). The research was conducted using the minimum number of rats necessary and adhered to optimal laboratory animal conditions (12:12 light-dark cycle, 45±5% relative humidity, and 22±2 °C temperature). Non-invasive and low-pain methods, minimizing distress, were employed. All researchers completed mandatory training courses on animal handling and ethical principles. Compliance with ethical guideline: Alternative methods to animal experimentation were considered whenever feasible, and laboratory procedures were designed to minimize pain and suffering. Funding: This article is not sponsored. Conflicts of interest: There is no conflict of interest. زمینه و هدف: بیماری دیابت از شایع‌ترین بیماری‌های متابولیک است که موجب عوارض متعددی در بافت قلب می‌گردد. امروزه اثر رویکردهای مختلف درمانی از جمله فعالیت ورزشی بر بافت قلب مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا بر سطوح پروتئین‌‌های مسیر پیام‌دهی فسفاتیدیل اینوزیتول 3 کیناز (PI3K)، پروتئین کیناز بی (AKT) و هدف پستانداران راپامایسین (mTOR) در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی نر مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو بود. روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه تجربی، ۴۰ سر موش صحرایی هشت‌هفته‌ای با میانگین وزنی ۱۶±۱۹۱ گرم به طور تصادفی به چهار گروه سالم‌کنترل، سالم‌تمرین، دیابت‌کنترل و گروه دیابت‌تمرین تقسیم شدند. ابتدا دیابت از طریق ترکیب رژیم غذایی پرچرب و تزریق استرپتوزوتوسین القا شد. سپس برنامه‌ی تمرینی به مدت هشت هفته، شامل تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا روی نوارگردان، با توالی پنج جلسه در هفته اجرا گردید؛ مدت زمان هر جلسه از ۱۲ دقیقه در هفته اول شروع و در هفته آخر به ۳۰ دقیقه رسید. در نهایت، 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرین، حیوانات قربانی شدند و سطوح پروتئین‌های‌ PI3K، AKT و mTOR با روش وسترن‌بلات سنجش شد. از روش آماری تحلیل واریانس یک راهه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی‌داری 0/05>p برای تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: بیماری دیابت سبب کاهش معنی‌دار مقادیر پروتئین‌های‌ PI3K، AKT و mTOR در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی دیابتی گردید (هر سه متغیر 0/001=p). بااین‌حال، هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا، افزایش معنی‌دار مقادیر پروتئین‌های PI3K ‌‌(0/03=p)، AKT (0/01=p) و mTOR (0/04=p) در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی دیابتی را به همراه داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا نقش مفیدی در تنظیم و کنترل مسیرهای پیام‌دهی مرتبط با هایپرتروفی قلب در موش‌های مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو داشته باشد.

https://jpsbs.birjand.ac.ir/article_3475_da7afd8c70dadc705a74ea38d02bdb78.pdf